APPENDIX A. Hydrologic Modeling of SunCreek Specific Plan, Analysis of Impacts to Groundwater Flow Direction and Gradients

Transcription

1 APPENDIX A Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla, Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

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3 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets Prepared for: Jauary 2013

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5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Cotets i Table of Figures ii Table of Tables iii Acroyms ad Abbreviatios iv Sectio 1 Itroductio 1-1 Sectio 2 Regioal Cotamiated Sites 2-1 Aerojet Geeral Corporatio Superfud Site 2-3 Backgroud 2-3 Plume Migratio 2-4 Boeig (Iactive Racho Cordova Test Site) 2-4 Backgroud 2-5 Plume Migratio 2-5 Kiefer Ladfill 2-5 Backgroud 2-6 Plume Migratio 2-6 Former Mather Air Force Base 2-6 Backgroud 2-6 Plume Migratio 2-7 Sectio 3 Descriptio of Model ad Baselies 3-1 Sacrameto Area Itegrated Water Resources Model 3-1 Baselies 3-4 Future Coditios Baselie Coditios Baselie 3-7 Sectio 4 Defiitio of Model Scearios 4-1 Lad Use Alteratives 4-3 Proposed Project 4-3 Agecy Coceptual Strategy Alterative 4-5 Biological Impact Miimizatio Alterative 4-7 No USACE Permit Alterative 4-9 Icreased Developmet Alterative Coditios Scearios 4-13 Maximum Groudwater Usage Scearios 4-15 Sectio 5 Simulatio Results 5-1 Baselies Coditios Scearios 5-4 Maximum Groudwater Usage Scearios 5-5 Sectio 6 Refereces 6-1 i Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

6 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 Locatio of SuCreek 1-2 Figure 2-1 Locatio of SuCreek ad Regioal Cotamiatio Plumes 2-2 Figure 3-1 Schematic Cross-Sectio A A 3-2 Figure 3-2 Schematic Cross-Sectio B B 3-2 Figure 3-3 Cross-Sectio Locatios 3-3 Figure 3-4 Simulated Urba Area, Future Coditios Baselie 3-5 Figure 3-5 Simulated Urba Area, 2015 Coditios Baselie 3-9 Figure 3-6 Simulated Urba Area, Existig Coditios Baselie 3-10 Figure 5-1 Hydrologic Soil Groups 5-2 ii Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

7 TABLE OF TABLES Table 3-1 Summary of NSA Water Supply Coditios Uder Future Coditios Baselie (AFY) 3-6 Table 3-2 Summary of NSA Water Supply Coditios Uder 2015 Baselie 3-8 Table 4-1 Lad Use ad Water Demad at Buildout for Proposed Project 4-3 Table 4-2 Lad Use ad Water Demad for the Agecy Coceptual Strategy Alterative 4-5 Table 4-3 Lad Use ad Water Demad for the Biological Impact Miimizatio Alterative 4-7 Table 4-4 Lad Use ad Water Demad for the No USACE Permit Alterative 4-9 Table 4-5 Lad Use ad Water Demad for the Icreased Developmet Alterative 4-11 Table 4-6 Summary of NSA Water Supply Coditios Uder 2015 Coditios Scearios (AFY) 4-14 Table 4-7 Summary of NSA Water Supply Coditios Uder Maximum Groudwater Usage Scearios (AFY) 4-16 Table 5-1 Flow Directio ad Gradiet ear Regioal Cotamiat Plumes, Normal Coditios, Future Coditios, 2015 Coditios, ad Existig Coditios Baselie, Layer Table 5-2 Flow Directio ad Gradiet ear Regioal Cotamiat Plumes, Normal Coditios, Proposed Project at 2015 Coditios Compared to 2015 Baselie, Layer Table 5-3 Flow Directio ad Gradiet ear Regioal Cotamiat Plumes, Normal Coditios, Maximum Groudwater Usage Scearios, Layer 1 5- iii Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

8 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AC&W AFY Aircraft Cotrol ad Warig acre-feet per year Aerojet Site Aerojet Geeral Corporatio Superfud Site cfs DTSC EPA GET IGSM IRCTS Mather MBSA mgd MWS NDMA NSA OU RWQCB SacIWRM SCWA TM2 WSIP WTP cubic feet per secod Califoria Evirometal Protectio Agecy Departmet of Toxic Substaces Cotrol Uited States Evirometal Protectio Agecy Groudwater Extractio ad Treatmet Itegrated Groudwater ad Surface Water Model Iactive Racho Cordova Test Site Former Mather Air Force Base Mai Base/Strategic Air Commad Area millio gallo(s) per day The Water Master Study for the SuCreek Specific Pla itrosodimethylamie North Service Area Operable Uit Cetral Valley Regioal Water Quality Cotrol Board Sacrameto Area Itegrated Water Resources Model Sacrameto Couty Water Agecy Techical Memoradum No. 2, Groudwater Specific Demads, Su Creek Specific Pla Water System Ifrastructure Pla Water treatmet plat iv Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

9 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION The SuCreek Specific Pla covers 1,264 acres i easter Sacrameto Couty, as show i Figure 1-1. The Specific Pla is located withi the North Service Area (NSA) of Sacrameto Couty Water Agecy s (SCWA) Zoe 40 Service Area. Hydrologic modelig aalysis of the proposed project ad four lad use alteratives (for a total of five lad use alteratives) was performed uder the Delayed NSA Pipelie Costructio water supply sceario utilizig the Sacrameto Area Itegrated Water Resources Model (SacIWRM). This modelig was used to estimate project impacts o groudwater flow directio ad gradiets at regioal cotamiatio sites. This sectio cotais a brief itroductio to the project. Sectio 2 describes the regioal cotamiated sites. Sectio 3 cotais iformatio o the groudwater model ad the model baselies used i the aalysis. The developmet ad defiitios of the simulated scearios are preseted i Sectio 4. The impacts of the proposed project ad the four lad use alteratives o groudwater flow gradiet ad directio are preseted i Sectio 5. Sectio 6 presets the refereces. 1-1 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

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11 k Cr ee yo te Scott Co k ee Cr or ris o 1 Grat Lie M C so ar Miles C re k ek ee re Cr C e Cr a ek tro b La 16 vis re e gu þ } La North Vieyard Wellfield C de rc re ek Flori El I Power De er C ree k Leged Road Freeway Rivers ad Streams SuCreek ar d Beaco Creek Dill mes R iver Gerber Cosu Elk Grove Flori Elder Creek ± 0.5 Proposed Su Creek Wellfield Excelsior Fruitridge Frech h Bradshaw Flori Perkis kso Mather Wellfield at M Douglas er e Jac Cotra Costa r ce Fr y Malove ew Sa Joaqui 16 a Pl Kiefer Kiefer þ } d Ol D le v il 0 Surise h May 50 Amador semot Sacrameto Ro Solao om White Rock r ir O Placer ive Fa R a c eri El Dorado Am r Yolo e Riv America ra a L Rivie ls Fo Rd Sutter Watt Fulto s ak Rd Muroe lare Mcc Calvie Locatio of SuCreek Jauary 2013 Figure 1-1 ek

