Germany s Energiewende Current and imminent challenges for the Transmission System Operator in Germany

Transcription

1 Germany s Energiewende Current and imminent challenges for the Transmission System Operator in Germany Jens Jacobs Transmission System Operation Brauweiler Budapest, 04 December 2014

2 Agenda Germany s Energiewende - Framework Transmission System Operation Major Challenge: Transition of the Electricity System due RES Impacts of RES on Conventional Generation and the Market Cooperation of TSO and DSO: Cascade in Generation Dispatching Outlook and Conclusion 2

3 Far-reaching changes due to the goals of the EU and the German Federal Government EU Completion of the European internal electricity market Integration of renewable energy sources (RES) EU : -20% energy consumption; -20% greenhouse gas emission; +20% energy efficiency European Legislation Network Codes to guarantee system security and establish harmonized market rules Federal Government Germany Nuclear phase-out till % power generation from RES till 2020 (80% till 2050) 40% reduction of greenhouse gases till 2020 (80% till 2050) 20% reduction of primary energy consumption till 2020 (80% till 2050) 3

4 Germany, quo vadis? Road to Green Revolution 4

5 Agenda Germany s Energiewende - Framework Transmission System Operation Major Challenge: Transition of the Electricity System due RES Impacts of RES on Conventional Generation and the Market Cooperation of TSO and DSO: Cascade in Generation Dispatching Outlook and Conclusion 5

6 From power plant to households 380-kV / 220-kV: - large-scale PPs - transits Bahnhof Bahnhof 110-kV: - Industry PPs - Industry - RES Infeed Distribution level: - cutomers - distributed PPs UCI UCI extra high voltage network 380 kv /220 kv high voltage network 110 kv medium voltage network 20 kv low voltage network 0,4 kv Substation Transformer station 6

7 The Transmission Grid (380/220kV-Grid) The electrical System Transmission Grid Physical Unit (Lines, Transformer, Substation, Power Plant, Consumer Installation, etc.) International meshed system Sensitive real time - System Electrical Energy is not directly storable Production and Consumption have to be balanced at any time The Electrical System is operated in Real time (24h/365d) EU Legislation and National laws (EnWG/EEG) define the Market Rules and the legal framework The Transmission System Operator (TSO) is in charge of security of supply ( 13 EnWG) 7

8 DSO-Grid Source : Amprion GmbH TSO-Grid Structure of the German electrical power supply Conventional Generation TSO Bulk-Industry 380 kv 220 kv 110 kv Utilities Industry 20/10 kv 380 V Dispersed Generation Households DSO 8

9 Source: Amprion GmbH Security of Supply: Backbone of Electricity Supply 380/220 kv Network of Amprion Largest transmission system in Germany with a circuit length of approx. 12,000 km at the 380/220 kv level and 165 substations Connects the generation units of the lignite-fired power plants on the lower Rhine with the hydroelectric stations in the Alps: installed capacity of power plants approx. 40 GW Through its central position in Europe, Amprion s transmission system is an important hub for electricity trading between north and south as well as east and west: approx. 4,000 schedule nominations per day Netherlands Belgium Rhineland Palatinate Lower Saxony North Rhine- Westphalia Hesse 380 kv extra high- voltage transmission line 220 kv extra high-voltage transmission line Important switchgear Interconnectors to eight foreign transmission system operators in five countries (NL, L, F, CH, A) enables Amprion to meet the specific transmission requirements of European power traders at an utmost level of transmission reliability France Baden Wuerttemberg Bavaria Amprion s electricity network is part of the European interconnected ENTSO-E system Switzerland Austria 9

10 Operational Areas of German Transmission System Operators Amprion TenneT 50Hertz Transnet BW Amprion 50Hertz Transmission Network length [km] (380 kv) Network length [km] (220 kv) Served area [km²]* TenneT Annual transmission [TWh] Transnet BW Share load [%]** Source : Amprion GmbH * in Germany ** Renewable Energy Act load compensation

11 Security first: Transmission System Operation Amprion (I) The main control room: system control and system management Tasks for Amprion (TSO Responsibility) Tasks for the German TSOs (National Responsibility) Coordination Center ENTSO-E RG CE North (International Responsibility) 11

