Clean Cycles and Safe Final Sinks

Transcription

1 Clean Cycles and Safe Final Sinks Prof. Dr. Paul H. Brunner ac at EcoKnowledge 2010 November 3 4, 2010 Lahti/Vierumäki, Finland

2 Typhoid Mortality in Berlin Mortality ly Introduction of public water suppl 1870 Introduction of sewer system Quelle: Hösel /33

3 Goals of waste management I Protection of men and environment Resource conservation Free of after-care (no export in time and space) -> waste hierarchy? 3/33

4 Same global goals, but different regional means Source So lebt der Mensch 4/33

5 Goals of waste management II A N T H R O P O S P H E R E Production Consumption Resources Ore Deposit Recycling materials 2 1 Emissions Waste Treatment 3 Landfill material E N V I R O N M E N T 5/33

6 Man made material flows are very large 6/33

7 Global re-distribution of materials lladium in ice from Greenland [pgpd/g] Pa 1,0 0,5 0,01pg/g g B.C Factor ~100x year global production of Palladium [t] Adopted from : C. Barbante et al., /33

8 Planet earth as a limited sink for emissions Atmosphere [Mio. km³] Hydrosphere [Mio. km³]. Pedosphere 0,3 [Mio. km³] nach A. Nieman ergänzt durch G. Döberl 8/33

9 Sinks are overloaded by greenhouse gases 350 CO % CH % 300 CO 2 [pp pm] 250 CH 4 [pp pb] x 1000 years before rtoday today x 1000 years before today today 9/33

10 Sinks are overloaded by CFCs 10/33

11 Sinks are overloaded by DDT National Geographic Image Collection 11/33

12 Recycling reduces the need for sinks Scars from iron mining Residues from aluminum production 12/33

13 Material flows are large and growing Cement Iron & steel Sulfur Aluminum Copper Zinc Manganese Lead ] [10 9 t/a] ] [10 6 t/a Year Quelle: Brunner & Rechberger /33

14 Man made material stocks are very large 14/33

15 Man made material stocks are growing Stock in Vienna kg/c vacuumcl. dishwasher. iron tumbler laundry m.. stock in Vienna kg/c others Computer TV Stereo/CD/Radio Mono-Radio Activity to clean IT and communication devices Quelle: St. Beschorner /33

16 Where are the new resources? [ kg/capita ] Vienna stock in use and hybernating Lead 200 Iron 5,000 Stock in Vienna landfills Lead Iron Groundwater Source: R. Obernosterer et al, /33

17 Where are the resources: the case of aluminum? Aluminum m - stock [kg/c] aluminum in packaging wastes: 19k 1.9 kg/c.year = 3 % of total Al-turnover = 9% of Al-consumption 0 waste landfills red mud landfills consumption stock 17/33

18 The stock our future resource 0, ,8 primary y production consumpt d ti waste 44 production 6 0,3 2,7 magmnt pedo-/ lithosphere 140* 4 1,5 other disposal geogenic iron reserve anthropogenic iron stock /33

19 Economic limits to recycling: not all stock is available [cost for rec covery /ton] Quelle: Lohm et al., telecom 200 cable power sewer 100 cable pipes water pipes 40 inhouse market price 20 lead accumulators Available stock [tons] 19/33

20 Technologic limits to recycling: product quality 20/33

21 Recycling can also create new problems! recycling plastic tubes Drainage Main drainage pipe Drainage pipe 21/33

22 Limits to recycling: hazardous substances I Cadmium in plastic recycling Recycling product 73 % 100 % CADMIUM residue I 14 % residue II 2 % Sludge1 % residue III 10 % 22/33

23 Limits to recycling: hazardous substances Recycling of construction materials: the case of lead 23/33

24 Where does the lead come from? mg Pb/kg lagschichten im ebäude Asphaltbel Ge Beschüttung Betonschichten Da achhaut (Schwarzd deckerarbeiten) Dackdeckung Estriche Fangk kopfmauerwerk 8/16 Fen nster und Türen Fliesen (Boden) Mauersteine (Sc chlackenbeton) Na atursteinmauer und Putzträger Putze Wandbeläge in Innenräumen Ma auerwerk Ziegel Mauerw werk Stahlbeton 24/33

25 Recycling does not solve all problems Market product 85 % Zinc 99 % Waste 3 7,6% Zamak 0,6% Fluidizer 0,4% Waste 1 3,1% Waste 2 4,3% Source: W. Enöckl, /33

26 Where is the zinc -> in the environment? 26/33

27 Urban areas are hot spots of heavy metal emissions 200 Concentratio on in soil[mg/kg] zinc copper lead Distance from Centre of Vienna [km] Source: Brunner et al 1993, Koechel /33

28 The sinks water and soil are loaded by many sources Import = 1,900 Stock = 1, Export = 2,000 Zinc Sub-System Flows [kg/year] Sub-System building + Stock [t] vehicles infrastrukture , Municipal wastewater*) 1,400*) Atmospheric deposition*) 280*) Not identified sources % uncontrolled Wastewater (vehicles) Wastewater (B+I) 710 Sewer 1,500 system Percolation water (vehicles) 1,100 Stormwater overflow 1,100 Sewage water Sewage sludge Wastewater treatment plant 0 Soil + vegetation +2.5 Percolation water (B+I) Treatment plant effluent 1,100 Oil/water emission n.b. Sewer sediment % controlled Exported sewage sludge 1,700 n.b. Not identified surplus River Drau +2.2 Water + Sediment n.b. System boundary "District Villach Stadt, 1 year" *)... other diffuse zinc emissions 28/33

29 We need sinks and final sinks Sink : A place to dispose of useless substances - air, water, soil but sinks are only intermediate storage places and sometimes conveyor belts (air, water)! - mobility of substances - stability of materials (transformations) - stability of sinks 29/33

30 Definition of appropriate Final Sinks Final Sinks Final Sink : - A place where materials stay for more than years without harming the environment Examples: - Chloride in the sea - Carbonates in sediments - Cadmium in sediments - Cadmium in landfills (?) - Cadmium in underground salt mines 30/33

31 We need landfills as controlled Final Sinks Present sanitary landfill Future final storage landfill C emission from landfill > C environment C emission from landfill ~ C environment 31/33

32 Conclusions Priority of recycling: clean cycles Final sinks are a requirement for materials management Landfills as controlled final sinks are a key issue of wm 32/33

33 Thank you 33/33

34 Limits to recycling: market and qualities [kg/(c.yr)] Import 17 Primary raw materials Production 2.7 Trade Consumpt. 30 & distribution Stock Refilling 2.8 Waste Other use Collection 27 System Boundary "Switzerland" 34/33