12 SECTION 2 REGIONAL CONTAMINATED SITES SuCreek is located ear several regioally sigificat cotamiated sites. These sites are: Aerojet Geeral Corporatio Superfud Site (Aerojet Site) Iactive Racho Cordova Test Site (Boeig Site) Kiefer Ladfill Former Mather Air Force Base Additioally, a search was performed to idetify earby sites of Leakig Udergroud Storage Taks (withi a distace of 3 miles from the SuCreek site). A review of data o the State Water Resources Cotrol Board s GeoTracker database (Califoria State Water Resources Cotrol Board, 2013) idicated oly oe earby ope site: Raa Surise Ic. (Former Shell Statio) (T ). Further ivestigatio idicated that the GeoTracker database cotaied the icorrect latitude ad logitude coordiates for the facility, which is located orth of U.S. Highway 50 at the itersectio of Surise Boulevard ad Zifadel Drive. Thus, o ope Leakig Udergroud Storage Taks sites were idetified i GeoTracker withi a distace of 3 miles from the SuCreek site. The plumes of the regioally sigificat cotamiated sites are show o Figure 2-1; iformatio o the ature ad movemet of the plumes are provided i the subsectios below. The modelig performed for this study aalyzed the potetial impacts of the proposed SuCreek developmet o the regioal flow directio ad gradiet i the viciity of these plumes. 2-1 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

13 r om Rd Solao Sa Joaqui dp Ol e lac he rf ie Miles ld D lle rvi at Cotra Costa Goethe Mayh M he r Grat Lie Amador at ek Sacrameto M Cr e 50 0 rris o El Dorado ± Roc k Douglas Mo ls Fo Placer Rd Yolo Americ a Rive lare Sutter Mcc White ew A' Surise Kiefer Proposed Su Creek Wellfield Locatio of Su Creek ad Regioal Cotamiatio Plumes ek re C a gu þ } La Excelsior Bradshaw Road Freeway Rivers ad Streams 16 SuCreek Elder Creek Boeig Plume Kiefer Plume Cotamiatio Plume Footprit Sources: Aerojet Plume Sacrameto Couty, 2010 Mather Plume SGA, 2010 ek d ek Cre El re Fry e Leged C er Dee e ek r Cr Jauary 2013 Figure 2-1

14 Regioal Cotamiated Sites AEROJET GENERAL CORPORATION SUPERFUND SITE The followig provides a brief summary of the backgroud of groudwater cotamiatio at the Aerojet Geeral Corporatio Superfud Site ad the status of plume migratio. This iformatio is summarized based o the followig documets: Aerojet Geeral Corporatio Superfud Site (Uited States Evirometal Protectio Agecy, 2006) ad EPA Selects Cleaup Pla for Operable Uit 5 of the Aerojet Geeral Corporatio Superfud Site (Uited States Evirometal Protectio Agecy, 2011). BACKGROUND The Aerojet Geeral Corporatio Superfud Site covers 8,500 acres (this umber icludes the carved out property to be used for developmet) ear Racho Cordova, 15 miles east of Sacrameto. Sice 1953, Aerojet ad its subsidiaries have maufactured liquid ad solid propellat rocket egies for military ad commercial applicatios. I this process, they have formulated a umber of chemicals, icludig rocket propellat agets ad agricultural, pharmaceutical, ad other idustrial chemicals. Cordova Chemical Compay ( ) ad Aerojet disposed of ukow quatities of hazardous waste chemicals. Some wastes were disposed of i surface impoudmets, ladfills, deep ijectio wells or leachate fields or by ope burig. I additio, uderlyig most of the site are extesive feet-deep dredge tailigs, remats of past gold miig operatios. Uder the oversight of the Califoria Evirometal Protectio Agecy Departmet of Toxic Substaces Cotrol (DTSC) ad the Cetral Valley Regioal Water Quality Cotrol Board (RWQCB), the Aerojet Geeral Corporatio bega ivestigatig the ature ad extet of groudwater ad soil cotamiatio throughout the site i I 1981, the Uited States Evirometal Protectio Agecy (EPA) proposed the site for iclusio o the Natioal Priorities List. The site was placed o the list i The Natioal Priorities List is a atioal ivetory of hazardous waste sites that are eligible for cleaup uder federal Superfud law. I 1979, volatile orgaic compouds were foud off-site i private wells. volatile orgaic compouds were also foud i the America River i Aerojet submitted recommedatios for cotrol of groudwater cotamiatio orth of the America River i EPA directed Aerojet to istall more moitorig wells to better defie the plume. Betwee 1983 ad 1987, Aerojet istalled five groudwater extractio ad treatmet (GET) facilities (GETs A, B, D, E ad F) primarily to prevet further movemet of volatile orgaic compouds off the property. The America River groudwater extractio ad treatmet system was added i 1998 ad GETs E ad F were combied i 1999 ad expaded i Each GET facility cosists of a series of extractio wells to itercept the cotamiat plume ad a groudwater treatmet system to remove the cotamiatio. The treated water is either ijected 2-3 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

15 Regioal Cotamiated Sites back ito the aquifer, discharged to lad for recharge ito the groud, or discharged to surface water bodies that flow to the America River. Perchlorate, a compoet of solid rocket fuel, was foud i drikig water wells off-site at levels above the provisioal health based stadard i Jauary I 2001, EPA, DTSC ad RWQCB sought public commet to modify their legal agreemet with Aerojet called a partial coset decree. This modificatio icluded dividig the site ito differet areas called operable uits (OUs) to help speed up the cleaup. The partial coset decree modificatio was completed i The cleaup approach for the Aerojet site uder the modified partial coset decree is to cotrol groudwater cotamiatio movig across the facility boudary with two OUs (Wester Groudwater OU ad Perimeter Groudwater OU). I 2003, aalysis revealed that a portio of the groudwater just orth of the America River i Carmichael is cotamiated with itrosodimethylamie (NDMA). (Uited States Evirometal Protectio Agecy, 2006) PLUME MIGRATION Implemetatio of a cleaup actio for OU-5, i cojuctio with the existig OU-3 cleaup to the west ad other state eforcemet actios to the south will fully cotai groudwater cotamiatio aroud the boudary of the Aerojet Site. The OU-5 cleaup decisio is to complete a system to pump groudwater at the outer edge of the cotamiated area to prevet further spread of cotamiated groudwater. This system will be improved by pumpig additioal water from more heavily cotamiated areas ear the Aerojet property. EPA cosiders this a iterim groudwater remedy sice fial cleaup relies o elimiatig source areas to be addressed i future OUs. Together, the cotaimet actios at OU-3 ad OU-5 will pump ad treat over 20 millio gallos of cotamiated groudwater every day to prevet the loss of additioal drikig water supplies i a populated area depedet o groudwater supplies. (Uited States Evirometal Protectio Agecy, 2011) BOEING (INACTIVE RANCHO CORDOVA TEST SITE) The followig provides a brief summary of the backgroud of groudwater cotamiatio at the Boeig Site, also kow as the Iactive Racho Cordova Test Site (IRCTS), ad the status of plume migratio. This iformatio is summarized based o the followig documets: Fact Sheet: DTSC Proposes Groudwater Cleaup at the Iactive Racho Cordova Test Site (Califoria Departmet of Toxic Substaces Cotrol, 2005) ad 2011 Aual Groudwater Moitorig Report, Iactive Racho Cordova Test Site, Racho Cordova, Califoria (The Boeig Corporatio ad Aerojet-Geeral Corporatio, 2012). 2-4 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