12 Security first: Transmission System Operation Amprion (II) TSO Responsibility system control and system management of the transmission grid 380/220 kv disturbance management congestion management (preventive und curative) planning and acquisition of ancillary services Load-Frequency-Control and managing controlling power range of the Amprion control zone management of Wind and PV and prediction of system load system balancing process technology and data management 12

13 Security first: Transmission System Operation Amprion (III) Nationale Responsibilities coordination of the power exchange programs between the German TSOs and with foreign TSOs pluralistic Load-Frequency-Control of the German control block national quantity balancing of the German control block 13

14 Security first: Transmission System Operation Amprion (IV) Internationale Responsibilities international coordination of the power exchange programs RG CE North / South with Swissgrid international quantity balancing of ENTSO-E RG CE North congestion forecast (DACF) Data management and clearance for the ENTSO-E ITC Process Hosting and server operation of process technology for CWE Market Coupling Hosting and server operation of process technology for international security analysis within TSC Security initiative (11 TSOs) Hosting of the Security Service Center (Germany / The Netherlands) 14

15 Load Frequency Control and Power Balance set point frequency 50 Hz Use of Balancing Power Consumption Production Forecast deviation Load interference Generation loss Forecast deviation (RES) Tripped Load 15

16 Security of Supply: the (n-1) - Criterion "N-1" CRITERION: Customer Any probable single event leading to a loss of Power System elements (generating set, transmission line, transformer, etc.) should not endanger the security of interconnected operation: TSO 1 TSO 2 Loss of Consumption Interconnected System Stability n-1 Violation of limit values (Current, Voltage, Frequency Deviation) DSO Cascade of Tripping 16

17 N-1 Security Criterion: Regional Approach Observability area of Amprion responsibility area (Amprion) 165 substations observability area 435 substations Source: Amprion GmbH Dramatic extended data volume for On-line Calculations Load flow Analysis (n-1)-security Calculations 17

18 The European Interconnected System ENTSO-E Founded 19 December 2008 and fully operational since 1 July 2009 Represents 42 TSOs from 34 countries 525 million citizens served 828 GW generation 305,000 km of transition lines managed by the TSOs 3,400 TWh/year demand 400 TWh/year exchanges 5 synchronous areas Replaces former TSO organisations: ATSOI, BALTSO, ETSO, NORDEL, UCTE, UKTSOA 525 Million Source: ENTSO-E 18

19 Agenda Germany s Energiewende - Framework Transmission System Operation Major Challenge: Transition of the Electricity System due RES Impacts of RES on Conventional Generation and the Market Cooperation of TSO and DSO: Cascade in Generation Dispatching Outlook and Conclusion 19

20 Nuclear phase out in Germany, March 2011 Nuclear power plants in Germany Directly Effected power plants Biblis A Neckarwestheim Philippsburg 1 Unterweser Isar 1 Biblis B Brunsbüttel Krümmel Total 1167 MW 645 MW 890 MW 1345 MW 878 MW 1240 MW 771 MW 1345 MW MW 20

21 Nuclear phase out in Germany till 2022 Nuclear power plants in Germany Additional loss of 4000 MW in the South in the next 5 years! 2015: Grafenrheinfeld 2017: Gundremmingen B 2019: Philippsburg : Brokdorf Grohnde Gundremmingen C 2022: Emsland Isar 2 Neckarwestheim Total 1275 MW 1284 MW 1402 MW 1410 MW 1360 MW 1288 MW 1329 MW 1410 MW 1310 MW MW 21

22 Generation mix in Germany 2013 Share of renewable energy 23% nuclear power 15% others 5% gas 11% 7,9% wind cole 20% Total 629 Bil. kwh 7,6% biomass renewables 23% 23% 4,5% PV lignite 26% 3,4% hydro RES in Hungary: 7 8% Source: BDEW 01/ Systemführung Netze Brauweiler Amprion

23 Source: Amprion GmbH Development of Generation Capacity in Germany since 2010 (share of primary energy) 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% Others Gas Renewables Lignite Hard coal Nuclear Total generation in Germany [Bil. kwh]: % 0%

