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1 ThistextisderivativefromcontentonWindowstotheUniverse ( 2010, NationalEarthScienceTeachersAssociation. TheEarth'sAtmosphere TheatmospheresurroundsEarthandprotectsusbyblockingoutdangerousraysfromthesun.The atmosphereisamixtureofgasesthatbecomesthinneruntilitgraduallyreachesspace.itis composedofnitrogen(78),oxygen(21),andothergases(1). Oxygenisessentialtolifebecauseitallowsustobreathe.Inaddition,someoftheoxygenhas changedovertimeformingozone.theozonelayerfiltersoutthesun'sharmfulultraviolet radiation.recently,therehavebeenmanystudiesonhowhumanscausedaholetodevelopinthe ozonelayer. HumansarealsoaffectingEarth'satmospherethroughthegreenhouseeffect.Duetoincreasesin gases,suchascarbondioxide,thattrapheatbeingradiatedfromtheearth,scientistsbelievethat theatmospheremayhaveproblemsbalancingtheincomingsolarradiationandthereradiatedheat fromearth'ssurfacecreatingthegreenhouseeffect. Theatmosphereisdividedintofivelayersdependingonhowtemperaturechangeswithheight. Mostoftheweatheroccursinthefirstlayer. LayersoftheEarth'sAtmosphere Theatmosphereisdividedintofivelayers.Itisthickestnearthesurfaceandthinsoutwithheight untiliteventuallymergeswithspace. ThetroposphereisthefirstlayerabovethesurfaceandcontainshalfoftheEarth's atmosphere.weatheroccursinthislayer. Manyjetaircraftflyinthestratospherebecauseitisverystable.Also,theozonelayer absorbsharmfulraysfromthesun. Meteorsburnupinthemesosphere. Thethermosphereisalayerwithauroras.Itisalsowherethespaceshuttleorbits. Theatmospheremergesintospaceintheextremelythinexosphere.Thisistheupperlimit ofouratmosphere. TheTroposphere ThetroposphereisthelowestregionoftheEarth'satmosphere,wheremassesofairareverywell mixedtogetherandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitude. TheairisheatedfromthegroundupbecausethesurfaceoftheEarthabsorbsenergyandheatsup fasterthantheair.theheatismixedthroughthetropospherebecauseonaveragetheatmosphere inthislayerisslightlyunstable. WeatheroccursintheEarth'stroposphere.Infact,mostcloudsforminthislayer. TheStratosphere IntheEarth'sstratosphere,thetemperatureincreaseswithaltitude(asopposedtothe troposphere,whereitgetscolderwithaltitude). Theincreasingtemperatureinthestratosphereiscausedbythepresenceofalayerofozonenear analtitudeof25kilometers.theozonemoleculesabsorbhighyenergyuvraysfromthesun,which warmtheatmosphereatthatlevel. Theterrestrialstratosphereistheregionbetweenthetropopause,ortheendofthetroposphere, andthelevelatwhichthemaximumwarmingduetothepresenceofozonetakesplace,whichisat analtitudeofabout50kilometers.