16 Regioal Cotamiated Sites BACKGROUND McDoell Douglas Corporatio, ow owed by The Boeig Compay, ad the Aerojet Geeral Corporatio used the IRCTS betwee 1956 ad Amog other aerospace related activities, McDoell Douglas Corporatio tested solidrocket motors ad liquid rocket egies i three areas o the south half of the IRCTS. Two of these areas, the Admiistratio Area (ow Security Park) ad the Alpha/IOC-1 Complex are sources for solvets foud i groudwater below the IRCTS. The Alpha/IOC-1 Complex has bee idetified as the source for perchlorate i groudwater below the south half of the IRCTS. The Admiistratio Area occupies about 70 acres withi the southeaster portio of the IRCTS ad was developed i phases begiig i 1956 with the costructio of a Modificatio Hager for the Thor rocket program. Begiig i 1959 this area was used to support the Satur maed-space vehicle program up to From 1977 to 1984, McDoell Douglas Corporatio leased or sold portios of the former Admiistratio Area. The Alpha/IOC-1 Complex is about 45 acres withi the southeaster sectio of the IRCTS. McDoell Douglas Corporatio built two test stads ad used them from 1956 to 1969 to test rockets. The Kappa/Gamma Complex is about 33 acres o the easter side of the IRCTS ad was used by McDoell Douglas Corporatio ad Aerojet to evaluate the lauch procedures for the Thor missile uder simulated adverse weather coditios ad to test rocket systems ad fuels. The last tests at Kappa/Gamma occurred about (Califoria Departmet of Toxic Substaces Cotrol, 2005) PLUME MIGRATION Active regioal groudwater remedies curretly i operatio for the IRCTS iclude the Mather GET HB system ad the Souther Groudwater Study Area GET system. The DTSC cocluded i a letter dated July 27, 2011 that the Mather GET HB system ad the Souther Groudwater Study Area GET system are operatig properly ad are effective at capturig ad treatig cotamiat plumes at the sites. (The Boeig Corporatio ad Aerojet-Geeral Corporatio, 2012) KIEFER LANDFILL The followig provides a brief summary of the backgroud of groudwater cotamiatio at Kiefer Ladfill ad the status of plume migratio. This iformatio is summarized based o the followig documets: Public Hearig Cocerig Reewal of Waste Discharge Requiremets (NPDES No. CA ) ad Time Schedule Order for Couty of Sacrameto Public Works Agecy Kiefer Ladfill Groudwater Extractio ad Treatmet Plat, Sacrameto Couty 2-5 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

17 Regioal Cotamiated Sites (Califoria Regioal Water Quality Cotrol Board, Cetral Valley Regio, 2007) ad Kiefer Ladfill Groudwater Remediatio Status (Couty of Sacrameto, Departmet of Waste Maagemet ad Recyclig, 2011). BACKGROUND The Couty of Sacrameto ows ad operates the Kiefer Ladfill, a Class III solid waste disposal facility, which icludes a o-site groudwater extractio ad treatmet system. The ladfill is at the itersectio of Grat Lie Road ad Kiefer Boulevard, i the easter portio of Sacrameto Couty, about 15 miles east of the City of Sacrameto. A 1987 Solid Wastewater Quality Assessmet Test idicated that disposal operatios at the ladfill have resulted i cotamiatio of groudwater with volatile orgaic compouds. The Couty of Sacrameto has bee directed to remediate the groudwater uder a approved Correctio Actio Pla required uder Cleaup ad Abatemet Order No The Correctio Actio Pla called for the extractio ad treatmet of the cotamiated groudwater. Treated groudwater is discharged to Deer Creek, a water of the Uited States ad a tributary to the Cosumes River. (Califoria Regioal Water Quality Cotrol Board, Cetral Valley Regio, 2007) Groudwater beeath the ladfill is divided ito three zoes with depth: Zoe A, Zoe B, ad Zoe C. Groudwater cotamiatio is 90% i Zoe A ad 0% i Zoe C. Regioal drikig water is draw from Zoe C. (Couty of Sacrameto, Departmet of Waste Maagemet ad Recyclig, 2011). PLUME MIGRATION The plume at Kiefer Ladfill is cotaied ad uder hydraulic cotrol (Couty of Sacrameto, Departmet of Waste Maagemet ad Recyclig, 2011). FORMER MATHER AIR FORCE BASE The followig provides a brief summary of the backgroud of groudwater cotamiatio at the former Mather Air Force Base ad the status of plume migratio. This iformatio is summarized based o the Aual ad Fourth Quarter 2011 Groudwater Moitorig Report (URS Group, 2012). BACKGROUND Groudwater at the former Mather Air Force Base (Mather) ad its viciity is cotamiated by chemicals used durig routie operatios at Mather betwee 1918 ad There are five areas of moitorig for groudwater cotamiatio at Mather: 2-6 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

18 Regioal Cotamiated Sites AC&W (Aircraft Cotrol ad Warig) Site Plume: The AC&W Site Plume reportedly resulted from disposal of solvets i a waste disposal pipe or dry well from 1958 to Site 7 Plume: The source area for the Site 7 Plume was a gravel borrow pit used as a ladfill ito which waste was disposed from 1953 to approximately The borrow pit was reportedly used to dispose of petroleum, oil, ad lubricat wastes, empty drums, sludge from platig shops, absorbet sad used for cleaig oil ad solvet spills, ad at least oe load of trasformer oil that may have cotaied polychloriated bipheyls. The Site 7 groudwater extractio ad treatmet system operatio has bee iterrupted three times sice 1998 to accommodate miig ad related reclamatio activities (from July 1999 to May 2001, from July 2001 to March 2002, ad from April 2003 to mid- December 2006). The extractio ad groudwater treatmet system resumed operatio i December 2006 ad has operated cotiually sice the. Ladfills ad Northeast Plume: Sources of cotamiatio iclude ladfill disposal. MBSA (Mai Base/Strategic Air Commad Area) Plume: The commigled cotamiat plume resultig from sources at several sites i this area is referred to as the MBSA Plume. Multiple source areas of cotamiatio resulted from idustrial activities, equipmet maiteace, dry cleaig, ad fuel storage ad delivery. Off-base Area: The off-base area is idetified as the portio of the MBSA ad Site 7 Area plumes that have migrated beyod Mather property boudaries. The moitorig program referred to as Off Base is the moitorig of large water supply wells, selected earby moitorig wells, ad geerally smaller privately owed supply wells i the viciity of ad dowgradiet from the plumes. The samplig of large supply wells ad earby moitorig wells is govered by the Mather AFB Off-base Water Supply Cotigecy Pla. (URS Group, 2012) PLUME MIGRATION Based o the plume distributio ad estimated capture zoes developed usig potetiometric surface data from the fourth quarter of 2011, the plumes beig treated by groudwater extractio are early completely captured. Of the 5 plumes beig treated by groudwater extractio, 3 are 100 percet cotaied, oe is 96 percet cotaied, ad oe is 93 percet cotaied. (URS Group, 2012) 2-7 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