24 Impacts of Renewable Generation on Grid Security (1) Renewable Generation leads to an inharmonic and unusual power flow in the Grid: In Germany Wind generation is installed in the northern and eastern part of the country High Wind power leads to bulk energy flows from North to South because most industry is concentrated in southern part of Germany 24

25 Impacts of Renewable Generation on Grid Security (2) Renewable Generation leads to an inharmonic and unusual power flow in the Grid: In Germany PV generation is installed in the southern part of the country High PV power leads to bulk energy flow in DSO grid and from DSO to TSO 25

26 Source: World Wind Energy Association Top 10 Countries by Total Wind Capacity [MW] 2012 to 2014 (first half) China USA Germany Spain India UK France Italy Canada Denmark Hungary: 500 MW (2013) (1st half)

27 Wind Power Development in Germany MW Development of Capacity Accummulated Capacity (End of Year) MW Source: IWES, TSOs

28 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Monthly Production of Wind Energy in Germany 2006 to 2014 (1 st half) GWh * Average *: 1 st half 28 Source: Online Extrapolation German TSO

29 Top 10 Countries by Total PV Capacity [MW] 2011 to 2013 Germany China Italy Japan USA France Spain UK Australia Belgium Hungary: 15 MW (2013)

30 PV Development in Germany MW Development of Capacity Accummulated Capacity (End of Year) MW * *: 1 st half Source: BNetzA, TSOs 30

31 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dec Monthly Production of PV Energy in Germany 2010 to 2014 (1 st half) GWh * Average *: 1 st half 31 Source: Online Extrapolation German TSO

32 Jan 10 Feb 10 Mrz 10 Apr 10 Mai 10 Jun 10 Jul 10 Aug 10 Sep 10 Okt 10 Nov 10 Dez 10 Jan 11 Feb 11 Mrz 11 Apr 11 Mai 11 Jun 11 Jul 11 Aug 11 Sep 11 Okt 11 Nov 11 Dez 11 Jan 12 Feb 12 Mrz 12 Apr 12 Mai 12 Jun 12 Jun 12 Aug 12 Sep 12 Okt 12 Nov 12 Dez 12 Jan 13 Feb 13 Mrz 13 Apr 13 Mai 13 Jun 13 Jul 13 Aug 13 Sep 13 Okt 13 Nov 13 Dez 13 MW Wind / PV installed capacity in Amprion grid onshore Wind Solar

33 Source : Amprion GmbH Wind Energy: Installed Capacity and Production (2013) MW Windgeneration D Installed Installiert capacity Wind D max. Wind: MW approx. 78% of the inst. capacity ( , 18:00) PDE min. Wind: 126MW approx. 0,4% of the inst. capacity ( , 14:00) h-values for 2013

34 Source : Amprion GmbH PV Energy: Installed Capacity and Production (2013) MW PV PV Dgeneration Installiert Installed PV capacity D PDE max. PV : MW approx. 72% of the inst. capacity ( , 14:00) h-values for 2013

35 Source : Amprion GmbH RES Energy: Installed Capacity and Production (2013) MW PDE RES generation EE D Installiert Installed EE capacity D Jahres-Mittel Average generation EE max. RES*: MW Wind: MW PV: MW approx. 56% of the inst. capacity ( , 13:00) min. RES*: 148MW Wind: 148MW PV: 0MW approx. 0,5% of the inst. capacity ( , 04:00) h-values for 2013

36 Source : Amprion GmbH RES Energy: Installed Capacity and Production (since 2011) MW EE RES D generation Installiert Installed EE capacity D Jahres-Mittel Average generation EE PDE min. RES: 148 MW Wind: 148 MW PV: 0 MW approx. 0,5% ( ) max. RES: MW Wind: MW PV: MW approx. 56% ( ) *: 1 st half 36 h-values

37 Wind Power Forecast Optimization (1/2) Source : Amprion GmbH Example: forecast of total German wind Forecast Combination 37