2 ThistextisderivativefromcontentonWindowstotheUniverse ( 2010, NationalEarthScienceTeachersAssociation. Ozone& & TheOzoneHole.TheOzoneHoax.Pollution.SkinCancer.Thetopicofozonemakesheadlinesona regularbasis,butwhydoesasinglemoleculemeritsuchmediacoverage?howimportantisthe ozoneinouratmosphereandwhyarescientistssoconcernedaboutitsincreasenearthesurfaceof theearthanditsdisappearancehigherupintheatmosphere? FirstthingsfirstYwhatisozone?Ozoneismadeofthreeoxygenatoms(O 3).Theoxygeninour atmospherethatwebreatheismadeupoftwooxygenatoms(o 2).Becauseofitschemical formulation,asingleatomofoxygen(o)isunstable.thatis,itwantstocombinewithsomething else.thatiswhyoxygenisalmostalwaysfoundinpairs,inits(diatomic)form,whereitismore stable.(o 3)islessstablethan(O 2),becauseitwantstoreturntothediatomicstatebygivingupan oxygenatom. Whenenoughozonemoleculesarepresent,itformsapalebluegas.Ozonehasthesamechemical structurewhetheritisfoundinthestratosphereorthetroposphere.wherewefindozoneinthe atmospheredetermineswhetherweconsiderittobedr.jekyllormr.hyde. Inthetroposphere,thegroundYlevelor"bad"ozoneisanairpollutantthatdamageshumanhealth, vegetation,andmanycommonmaterials.itisakeyingredientofurbansmog.inthestratosphere, wefindthe"good"ozonethatprotectslifeonearthfromtheharmfuleffectsofthesun'sultraviolet rays.wehavegoodreasontobeconcernedaboutthethinningoftheozonelayerinthe stratosphere.wealsohavegoodreasontobeconcernedaboutthebuildupofozoneinthe troposphere.althoughsimplistic,thesaying"gooduphighandbadnearby,"sumsupozoneinthe atmosphere. About90oftheozoneintheEarth'satmosphereliesintheregioncalledthestratospherewhich isfoundbetween16and48kilometers(10and30miles)abovetheearth'ssurface.ozoneformsa kindoflayerinthestratosphere,whereitismoreconcentratedthananywhereelse,buteventhere itisrelativelyscarce.itsconcentrationsintheozonelayeraretypicallyonly1to10partsofozone per1millionpartsofair. OzoneandoxygenmoleculesinthestratosphereabsorbultravioletlightfromtheSun,providinga shieldthatpreventsthisradiationfrompassingtotheearth'ssurface.whilebothoxygenandozone togetherabsorb95to99.9ofthesun'sultravioletradiation,onlyozoneeffectivelyabsorbsthe mostenergeticultravioletlight,knownasuvycanduvyb,whichcausesbiologicaldamage.the protectiveroleoftheozonelayerintheupperatmosphereissovitalthatscientistsbelievelifeon landprobablywouldnothaveevolvedyandcouldnotexisttodayywithoutit. Theterm"shield"asadescriptionofozoneinthestratosphereisabitmisleadingbecausethe moleculesdonotformanimpermeablespherearoundtheearth.ozonecontinuouslybreaksapart intoitsoxygenatomsandreformsasozonemolecules,soaparticularozonemoleculedoesn'tlast verylong.the"shield"changesconstantly,buttheatmosphericchemicalprocessesmaintaina dynamicequilibriumthatkeepstheoverallamountofozoneconstantythatis,itwouldifhumans didnotcontributetothechemicalprocesses.thereiscompellingscientificevidencethatozoneis destroyedinthestratosphereandthatsomehumanyreleasedchemicalssuchascfc sarespeeding upthebreakdownofozoneintheatmosphere.
3 ThistextisderivativefromcontentonWindowstotheUniverse ( 2010, NationalEarthScienceTeachersAssociation. Whilethestratosphericozoneissueisaseriousone,inmanywaysitcanbethoughtofasan environmentalsuccessstory.scientistsdetectedthedevelopingproblem,andcollectedthe evidencethatconvincedgovernmentsaroundtheworldtotakeregulatoryaction.althoughthe globaleliminationofozoneydepletingchemicalsfromtheatmospherewilltakedecadesyet,we havemadeastrongandpositivebeginning.forthefirsttimeinourspecies'history,wehave tackledaglobalenvironmentalissueonaglobalscale. TheMesosphere IntheEarth'smesosphere,theairmassesarerelativelymixedtogetherandthetemperature decreaseswithaltitude.atmospherictemperaturesreachthelowestaveragevalueofaroundy90 C inthemesosphere.thisisalsothelayerinwhichalotofmeteorsburnupwhileenteringthe Earth'satmosphere. Themesosphereextendsfromthetopofthestratosphere(thestratopause,locatedatabout50 kilometers)toanaltitudeofabout90kilometers.upperreachesoftheatmosphere,suchasthe mesosphere,cansometimesbedetectedbylookingatthelimbofaplanet. TheThermosphere TheEarth'sthermosphereisthelayeroftheatmospherewhichisfirstexposedtotheSun's