19 SECTION 3 DESCRIPTION OF MODEL AND BASELINES SACRAMENTO AREA INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MODEL The SacIWRM was used to perform hydrologic modelig for this aalysis. As a itegrated hydrologic model, SacIWRM models both groudwater ad surface water resources, icludig importat surface water courses i the SuCreek area: Cosumes River, Deer Creek, Morriso Creek, Lagua Creek, ad the America River. SacIWRM is a widely accepted itegrated hydrologic model for the Sacrameto Couty area. The model is based o the Itegrated Groudwater ad Surface Water Model (IGSM) ad has bee updated ad ehaced over time. It has bee used i umerous studies ad ivestigatios, icludig, amog others: Surise Douglas aalysis America River Basi Cooperatig Agecies studies Zoe 40 Water Supply Master Pla update Rio del Oro impacts study Aerojet aalyses Studies alog the Cosumes River Regioal cotamiatio studies Regioal groudwater bakig aalyses The most recet recalibratio of the SacIWRM i the cetral Sacrameto Couty area occurred i mid-2008 (WRIME [ow RMC], 2008). I the area ear SuCreek, the SacIWRM simulates the groudwater aquifer as three layers, represetig shallow, itermediate, ad deep groudwater. The layerig is used by the model to better simulate the vertical gradiets that develop due to low-coductivity beds ad other atural causes of aisotropy i the aquifer system that result i greater horizotal groudwater flow tha vertical groudwater flow. Near the North Vieyard Wellfield, Layer 1 is closest to the surface ad is typically utilized by private wells for irrigatio ad domestic use. The Cosumes River is uderlai by Layer 1. I much of SuCreek ad to the east of SuCreek, Layer 1 is usaturated ad Layer 2 is the oly saturated aquifer layer preset. Layer 2 is immediately below Layer 1, ad is utilized by SCWA for the North Vieyard Wellfield. Schematic cross-sectios of these layers are show i Figure 3-1 ad Figure 3-2, with the crosssectio locatios show i Figure Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

20 Descriptio of Model ad Baselies Figure 3-1 Schematic Cross-Sectio A A Figure 3-2 Schematic Cross-Sectio B B 3-2 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

21 Malove ew Sa Joaqui 16 Jac kso Douglas C k Scott ek re re vis C re ek e gu a C e Cr La tro b La Bradshaw de rc re ek C A El Dill Cosu ar d iver Gerber mes R Elk Grove Flori North Vieyard Wellfield ek Frech r Cre Flori B Rivers ad Streams SuCreek I Power Aerojet Plume Mather Plume so ar Miles A' Creek Beaco Freeway Boeig Plume Kiefer Plume 1 Proposed Su Creek Wellfield Elder Creek Road yo te Cr ee h Co k ee Cr ris o or M at M er Fruitridge Leged ± 0.5 Dee Flori Perkis Cotra Costa D Mather Wellfield Kiefer Kiefer þ } a Pl 0 Grat Lie d Ol r ce le v il Surise h May 50 Amador semot Sacrameto Ro Solao om White Rock r ir O Placer ive Fa R a c eri El Dorado Am r Yolo e Riv America ra a L Rivie ls Fo Rd Sutter Watt Fulto s ak Rd Muroe lare Mcc B' Calvie Cross-Sectio Locatios Jauary 2013 Figure 3-3 ek

22 Descriptio of Model ad Baselies BASELINES To model the project at the poit of maximum impact, two developmet levels were selected: buildout ad 2015 coditios. SuCreek buildout is projected by 2031 ad represets the largest amout of impervious surfaces, resultig i precipitatio beig routed to storm sewers rather tha to evapotraspiratio, ruoff, ad aquifer recharge. The Future Coditios baselie is used for the aalysis of buildout coditios at SuCreek. Year 2015 represets the ed of Phase I of the water supply ad the largest plaed SuCreek demad while solely relyig o groudwater (immediately prior to the completio of surface water coveyace ifrastructure ad the delivery of surface water). The selectio of 2015 is cosidered coservative i that Techical Memoradum No. 2, Groudwater Specific Demads, Su Creek Specific Pla (MacKay & Somps, 2011) (TM2) idicates surface water availability by Thus, the 2015 modelig icludes higher demads ad higher groudwater eeds tha is idicated i TM2. The 2015 baselie is used for the aalysis of 2015 coditios at SuCreek. These two baselies are used for compariso to determie the icremetal impacts of the project ad lad use alteratives at these critical stages of developmet ad water supply. FUTURE CONDITIONS BASELINE The Future Coditios Baselie for this project is based o the most recet SacIWRM future coditios baselie, which was updated for the cetral portio of Sacrameto Couty i the witer of 2008/2009. It icludes iformatio cotaied i the Zoe 40 Water Supply Master Pla (Sacrameto Couty Water Agecy, 2005) ad i the Zoe 40 Water System Ifrastructure Pla (WSIP) (Sacrameto Couty Water Agecy, 2006). The SacIWRM future coditios baselie was aalyzed to esure that the model represets the latest uderstadig of future coditios i the NSA. The urbaized area ad total water demads were altered for use i this project to remove SuCreek, which was already factored ito the future coditios baselie. Prior to removig SuCreek developmet from the future coditios baselie, demads matched the Zoe 40 WSIP value of 32,982 acre-feet per year (AFY). After removig SuCreek developmet, NSA demads were reduced to 29,924 AFY. A map of the simulated urbaized area is show i Figure 3-4 ad a summary of water supply coditios is show i Table Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

23 kso k Cr ee yo te Scott Co k ee Cr ris o 1 at M h Douglas er C so ar re k ek ee re Cr C e ek tro b La 16 La þ } vis re e gu a Fr y Excelsior Bradshaw Elder Creek e Cr C rc re ek Flori de El I Power ar d De er C ree k Percet Urba Dill mes R iver Gerber Cosu Elk Grove Flori Frech Road Freeway Rivers ad Streams Beaco Creek SuCreek 0% - 20% 21% - 40% 41% - 60% 61% - 80% 81% - 100% C Fruitridge Leged Miles Surise Jac a Pl r ce ± 0.5 Kiefer Kiefer 16 d Ol D le v il Grat Lie Rosemot þ } Flori Perkis 50 ew Malove h May A iver R a c ri Ame ra La Rivie 0 or er M r me Riv om White Rock ica ls Fo Rd Watt Fulto Muroe O Rd ir Fa s ak lare Mcc Calvie Simulated Urbaized Area, Future Coditios Baselie Jauary 2013 Figure 3-4 ek

24 Descriptio of Model ad Baselies Table 3-1 Summary of NSA Water Supply Coditios Uder Future Coditios Baselie (AFY) Item Zoe 40 WSIP Future Coditios Baselie Future Coditios Baselie With SuCreek Removed Year Type: Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Years Years Years Years Years Years NSA Total Water Demad 32,982 32,982 32,982 32,982 29,924 29,924 NSA Total Water Supply 33,750 37,500 32,982 32,982 29,924 29,924 Groudwater for Aatolia WTP 2, , ,161 0 Groudwater for Mather WTP Groudwater for SuCreek WTP Surface Water Supplies 31,535 37,500 31,535 32,982 28,763 29,924 WTP = Water Treatmet Plat Cofirmatio of the future coditios baselie s water supply came from three primary sources: WSIP: Zoe 40 Water System Ifrastructure Pla (Sacrameto Couty Water Agecy, 2006) MWS: The Water Master Study for the SuCreek Specific Pla (Sacrameto Couty Water Agecy, 2008) TM2: Techical Memoradum No. 2, Groudwater Specific Demads, Su Creek Specific Pla (MacKay & Somps, 2011) NSA water demads are preseted i TM2, based o 2009 ad 2010 projectios from the MWS, 2031 projectios from the WSIP, ad iterpolatio betwee those years. Water supply sources (groudwater ad surface water treatmet plats) are also developed i TM2 based o the iformatio i the WSIP. These umbers, however, are Maximum Day Demads (developed to allow for the proper desig of the water supply ifrastructure). To determie Average Day Demads, the demad data may be divided by two. However, the operatio of the water supplies to meet demads o a aual basis requires oly a portio of the total supplies, which are desiged to meet that Maximum Day Demad. The choice of supplies o a day-today basis is a fuctio of policy ad operatioal eeds. Sectio 4 of the WSIP presets the mix of NSA projected buildout surface water ad groudwater supplies o a average aual basis for dry years ad wet years: Dry years o o 2,215 AFY groudwater 31,535 AFY surface water 3-6 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