38 Wind Power Forecast Optimization (2/2) Source : Amprion GmbH Example: total German wind Forecast Combination 38

39 Wind and Solar Infeed vs. Load in Germany Source : Amprion GmbH Time: Thursday, 10 April 2014 (day with lowest share of renewable energy covering load) MW PV* Wind* Summe Wind+PV* Last Load Deutschland** Germany** April 2014, 21:00 h Load approx MW Wind+PV-Infeed approx. 240MW approx. 0,4% of load covered by renewables more than MW conventional generation and Import! h-values Data Source: * Netz-Transparenz ** ENTSO-E 39

40 Wind and Solar Infeed vs. Load in Germany Source : Amprion GmbH Time: Sunday, 11 May 2014 (day with highest share of renewable energy covering load) MW PV* Wind* Summe Wind+PV* Last Load Deutschland** Germany** May 2014, 14:00 h Load approx MW Wind+PV-Infeed approx MW approx. 69% of load covered by renewables approx MW conventional generation and Import! h-values Data Source: * Netz-Transparenz ** ENTSO-E 40

41 Wind and Solar Infeed vs. Load in Germany Source : Amprion GmbH Time: Saturday, 12 April 2014 (day with lowest renewable infeed) MW PV* Wind* Summe Wind+PV* Last Load Deutschland** Germany** April 2014, 06:00 h Load approx MW Wind+PV-Infeed approx. 180MW approx. 0,4% of load covered by renewables more than MW conventional generation and Import! h-values Data Source: * Netz-Transparenz ** ENTSO-E 41

42 Wind and Solar Infeed vs. Load in Germany Source : Amprion GmbH Time: Monday, 14 April 2014 (day with highest renewable infeed) MW PV* Wind* Summe Wind+PV* Last Load Deutschland** Germany** April 2014, 15:00 h Load approx MW Wind+PV-Infeed approx MW approx. 53% of load covered by renewables approx MW conventional generation and Import! h-values Data Source: * Netz-Transparenz ** ENTSO-E 42

43 Source : Amprion GmbH Duration curve of load covering with Wind und PV in ,0 P RES 0,9 P Load,D 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0, Hours

44 Source : Amprion GmbH Duration curve of load covering with Wind und PV in ,0 P RES 0,9 P Load,D 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0, Hours

45 DSO TSO TSO DSO Source: Amprion GmbH Influence of Dispersed Generation on the TSO (Low infeed in PV) MW PV D Trafo1 Trafo MW h Power flow (h-values) -200

46 DSO TSO TSO DSO Source: Amprion GmbH Influence of Dispersed Generation on the TSO (High infeed in PV) MW PV D Trafo1 Trafo MW h Power flow (h-values) -200

47 DSO TSO TSO DSO Source: Amprion GmbH PV-Generation Reverse Flow on Transformer 400/110 KV (measurement values Amprion) 150 MW Trend PV Generation Germany [MW] 47

48 Source: Amprion GmbH - Import + Export Correlation Wind+PV Energy Production Control Program DE (h-values 2013) MW PDE Trend P 48

49 Source: Amprion GmbH Load in GW Peak Load vs. Capacity of all German pump storage power plants Could pump storage power plants solve the problem? Capacity of all German pump storage power plants Peak load: 85,4 GW Pump storage capacity: 6,4 GW Annual consumption: 536,8 TWh Storage capacity: 0,037 TWh Source: NEP 2013 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 49

50 Agenda Germany s Energiewende - Framework Transmission System Operation Major Challenge: Transition of the Electricity System due RES Impacts of RES on Conventional Generation and the Market Cooperation of TSO and DSO: Cascade in Generation Dispatching Outlook and Conclusion 50

51 Source: Amprion GmbH, EPEX Spot RES-Infeed and impacts on thermal generation (1/2) 30 Sunday, GW + 4,6 GW - 6,3 GW 40 /MWh Hour Wind D PV D Spot-Price Day Ahead Hourly average Intraday

52 Source: Amprion GmbH, EPEX Spot RES-Infeed and impacts on thermal generation (2/2) 30 Sunday, ,9 GW 17% GW 40 /MWh Hour conv. Generation Import Spot-Price Day Ahead Hourly average Intraday

53 Source: Amprion GmbH Correlation Wind+PV Energy Production Day-ahead PX h-values since 2011 EPEX Spot (DE,AT) /MWh Trend % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% P Pinstall % 53