radiationandsoisfirstheatedbythesun.theairissothinthatasmallincreaseinenergycan causealargeincreaseintemperature. Thetemperatureinthethermosphereisverydependentonsolaractivity.WhentheSunisactive, temperaturescanreachupto1,500 Corhigher Becauseofthethinairinthethermosphere,scientistscan'tmeasurethetemperaturedirectly.They measurethedensityoftheairbyhowmuchdragitputsonsatellitesandthenusethedensityto findthetemperature. ThethermospherealsoincludestheregionoftheEarth'satmospherecalledtheionosphere.The ionosphereistheregionoftheatmospherethatisfilledwithchargedparticles.elevated temperaturescansometimescauseamoleculetobecomeionized,therefore,theionosphereand thermospherecanoverlap. TheExosphere Atveryhighalititudes,theatmospherebecomesverythin.Theregionwhereatomsandmolecules escapeintospaceisreferredtoastheexosphere.thisisthetrueupperlimitoftheearth's atmosphere.theexosphereextendsfromthethermosphereouttospace. TheIonosphere Scientistscalltheionosphereanextensionorapartofthethermosphere.Sotechnically,the ionosphereisnotanotheratmosphericlayer,butaregionoftheatmosphere.theionosphere representslessthan0.1ofthetotalmassoftheearth'satmosphere.evenso,itisextremely important Theupperatmosphereisionizedbysolarradiation.Undernormalconditionsfreeelectronsand ionstendtorecombineandabalanceisestablishedbetweenelectronandionproductionandloss. Ionizationprocessesreleaseenergywhichheatuptheupperatmosphere.Sotemperatureincreases withheightintheionosphereregiontotheextentthatby150y200km,theearth'satmosphereis extremelyhotcomparedtosurfacetemperatures.
4 ThistextisderivativefromcontentonWindowstotheUniverse ( 2010, NationalEarthScienceTeachersAssociation. Differentregionsoftheionospheremakelongdistanceradiocommunicationpossiblebyreflecting theradiowavesbacktoearth.itisalsohometoaurorasandthemegayamperecurrentsthatheat theatmosphereathighlatitudesduringgeomagneticallyactivetimes.duringstorms,depletions andenhancementsofionizationoccurdependingonthelocaltimeandgeographicallocation. Aeronomyisatermofrecentoriginwhichisappliedtotheprocesses,bothphysicalandchemical, oftheionosphere. RegionsoftheIonosphere TheionospherecanbefurtherbrokendownintotheD,EandFregions.Thebreakdownisbasedon whatwavelengthofsolarradiationisabsorbedinthatregionmostfrequentlyoronwhatlevelof radiationisneededtophotodissociatethemoleculesfoundintheseindividualregions. TheDregionisthelowestinaltitude,thoughitabsorbsthemostenergeticradiation,hardxYrays. TheDregiondoesn'thaveadefinitestartingandstoppingpoint,butincludestheionizationthat occursbelowabout90km(orionizationthatoccursbelowtheeregion). TheEregionpeaksatabout105km.ItabsorbssoftxYrays. TheFregionstartsaround105kmandhasamaximumaround600km.Itisthehighestofallofthe regions.extremeultrayvioletradiation(euv)isabsorbedthere. Onamorepracticalnote,theDandEregions(thelowerpartsoftheionosphere),reflectstandard AMradiowavesbacktoEarth.RadiowaveswithshorterlengthsarereflectedbythehigherF region.visiblelight,radar,televisionandfmwavelengthsarealltooshorttobereflectedbythe ionosphere.sothesetypesofglobalcommunicationaremadepossiblebysatellitetransmissions. TheSun'sEffectontheIonosphere InvisiblelayersofionsandelectronsaresuspendedintheEarth'satmosphereaboveabout60 kilometersinaltitude.themainsourceoftheselayersisthesun'sultravioletlightwhichionizes atomsandmoleculesintheearth'supperatmosphere.duringthisprocess,calledphotoionization, anelectronisknockedfreefromaneutralatmosphericparticle,whichthenbecomesanion. BecausetheSun'slightisresponsibleformostoftheionization,theionospherereachesmaximum densitiesjustafterlocalnoon.inthisregion,ataltitudeswherethehighestdensitiesoccur,about oneinevery1000airparticlesisionized.resultingionosphericdensitiesareaboutamillionions andelectronspercubiccentimeter. FlaresandotherenergeticeventsontheSunproduceincreasedultraviolet,xYrayandgammaYray photonsthatarriveattheearthjust8minuteslateranddramaticallyincreasethedensityofthe ionosphereonthedayside.thesesolareventsalsocanproducehighvelocityprotonsandelectrons (arrivingatearthhourstodayslater)thatprecipitateintotheionosphereinthepolarregions producinglargeincreasesinthedensityoftheionosphereatlowaltitudes.