25 Descriptio of Model ad Baselies Wet years o o 0 AFY groudwater 37,500 AFY surface water Sectio 3 of the WSIP presets the NSA projected buildout demads o a average aual basis: 32,982 AFY. The Future Coditios Baselie matches this buildout demad, with a average aual demad of 32,982 AFY for the NSA prior to the removal of SuCreek from the baselie. As total supply exceeds total demad i the WSIP, a assumptio is applied that surface water supplies will be used prior to groudwater supplies. Thus, at buildout water demad ad water supplies i the Future Coditios Baselie, surface water ca provide all water to the NSA durig wet years ad must be supplemeted with less tha 2,000 AFY of groudwater i dry years, as show i Table 3-1. Although plaig documets support a low level of pumpig, modelig at buildout icludes the plaed groudwater facilities pumpig at full capacity (Maximum Groudwater Usage Scearios) to ivestigate impacts at this higher level of productio CONDITIONS BASELINE The 2015 Coditios Baselie is based o the most recet SacIWRM existig coditios baselie. As with the future coditios baselie, the existig coditios baselie was most recetly updated for the cetral portio of Sacrameto Couty i the witer of 2008/2009 ad icludes iformatio cotaied i the Zoe 40 Water Supply Master Pla (Sacrameto Couty Water Agecy, 2005) ad i the Zoe 40 Water System Ifrastructure Pla (Sacrameto Couty Water Agecy, 2006). The existig coditios baselie was aalyzed to esure that the model represets the latest uderstadig of 2015 coditios i the NSA. The urbaized area ad total water demads for the most recet existig coditios baselie were altered for use i this project to add projects i the NSA that are likely to be partially developed by 2015 ad that would be cosistet with the NSA water demads listed i TM2. TM2 shows groudwater meetig all demads i the NSA through 2012; however this aalysis takes a coservative approach ad utilizes 2015 as the largest all-groudwater demad i the NSA was selected as surface water demads show i TM2 for earlier years are less tha the desig capacity of the proposed SuCreek Wellfield (4 mgd). Thus, there is the potetial for a all groudwater supply to cotiue through 2015, similar to Sceario 5 discussed i TM2. Beyod 2015, surface water would be required, ad the arrival of the large surface water pipelie would dramatically reduce muicipal groudwater usage. 3-7 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

26 Descriptio of Model ad Baselies Ulike i the Future Coditios Baselie, developmet i the SuCreek area did ot require removal from the existig coditios baselie, as this lad is desigated as ative vegetatio i the existig coditios baselie. A summary of water supply coditios is show i Table 3-2 ad a map of the simulated urba area is show i Figure 3-5. Figure 3-6 shows the simulated urba area uder the existig coditios baselie. Total NSA water demad is based o values preseted i TM2. It should be oted that the maximum day demad used as the basis for the total demad i 2015, mgd, is slightly higher tha the value preseted i TM2, mgd, due to later revisios i TM2. The mgd value is slightly higher ad thus more coservative. The aual average demad was developed by covertig the maximum day demad for the NSA without the proposed SuCreek project at 2015 (i.e., mgd reduced by 0.55 mgd) to average day demad by dividig by two ad coverted from mgd to acre-feet. The distributio of groudwater productio betwee the differet wellfields ad groudwater treatmet plats is based o focusig pumpig i sigle locatios to the extet possible to look at impacts to groudwater resources. The Mather Wellfield is modeled as cotiuig to pump as modeled i the Existig Coditios Baselie; Mather Wellfield water would ot be used to supply SuCreek. All additioal groudwater productio is focused at the North Vieyard Wellfield ad the Aatolia WTP. Cocetratio of productio at the North Vieyard Wellfield is cosidered more coservative tha spreadig the supply across the 3 wellfields; o other wellfield has the capacity to meet the additioal demad by itself. The SuCreek wellfield was ot utilized as the project will oly be 10 percet built out by 2015 ad the buildout area does ot iclude the well sites. Further, Sacrameto Couty has idicated that reimbursemet for these well facilities would be slow as the couty focuses o obtaiig surface water for the NSA rather tha costructio of ew groudwater facilities. Thus, groudwater productio is assumed to cotiue at curret levels from the Mather WTP, with all ew water supplied from the North Vieyard Wellfield supplyig the Aatolia WTP. It should be oted that the impacts of full operatio of the SuCreek Wellfield are explored uder the Maximum Groudwater Usage Scearios. Table 3-2 Summary of NSA Water Supply Coditios Uder 2015 Baselie Item Existig Coditios 2015 Baselie Baselie NSA Water Demad 2,278 AFY 11,002 AFY Groudwater for Aatolia WTP 952 AFY 9,676 AFY Groudwater for Mather WTP 1,326 AFY 1,326 AFY Groudwater for SuCreek WTP 0 AFY 0 AFY Surface Water Supplies 0 AFY 0 AFY 3-8 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

27 kso k Cr ee yo te Scott Co k ee Cr ris o 1 at M h Douglas er C so ar re k ek ee re Cr C e ek tro b La 16 La þ } vis re e gu a Fr y Excelsior Bradshaw Elder Creek e Cr C rc re ek Flori de El I Power ar d De er C ree k Percet Urba Dill mes R iver Gerber Cosu Elk Grove Flori Frech Road Freeway Rivers ad Streams Creek Beaco SuCreek 0% - 20% 21% - 40% 41% - 60% 61% - 80% 81% - 100% C Fruitridge Leged Miles Surise Jac a Pl r ce ± 0.5 Kiefer Kiefer 16 d Ol D le v il Grat Lie Rosemot þ } Flori Perkis 50 ew Malove h May A iver R a c ri Ame ra La Rivie 0 or er M r me Riv om White Rock ica ls Fo Rd Watt Fulto Muroe O Rd ir Fa s ak lare Mcc Calvie Simulated Urbaized Area, 2015 Coditios Baselie Jauary 2013 Figure 3-5 ek

28 kso k Cr ee yo te Scott Co k ee Cr ris o 1 at M h Douglas er C so ar re k ek ee re Cr C e ek tro b La 16 La þ } vis re e gu a Fr y Excelsior Bradshaw Elder Creek e Cr C rc re ek Flori de El I Power ar d De er C ree k Percet Urba Dill mes R iver Gerber Cosu Elk Grove Flori Frech Road Freeway Rivers ad Streams Creek Beaco SuCreek 0% - 20% 21% - 40% 41% - 60% 61% - 80% 81% - 100% C Fruitridge Leged Miles Surise Jac a Pl r ce ± 0.5 Kiefer Kiefer 16 d Ol D le v il Grat Lie Rosemot þ } Flori Perkis 50 ew Malove h May A iver R a c ri Ame ra La Rivie 0 or er M r me Riv om White Rock ica ls Fo Rd Watt Fulto Muroe O Rd ir Fa s ak lare Mcc Calvie Simulated Urbaized Area, Existig Coditios Baselie Jauary 2013 Figure 3-6 ek