54 Source: Amprion GmbH Spot-Price Day Ahead vs. RES Generation since MW Einspeisung Renewable Wind generation und PV Spot-Preis Spot-Price Day Ahead Trendlinie Renewable Einspeisung generation Wind und PV Trendinie Spot-Price Spot-Preis Day Ahead 250 /MWh Christmas High Renewable generation negative Spot-Prices: up to -240 /MWh

55 RES push conventional power plants out of the market Increasing share of renewables (Germany: approx. 37 GW PV and 35 GW Wind installed) conventional power plants become unviable because of low prices Steadily decreasing time of operation of conventional power plants The shutdown of thermal generation capacity in the grid endanger system stability! just minor peak loads, thereby exposure of the profitability of energy storage 55

56 Agenda Germany s Energiewende - Framework Transmission System Operation Major Challenge: Transition of the Electricity System due RES Impacts of RES on Conventional Generation and the Market Cooperation of TSO and DSO: Cascade in Generation Dispatching Outlook and Conclusion 56

57 Source: BDEW Cooperation of TSO and DSO: Cascade in Generation Dispatching of Renewables In case of (n-1)- security violations in the EHV-grid due to high dispersed generation TSO and DSO collaborate to lower the infeed of renewable generation in DSOs grid. TSO initiates and DSOs operate these measures according following cascade: Transmission grid TSO Distribution grid 1. Level DSO DSO Distribution grid 2. Level DSO DSO Distribution grid n. Level DSO DSO 57 Grid area Generation Load

58 Challenges for DSOs Operator Grid level of Energy system Number of generation units Level of automation TSO Extra-high Voltage 220 / 380 kv GL* 1 High Voltage 110 kv GL 2 DSO Regional Distributors Medium Voltage Low Voltage 20 kv 400V (230 V) GL 3 GL 4 GL 5 GL n Prevent incorrect voltage augmentation caused by decentralized generation Coordination of a large amount of small generation utilities without an adequate communication network Handling reversed load flows *GL: Grid Level 58

59 Responsibilities within the cascade TSO monitoring the overall system Responsibility for SoS* Operative contact to DSOs / generators on TSO-Level Requests support by the DSOs TSO Support of industrial customers to SoS through decreasing / increasing load End user can be disconnected DSO Cascade Consumers Monitoring own system Operative contact to generators on DSO-Level Support of TSO to operate the cascade *SoS = Security of Supply Generation facilities Support of TSO / DSO to SoS through decreasing / increasing the power of generation units 59

60 Agenda Germany s Energiewende - Framework Transmission System Operation Major Challenge: Transition of the Electricity System due RES Impacts of RES on Conventional Generation and the Market Cooperation of TSO and DSO: Cascade in Generation Dispatching Outlook and Conclusion 60

61 What is now the influence of wind and pv generation and power trading on the grid? Huge Load Flows 61

62 What are the key elements of the German grid expansion? Connection of wind farms in the north to a powerful, regional east-west-grid wind-busbar Integration of solar energy in the south by the use of regional grid reinforcement solar-busbar Connection of the buspars via HVDClines X X Depending on the existing situation north-, central- or south Germany can be supplied with power from renewable energy sources X Source: Amprion 62

63 German Grid Development Plan (NEP) Optimizing of the existing corridors: AC- expansion: AC- reinforcement and additional lines: DC- lines: km km km about 20 Billion Grid expansion New AC- lines: invest one 4 DC-corridors: time Transmission capacity: New DC- lines: km 10 GW km Investments: approx. 20 billion 63

64 Conclusion The current Challenges for Transmission System Operators are: Stimulation of the European Electricity Market Integration Integration of Renewable Energy Sources (Wind and Solar Power) Changes in Generation Patterns (Shutdown of Nuclear PPs and Conventional PPs) Congestion Management and Management of Critical Grid Situations The current and future Challenges for Thermal Power Plants are: Permanently decreasing load utilization due to high priority infeed of RES Flexibility needs and growing load gradients Reliable and flexible thermal generation capacity is essential for security of supply and stability of the transmission grid 64

65 The Energiewende consists of many components To achieve this goal all parties need to work together

66 Thank you for your attention.