Solar-Technologies for Energy plus buildings - and the impacts on the electricity grid in high penetration scenarios

Transcription

1 Solar-Technologies for Energy plus buildings - and the impacts on the electricity grid in high penetration scenarios Debrecen Hubert Fechner October 2011

2 Hubert Fechner MSc.Program Director at University AS Technikum Vienna ENERGYbase, Vienna - Passive house - Efficient Energysystems - Innovative building technologies - Solar - Thermal - Photovoltaic - Cooling - Heatpump Bachelor and Master Renewable Urban Energy > 300 Students and Lecturers in renewables

3 Solar-Technologies for Energy plus buildings - and the impacts on the electricity grid in high penetration scenarios Content Technologies Focus: Solarenergy PV Solar Thermal PVT (Hybrid) Status and Perspectives The impact on electricity grids at high penetration of PV on buildings Final remarks

4 The future: Buildings power plants of tomorrow

5 Which Technologies? Solar-active Thermal Water: Heating/hot water preparation Air: Cooling/heating Photovoltaic PVT Hybrid Solar Passive Heat recovery Environmental heat Heat pumps, Ground- Collectors,

6 Solar Potentials

7 Solarradiation in Austria

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9 Input depending on orientation and inclination (pictures and modell for mid-europe) Quelle: Energieroute.de

10 Available Space on roofs in Austria Photovoltaic: ~ 30 TWh at roofs and facades (Source: IEA PVPS Task 7) But: Competition with Solar thermal: Efficiency thermal system: ~ % Efficiency Photovoltaic System: ~ 12-14% > For heating purposes (including hot water preparation) thermal has priority Solarpotentialkataster Wien

11 Projekt Sun Power City - Aspern Seestadt Construction phase: for inhabitants Baufeld J9 Wohnbau Bauklasse IV Baufeld J10 Bürobau Bauklasse IV Theoretical study: Possibilities for a 100% Solar District Energy for electricity and heat (via heat pumps powered by PV) Projekt im Rahmen von Neue Energien 2020, Projektleitung: Tatwort

12 Seite 14 Sun Power City: Energy balance for different buildings Best-Case Worst-Case Gebäudetyp Best Case Worst Case Total coverage % Total coverage % Supermarket Multifamily house (6 floors) 218 % 112 % 134 % 82 % Office (6 floors) 90 % 56 %

13 Technologies

14 Solarthermal System for hot water preparation & heating support Single family house: Standard-Solar HW (6 m², 300 l): (including 20% governmental support) Single family house : Solar Heating (15 m², 1000 l): (including 30% Governmental support) Angaben nach Jänner 2011

15 Solarthermal Technology- Status Technology is estalished Maximum efficiency of collectors: >80% Life time > 25 Jahre Low potential for further cost reduction Back-up is needed Typical dimensioning: 75-80% of the annual hot water preparation, 20-50% for space heating (in Hungary even more) Storage - nearly exclusively water-based

16 Solar Air systems

17 Solar Air systems Solarcollectors with medium air For heating of buildings cooling (hot water prepraration) Many Demo-Projects Single Family houses Halls, large buildings Quite good efficiency

18 Challenges of Air Systems Not that many producers, little know-how at installers Physics: low heat coefficient of air > large volumens to transport Noise, Air-convection inside the rooms Mainly for new buildings Storage of hot air is a challenge Foto: Fa.Grammer

19 Hybrid collectors thermal/electric PVT

20 Hybrid Collectors with water or air

21 Arguments for PVT All buildings need electricity AND heat PV-Moduls use only ~ 15% and produce 85% heat With PVT more efficient use of the sun At large penetration of solar, the space on the roofs will be the limiting factor

22 PV - Air Hybridcollektor Fa. Grammer

23 PVT Collector-Types Conventional Hybrid-Collector Temperatures up to 80 C reduces PV yield significantly (at least with cristalline cells) Stagnation temperatures > 200 C can destroy PV elements > Bad thermal collector and a bad PV Module PV-Lowtemperature/Hybrid PV Modul-Cooling, by taking away the heat, which is used in a heat pump afterwards

24 Photovoltaic Ambitious Szenaros: IEA Roadmap: 15 times until 2020 (compared to 2010) EPIA: 12% of EU electricity until 2020

25 Photovoltaic world market (cumulated) Austria new PV: 2008: 4,6 MW 2009: 20 MW 2010: 42 MW 2011: > 120 MW (expct.)

26 Photovoltaic - Technologystatus Cell efficiencies: max. 20% (43% in Laboratory, in theory > 60%) Life time: > 25 Years, Power Guarantee frequently 20 years Energetic Amortisation: 0,9 3,5 Years

27 Photovoltaic development of the efficiency of the Solar cells

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29 Photovoltaic Cost-Degression

30 Germany: > 20 GW installed (maximum load: 80 GW) Pv Systems Price for Endconsumer: % less than 2006

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32 Building integrated PV Atria, semi-transparent Elements

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34 Kiyomino Saizo - Japan

35 Cybertecture- Egg James Law

36 Energy-Plus and the effect on the electricity grids

37 Plus-Energy is not Plus-Power Load + generationcurve of the private Electricity System (H0 Standard-Loadprofile) Profile on a working day

38 The Grid is not the storage for the PV Power Feeding the grid increases the voltage level in the system, depending on This voltage level must stay between strict boundaries (Standard in Europe: EN 50160)

39 Electricity grids of the future More generation in the lower voltage levels Energy flows in both directions More need for communication alos in lower voltage lvels grid managements becomes more sophisticated

40 The Electricity Grid is designed for the DEMAND in a building what happens if PV enters the roof? Example: Sun Power City Vienna, Aspern: From March to September the feed power can succeed the maximum load > The Grid needs to be dimensioned for the short times of over production of PV (which is not reasonable) Maximum Load is an essential parameter for the maximum power to be fed in by PV! Seite 43

41 Energystorage Hydro Battery Compressed Air Hydrogen (Elektrolysis, ) Building as storage (Building to grid)

42 Conclusion Based on low energy buildings, solar technologies are the logical next step Technologies exist, mainly PV will get cheaper The power generation potential in urban areas is mainly the building envelope Distributed power plants will change the electricity system new challenges will come up The image of solar to be an expensive source of energy will dissappear - sooner than widely expected

43 Solar-Technologies for Energy plus buildings - and the impacts on the electricity grid in high penetration scenarios Debrecen Hubert Fechner October 2011