29 SECTION 4 DEFINITION OF MODEL SCENARIOS The SuCreek plaig documets (MacKay & Somps, 2011; supported by Sacrameto Couty Water Agecy, 2008) iclude five lad use alteratives ad five water supply scearios. All five lad use scearios were simulated, but oly uder the most coservative water supply scearios. The five water supply scearios are based o the developmet of surface water resources for the NSA. The SuCreek Specific Pla calls for phased developmet of the area through The phasig allows for costructio ad operatio of ifrastructure to brig surface water to the NSA. Due to ucotrollable ucertaities o the overall developmet of the NSA, which is eeded to fud surface water ifrastructure, three differet water supply scearios were developed: Accelerated Costructio of the NSA Pipelie o Iitial surface water deliveries i 2012 o Maximum NSA groudwater productio of 10.3 millio gallos per day (mgd) (Maximum Day Demad) Delayed Costructio of the NSA Pipelie o Iitial surface water deliveries i 2013 o Maximum NSA groudwater productio of mgd (Maximum Day Demad) Coversio of the Raw Groudwater Trasmissio Pipelie o Iitial surface water deliveries i 2012 o Maximum NSA groudwater productio of 10.3 millio gallos per day (mgd) (Maximum Day Demad) The Delayed Costructio of the NSA Pipelie water supply sceario has greater impacts to the groudwater ad surface water resources tha the other scearios due to the later arrival of surface water ad the higher reliace o groudwater. Therefore, of these, oly the Delayed Costructio sceario was simulated. These were simulated uder 2015 coditios to be coservative, as earlier delivery of surface water reduces the impacts o groudwater. The 2015 Coditios Scearios aalyze impacts at this time period for the five lad use alteratives: Proposed Project 2015 Coditios Agecy Coceptual Alterative 2015 Coditios Biological Impact Miimizatio Alterative 2015 Coditios No USACE Permit Alterative 2015 Coditios 4-1 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

30 Defiitio of Model Scearios Icreased Developmet Alterative 2015 Coditios Additioal water supply scearios were developed with the itet of aalyzig the impact of utilizig groudwater productio facilities to the fullest extet. Four scearios are preseted, modeled uder future coditios: Maximum Groudwater Without Project Maximum Groudwater With Proposed Project Maximum Groudwater With No USACE Permit Alterative Maximum Groudwater With Icreased Developmet Alterative The two remaiig lad use alteratives, Biological Impact Miimizatio ad Agecy Coceptual Alterative, were ot modeled as the impacts are bracketed by the Proposed Project, which is larger ad has a higher demad ad water usage, ad the No USACE Permit Alterative, which is smaller ad has a lower demad ad water usage. The five lad use scearios share the followig commo assumptios i the model: Urba lad use, icludig residetial, commercial, ad irrigated parklad ad schools, is 60 percet impervious. Other lad uses are 0 percet impervious ad iclude wetlads, wetlad buffers, detetio basi, ad caals. Overall water demad is split betwee 46 percet idoor use ad 54 percet outdoor use, o a aual average. This is variable throughout the year, with higher percet outdoor use i the summer ad higher percet idoor use i the witer. Storm water is discharged to Lagua Creek, which flows to Morriso Creek ad the Sacrameto River. Lagua Creek is ot tributary to the Cosumes River. Saitary sewer is discharged to the Sacrameto River at the Sacrameto Regioal Wastewater Treatmet Plat. Additioal details relatig to the level of developmet at buildout ad at 2015 for the five lad use alteratives are provided i the followig subsectios. 4-2 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

31 Defiitio of Model Scearios LAND USE ALTERNATIVES PROPOSED PROJECT Buildout Coditios The proposed lad use ad water demad at buildout for the Proposed Project is show i Table 4-1, based o data provided i TM2 (MacKay & Somps, 2011). The table orgaizes lad use ito categories recogized by the SacIWRM: urba lad uses ad uirrigated ope space (ative vegetatio). These acreages were icorporated ito the SacIWRM by assigig each model elemet with the percetages of each appropriate lad use. The aual average water demad i the SacIWRM for this sceario matches the 3,058 AFY value idicated i Table 4-1. Table 4-1 Lad Use ad Water Demad at Buildout for Proposed Project Lad Use Acres Aual Average Water Demad (AFY) Urba Lad Uses Low Desity Residetial Medium Desity Residetial Compact Desity Residetial High Desity Residetial Commercial Mixed Use Local Tow Ceter Public/Quasi-Public School Mior Roads Major Roads Commuity Park Neighborhood Park Neighborhood Gree Parkway, Paseos ad Trails Subtotal Urba Lad Uses Uirrigated Ope Space Wetlad Preserve Preserve Buffer Detetio Basi Storm water Caal Subtotal Uirrigated Ope Space Total With 7.5 Percet System Loss Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

32 Defiitio of Model Scearios This water demad is met by surface water supplies ad groudwater supplies from the Vieyard Wellfield i the same proportios as utilized uder the Future Coditios Baselie Coditios Lad ad water use at 2015 coditios for the Proposed Project are based o the 2015 demad values preseted i TM2 (MacKay & Somps, 2011). That documet lists a 10 percet buildout of SuCreek by 2015, with a Maximum Daily Demad of 0.55 mgd. The average aual demad is 308 AFY, which meets urba demad focused i a footprit withi Phase I of the project, i the southwester portio of the project area (bouded o the west by Surise Blvd. ad o the orth by Kiefer Blvd.) ad i the orthwester sectio of the middle portio of the project area (ear the itersectio of Racho Cordova Parkway ad Campus Drive). This water demad is modeled as met by groudwater supplies from the Vieyard Wellfield. Lad use i withi SuCreek at 2015 coditios for the Proposed Project was simulated as 9 percet urba. 4-4 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

33 Defiitio of Model Scearios AGENCY CONCEPTUAL STRATEGY ALTERNATIVE Buildout Coditios The Agecy Coceptual Strategy Alterative coforms slightly better to the Coceptual Level Strategy for the project tha the Proposed Project does (MacKay & Somps, 2011). The proposed lad use ad water demad at buildout for the Agecy Coceptual Strategy Alterative is show i Table 4-2, based o data provided i MacKay & Somps TM2 (2011). The table orgaizes lad use ito categories recogized by the SacIWRM: urba lad uses ad uirrigated ope space (ative vegetatio). These acreages were icorporated ito the SacIWRM by assigig each model elemet with the percetages of each appropriate lad use. The aual average water demad for this alterative i the SacIWRM is 2,951 AFY, matchig the value show i Table 4-2. Table 4-2 Lad Use ad Water Demad for the Agecy Coceptual Strategy Alterative Lad Use Acres Aual Average Water Demad (AFY) Urba Lad Uses Low Desity Residetial Medium Desity Residetial Compact Desity Residetial High Desity Residetial Commercial Mixed Use Local Tow Ceter 0 0 Public/Quasi-Public School Mior Roads 0 0 Major Roads Commuity Park Neighborhood Park Neighborhood Gree 0 0 Parkway, Paseos ad Trails Subtotal Urba Lad Uses Uirrigated Ope Space Wetlad Preserve Preserve Buffer Detetio Basi Storm water Caal Subtotal Uirrigated Ope Space Total With 7.5 Percet System Loss This water demad is met by surface water supplies ad groudwater supplies from the Vieyard Wellfield i the same proportios as utilized uder the Future Coditios Baselie. 4-5 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

