Plant Roots and Marsh Elevation
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1 Plant Roots and Marsh Elevation Linda Blum 1 University of Virginia
2 Comparison of Annual Gross Primary Production Among Major Ecosystems (10 3 kcal m -2 yr -1 ) (after Odum 1969) Marine Terrestrial Open Ocean 1.0 Deserts and tundras 0.2 Coastal Zones 2.0 Grasslands and pastures 2.5 Upwelling Zones 6.0 Dry forests 2.5 Marshes and Reefs 20.0 Boreal coniferous forests 3.0 Cultivated lands no energy subsidy 3.0 Moist temperate forests 8.0 Fuel subsidized ag 12.0 Wet tropical and subtropical forests 20.0
3 Figure courtesy Don Cahoon
4 Nyman et al Turner, et al. 2000
5 Salt Marsh Plant Location Productivity (g m -2 yr -1 ) Source D. spicata New Jersey Delaware Good & Frasco (1979) Gallagher & Plumley (1979) S. patens New Jersey Delaware Delaware Maryland Virginia Good & Frasco (1979) Roman & Diaber (1984) Gallagher & Plumley (1979) Saunders et al. (2006) Long and Blum (2010) S. alterniflora New Jersey Delaware Delaware Virginia Virginia Virginia North Carolina North Carolina Good & Frasco (1979) Roman & Diaber (1984) Gross et al. (1991) Gross et al. (1991) Blum (1993) Long and Blum (2010) Smith & Odum (1981) Stroud (1976)
6 Root to Shoot Ratios (biomass g m 2 ) Area Height form Above Below R:S Nova Scotia NR Massachusetts NR New Jersey Short North Carolina short tall South Carolina Short Medium Tall Georgia Short medium tall
7 a) Matt Kirwan 2011 b) AG biomass (g m -2 ) Biomass Root ingrowth BG ingrowth (g m -3 ) AG biomass (g m -2 ) Biomass Root ingrowth BG ingrowth (g m -3 ) Elevation, cm NAVD Elevation, cm NAVD Russell, E. et al Mudd et al. 2009
8 Dame, R. and Paul, D South Carolina S. alterniflora Seasonality of Root Biomass Blum 1993 Virginia S. alterniflora
9 Robertson, C.L Nutrient Effects on R:S Valiela et al. 1984
10 Approaches for measuring plant roots Biomass Core and sort Core and sieve Root in-growth cores/bags Productivity Core and sort over time Core and sieve over time
11 Role of roots in marsh collapse Live Roots Aboveground Subsiding Healthy Turner et al 2004
12 Limitations Tedious Labor intensive Subjective Indirect Many assumptions Photo source:
13 1999 First use in ecological studies. Ecol. Appl. 9(3): First use to examine marsh roots. Ecol. Appl. 21(6): Based on differential attenuation of X-rays
14 Overview of Procedure Collect and prepare cores Carry out scanning Download data, process, and create output Image J and OsiriX
15
16 Cores extruded Sliced Sampled for: Bulk density Organic matter content Live root mass and volume
17 ITM 1-3 UPC 3-3
18 ITM 1 ITM 2
19 depth below surface (cm) depth below surface (cm) UPC ITM bulk density (g cc -1 ) root and rhizome biomass (g dry mass) depth below surface (cm) depth below surface (cm) organic matter content (%, dry mass basis) root and rhizome volume (cc)
20 ITM 254 UPC
21 Reference Material Calibration rod composition Density (g cc -1 ) Air plastic pipette with air sealed inside Water plastic pipette with water sealed inside % colloidal silica plastic pipette with 34% colloidal silica sealed inside 1.23 Glass solid glass rod 2.20 Note: All standard density measures are from Weast and Astle (1979) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics except for the colloidal silica (Aldrich Chemical Supply)
22 Operational definitions of soil fractions based on the CT X-ray attenuation of calibration rods. Soil fraction Operational definition Organic Soil at Indiantown (HU range) Mineral soil at Upper Phillips Creek (HU range) Roots and rhizomes gas < roots and rhizomes < water -930 to to -20 Peat water < peat 34% colloidal silica 13 to to 456 Particulates 34% colloidal silica < particulates < sand 265 to to 750 Sand sand < glass 751 to to 1528 Rocks and shells glass < rocks and shells 1201 to to 3060 CT X-ray attenuation ranges in Hounsfield units (HU) for the soil fractions. HU ranges determined empirically.
23 Core Components Gas R&R Peat Part Sand Rx&Sh PCM1 PCM2 PCM3
24 Core Components Gas R&R Peat Part Sand Rx&Sh ITM1 ITM2 ITM3
25 Component Summary Component Organic soil ITM (% of core volume) Mineral soil UPC (% of core volume) gas roots and rhizomes peat particulates sand rocks and shell
26 Core Displacement (fraction core vol) CT analysis (fraction core vol) ITM ITM ITM UPC UPC UPC
27 Phillips Roots and Rhizomes Peat Particulates Sand Rocks and Shell Dashed lines = hand-sorted Solid lines = CT imaging 0 5 Indiantown Depth below surface (cm) ITM1 CT ITM1 WD ITM2 CT ITM2 WD ITM3 CT IMT3 WD Root volume (cc)
28 S. alterniflora aerenchyma Maricle and Lee 2002
29 Scanner bed detector
30 Medical Scanner Resolution = mm Spec-CT Scanner Resolution = mm
31 Medical Scanner Resolution = mm Spec-CT Scanner Resolution = mm
32 ITM 2
33 Summary OM contributes to soil volume Plant roots contribute to soil volume To understand contributions more fully, better methods of quantification are required CT-imaging maybe a useful alternative
34 Acknowledgments CT-scanning facility at UVa s Emily Couric Cancer Center Mark Williams, Director SPEC-CT lab EPA National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory s Atlantic Ecology Division University of Virginia Anheuser Busch Coastal Research Center Virginia Coast Reserve Long Term Ecological Research Program National Science Foundation
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