5 ThistextisderivativefromcontentonWindowstotheUniverse ( 2010, NationalEarthScienceTeachersAssociation. NAME: Date: Period: StudentWorksheet Afterreadingthebackgroundinformationcompletethefirstdatatable. DataTable#1 Atmospheric Layer Basedonthebackgroundinformation,listimportantcharacteristics ofeachlayer. Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Ionosphere
6 Refertothegraph TheAverageTemperatureProfileoftheEarth satmosphere andcompletethe datatabletwo. Atmospheric Layer Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Ionosphere Existsbetweenwhich altitudes(km) DataTable#2 Thickness(km) (Hint: subtract) Maximum Temperature( C) Studyandanalyzethegraph TheAverageTemperatureProfileoftheEarth satmosphere asyou completetable3: Atmospheric Layer Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Ionosphere DataTable#3 Describewhathappenstothetemperatureasaltitudeincreases.Be suretonotespecificaltitudeswhereabruptchangesoccurandhow eachlayerisheated. ThistextisderivativefromcontentonWindowstotheUniverse ( 2010, NationalEarthScienceTeachersAssociation.
7 ThistextisderivativefromcontentonWindowstotheUniverse ( 2010, NationalEarthScienceTeachersAssociation. Analysis&Questions:& Studythegraph,"TheAverageTemperatureProfileoftheEarth'sAtmosphere".Doesinformation therehelpyoutoexplainwhyscientistsdecidedwhereonelayerofatmosphereendedandthenext onebegan?explainyouranswer. Whatimportantlayerexistswithinthestratosphere? Whatistheimportanceofthislayerwithinthestratosphere? Afterreviewingtheeffectsofboth good and bad ozone,howdoyouthinkourliveswouldbe differentifthe good ozoneweredestroyed? Whatimportantlayerexistswithinthethermosphere? Whatistheimportanceofthislayerwithinthethermosphere? SummarizethedifferencesbetweentheD,E,andFlayers.Besuretopaycloseattentiontowhich wavelengthsofsunlightareabsorbedandwhichwavelengthsarereflected. IonosphericLayer Characteristics F E D Iftheionospheredidnotexist,whatdoyouthinkmightbesomepossibleconsequencestohumans? Thinkaboutwhichwavelengthstheionosphereblocksandwhatwouldhappenifthese wavelengthswereallowedthroughtheatmospheretotheearth ssurface. Howdoesanincreaseinsolaractivityaffecttheionosphere?Whydoyouthinkthiseffectonthe ionosphereisobservedonthedaysideandnotthenightsideoftheearth?
8 Whatisphotoionization? TheAverageTemperatureProfileofEarth'sAtmosphere ThisimageisfromWindowstotheUniverse ( 2010,NationalEarthScienceTeachersAssociation. ThistextisderivativefromcontentonWindowstotheUniverse ( 2010, NationalEarthScienceTeachersAssociation.
9 Layers(D,E,andF)ofEarth'sIonosphere ThisimageisfromWindowstotheUniverse ( 2010,NationalEarthScienceTeachersAssociation. ThistextisderivativefromcontentonWindowstotheUniverse ( 2010, NationalEarthScienceTeachersAssociation.
10 NAME: Date: Period: ThistextisderivativefromcontentonWindowstotheUniverse ( 2010, NationalEarthScienceTeachersAssociation.
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