34 Defiitio of Model Scearios 2015 Coditios Lad ad water use at 2015 coditios for the Agecy Coceptual Strategy Alterative are based o the 2015 demad values preseted i TM2 (MacKay & Somps, 2011). That documet lists a 10 percet buildout of SuCreek by 2015, with a maximum daily demad of 0.53 mgd. The average aual demad is 297 AFY, which meets urba demad focused i a footprit withi Phase I of the project, i the southwester portio of the project area (bouded o the west by Surise Blvd. ad o the orth by Kiefer Blvd.) ad i the orthwester sectio of the middle portio of the project area (ear the itersectio of Racho Cordova Parkway ad Campus Drive). This water demad is modeled as met by groudwater supplies from the Vieyard Wellfield. Lad use i SuCreek at 2015 coditios for the Agecy Coceptual Strategy Alterative was simulated as 9 percet urba. 4-6 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

35 Defiitio of Model Scearios BIOLOGICAL IMPACT MINIMIZATION ALTERNATIVE Buildout Coditios The Biological Impact Miimizatio Alterative represets a sigificatly less itese developmet pla as compared to the Proposed Project (MacKay & Somps, 2011). The proposed lad use ad water demad at buildout for the Biological Impact Miimizatio Alterative is show i Table 4-3, based o data provided i TM2 (MacKay & Somps, 2011). The table orgaizes lad use ito categories recogized by the SacIWRM: urba lad uses ad uirrigated ope space (ative vegetatio). These acreages were icorporated ito the SacIWRM by assigig each model elemet with the percetages of each appropriate lad use. The aual average water demad uder this sceario i the SacIWRM is 2,670 AFY, matchig the value show i Table 4-3. Table 4-3 Lad Use ad Water Demad for the Biological Impact Miimizatio Alterative Lad Use Acres Aual Average Water Demad (AFY) Urba Lad Uses Low Desity Residetial Medium Desity Residetial Compact Desity Residetial High Desity Residetial Commercial Mixed Use 0 0 Local Tow Ceter 0 0 Public/Quasi-Public School Mior Roads 0 0 Major Roads Commuity Park Neighborhood Park Neighborhood Gree 0 0 Parkway, Paseos ad Trails Subtotal Urba Lad Uses Uirrigated Ope Space Wetlad Preserve Preserve Buffer Detetio Basi Storm water Caal 0 0 Subtotal Uirrigated Ope Space Total With 7.5 Percet System Loss This water demad is met by surface water supplies ad groudwater supplies from the Vieyard Wellfield i the same proportios as utilized uder the Future Coditios Baselie. 4-7 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

36 Defiitio of Model Scearios 2015 Coditios Lad ad water use at 2015 coditios for the Biological Impact Miimizatio Alterative are based o the 2015 demad values preseted i TM2 (MacKay & Somps, 2011). That documet lists a 10 percet buildout of SuCreek by 2015, with a maximum daily demad of 0.48 mgd. The average aual demad is 269 AFY, which meets urba demad focused i a footprit withi Phase I of the project, i the southwester portio of the project area (bouded o the west by Surise Blvd. ad o the orth by Kiefer Blvd.) ad i the orthwester sectio of the middle portio of the project area (ear the itersectio of Racho Cordova Parkway ad Campus Drive). This water demad is modeled as met by groudwater supplies from the Vieyard Wellfield. Lad use i SuCreek at 2015 coditios for the Biological Impact Miimizatio Alterative was simulated as 8 percet urba. 4-8 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

37 Defiitio of Model Scearios NO USACE PERMIT ALTERNATIVE Buildout Coditios The No USACE Permit Alterative is less itese tha both the Proposed Project ad the Biological Impact Miimizatio Alterative (MacKay & Somps, 2011). The proposed lad use ad water demad for the No USACE Permit Alterative at buildout is show i Table 4-4, based o data i TM2 (MacKay & Somps, 2011). The table orgaizes lad use ito categories recogized by the SacIWRM: urba lad uses ad uirrigated ope space (ative vegetatio). These acreages were icorporated ito the SacIWRM by assigig each model elemet with the percetages of each appropriate lad use. The aual average water demad uder this alterative i the SacIWRM is 2,034 AFY, matchig the value show i Table 4-4. Table 4-4 Lad Use ad Water Demad for the No USACE Permit Alterative Lad Use Acres Aual Average Water Demad (AFY) Urba Lad Uses Low Desity Residetial Medium Desity Residetial Compact Desity Residetial High Desity Residetial Commercial Mixed Use Local Tow Ceter 0 0 Public/Quasi-Public School Mior Roads 0 0 Major Roads Commuity Park Neighborhood Park Neighborhood Gree 0 0 Parkway, Paseos ad Trails Subtotal Urba Lad Uses Uirrigated Ope Space Wetlad Preserve Preserve Buffer Detetio Basi Storm water Caal Subtotal Uirrigated Ope Space Total With 7.5 Percet System Loss Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

38 Defiitio of Model Scearios This water demad is met by surface water supplies ad groudwater supplies from the Vieyard Wellfield i the same proportios as utilized uder the Future Coditios Baselie Coditios Lad ad water use at 2015 coditios for the No USACE Permit Alterative are based o the 2015 demad values preseted i TM2 (MacKay & Somps, 2011). That documet listed a 10 percet buildout of SuCreek by 2015, with a maximum daily demad of 0.36 mgd. The average aual demad is 202 AFY, which meets urba demad focused i a footprit withi Phase I of the project, i the southwester portio of the project area (bouded o the west by Surise Blvd. ad o the orth by Kiefer Blvd.) ad i the orthwester sectio of the middle portio of the project area (ear the itersectio of Racho Cordova Parkway ad Campus Drive). This water demad is modeled as met by groudwater supplies from the Vieyard Wellfield. Lad use i SuCreek at 2015 coditios for the No USACE Permit Alterative was simulated as 6 percet urba Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

39 Defiitio of Model Scearios INCREASED DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVE Buildout Coditios The Icreased Developmet Alterative represets a more itese developmet pla as compared to the Proposed Project (MacKay & Somps, 2011). The proposed lad use ad water demad at buildout for the Icreased Developmet Alterative is show i Table 4-5, based o data provided i TM2 (MacKay & Somps, 2011). The table orgaizes lad use ito categories recogized by the SacIWRM: urba lad uses ad uirrigated ope space (ative vegetatio). These acreages were icorporated ito the SacIWRM by assigig each model elemet with the percetages of each appropriate lad use. The aual average water demad for the Icreased Developmet Alterative i the SacIWRM is 3,478 AFY, matchig the value show i Table 4-5. Table 4-5 Lad Use ad Water Demad for the Icreased Developmet Alterative Lad Use Acres Aual Average Water Demad (AFY) Urba Lad Uses Low Desity Residetial Medium Desity Residetial Compact Desity Residetial 0 0 High Desity Residetial Commercial Mixed Use Local Tow Ceter 0 0 Public/Quasi-Public 0 0 School Mior Roads 0 0 Major Roads Commuity Park Neighborhood Park 0 0 Neighborhood Gree 0 0 Parkway, Paseos ad Trails 0 0 Subtotal Urba Lad Uses Uirrigated Ope Space Wetlad Preserve Preserve Buffer (WB) 0 0 Detetio Basi (DB) 0 0 Storm water Caal 0 0 Subtotal Uirrigated Ope Space Total 1, ,235.0 With 7.5 Percet System Loss 3, Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

40 Defiitio of Model Scearios This water demad is met by surface water supplies ad groudwater supplies from the Vieyard Wellfield i the same proportios as utilized uder the Future Coditios Baselie Coditios Lad ad water use at 2015 coditios for the Icreased Developmet Alterative are based o the 2015 demad values preseted i TM2 (MacKay & Somps, 2011). That documet lists a 10 percet buildout of SuCreek by 2015, with a maximum daily demad of 0.62 mgd. The average aual demad is 347 AFY, which meets urba demad focused i a footprit withi Phase I of the project, i the southwester portio of the project area (bouded o the west by Surise Blvd. ad o the orth by Kiefer Blvd.) ad i the orthwester sectio of the middle portio of the project area (ear the itersectio of Racho Cordova Parkway ad Campus Drive). This water demad is modeled as met by groudwater supplies from the Vieyard Wellfield. Lad use i SuCreek at 2015 coditios for the Icreased Developmet Alterative was simulated as 10 percet urba Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

41 Defiitio of Model Scearios 2015 CONDITIONS SCENARIOS As discussed i Sectio 3, 2015 represets the ed of Phase I of the water supply ad the largest plaed SuCreek demad while solely relyig o groudwater (immediately prior to the completio of surface water coveyace ifrastructure ad the delivery of surface water). The 2015 Coditios Scearios aalyze impacts at this time period for the five lad use alteratives: Proposed Project 2015 Coditios Agecy Coceptual Alterative 2015 Coditios Biological Impact Miimizatio Alterative 2015 Coditios No USACE Permit Alterative 2015 Coditios Icreased Developmet Alterative 2015 Coditios All scearios are based o the 2015 Coditios Baselie. The modeled NSA water supply for this baselie ad five lad use alteratives are show i Table Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

42 Defiitio of Model Scearios Table 4-6 Summary of NSA Water Supply Coditios Uder 2015 Coditios Scearios (AFY) Proposed Project 2015 Coditios Agecy Coceptual Alterative 2015 Coditios Biological Impact Miimizatio Alterative 2015 Coditios No USACE Permit Alterative 2015 Coditios Icreased Developmet Alterative 2015 Coditios 2015 Coditios Item Baselie NSA Total Water Demad 11,002 11,310 11,299 11,271 11,204 11,349 NSA Total Water Supply 11,002 11,310 11,299 11,271 11,204 11,349 Groudwater for Aatolia WTP 9,676 9,984 9,973 9,945 9,878 10,023 Groudwater for Mather WTP 1,326 1,326 1,326 1,326 1,326 1,326 Groudwater for SuCreek WTP Surface Water Supplies Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Groudwater ad Surface Water Impacts Aalysis

43 Defiitio of Model Scearios MAXIMUM GROUNDWATER USAGE SCENARIOS Well facilities are aticipated to be costructed with a capacity that exceeds the average aual demad o these facilities. Extra capacity is required to allow for peakig ad for redudacy i the evet of a loss of a portio of the overall water supply. While ot aticipated, the followig scearios explore the impact of these groudwater facilities operatig at full capacity at buildout coditios, with peakig ad redudacy provided by surface water. Four scearios are developed: Maximum Groudwater Without Project Maximum Groudwater With Proposed Project Maximum Groudwater With No USACE Permit Alterative Maximum Groudwater With Icreased Developmet Alterative All scearios are based o the Future Coditios Baselie as the NSA uder the 2015 Baselie has isufficiet demad for the full groudwater supply. The two remaiig lad use alteratives, Biological Impact Miimizatio ad Agecy Coceptual Alterative, were ot modeled as the impacts are bracketed by the Proposed Project, which is larger ad has a higher demad ad water usage, ad the No USACE Permit Alterative, which is smaller ad has a lower demad ad water usage. The Maximum Groudwater sceario simulates maximum groudwater usage for the project area. All scearios iclude the Vieyard Wellfield pumpig at the full 8.92 mgd (10,000 AFY) ad the Mather Wellfield pumpig at the full 6 mgd (6,726 AFY). The SuCreek Wellfield pumps at the full 4 mgd (4,484 AFY) for all scearios except Maximum Groudwater Without Project. Surface water meets ay remaiig demad. Demads are based o the lad use alterative, as discussed previously i this sectio. The modeled NSA water supply for the Future Coditios Baselie, without-project sceario, ad five lad use alteratives are show i Table Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Groudwater ad Surface Water Impacts Aalysis

44 Defiitio of Model Scearios Table 4-7 Summary of NSA Water Supply Coditios Uder Maximum Groudwater Usage Scearios (AFY) Item Future Coditios Baselie Maximum Groudwater without Project Maximum Groudwater with Proposed Project Maximum Groudwater with Agecy Coceptual Alterative Maximum Groudwater with Biological Impact Miimizatio Alterative Maximum Groudwater with No USACE Permit Alterative Maximum Groudwater with Icreased Developmet Alterative Year Type: Dry Wet All All All All Years All Years All Years Years Years Years Years Years NSA Total Water Demad 29,924 29,924 29,924 32,982 32,875 32,594 31,958 33,402 NSA Total Water Supply 29,924 29,924 29,924 32,982 32,875 32,982 31,958 33,402 Groudwater for Aatolia WTP 1, ,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 Groudwater for Mather WTP 0 0 6,726 6,726 6,726 6,726 6,726 6,726 Groudwater for SuCreek WTP ,484 4,484 4,484 4,484 4,484 Surface Water Supplies 28,763 29,924 13,198 11,772 11,665 11,772 10,748 12,192 NSA: North Service Area WTP: Water Treatmet Plat 4-16 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Groudwater ad Surface Water Impacts Aalysis

45 SECTION 5 SIMULATION RESULTS Model scearios were developed by addig the proposed lad use alteratives at the appropriate level of developmet to the correspodig baselie. This sectio describes the simulated impacts to groudwater flow directio ad groudwater flow gradiet through text ad tables. No groudwater quality modelig was performed as part of this aalysis. Istead, groudwater flow directios ad groudwater gradiets were idetified. The velocity of groudwater flow varies liearly with the groudwater gradiet through the equatio: ( ) where: v is the groudwater velocity K is the hydraulic coductivity is the groudwater gradiet e is the effective porosity. These simulated impacts are caused by the chage to the amout of impervious surfaces as well as by the chage to water supplies ad water usage. Impervious Surface Impacts By itself, a icrease i impervious surfaces decreases groudwater levels. However, existig soil coditios at SuCreek do ot allow sigificat ifiltratio to groudwater, eve i udeveloped coditios. Figure 5-1 shows soils coditios as represeted by the U.S. Departmet of Agriculture s hydrologic soil groups i the Soil Survey of Sacrameto Couty, Califoria (Tugel, 1993). The hydrologic soil groups were developed from water itake estimates durig the latter part of a storm of log duratio, after the soil profile is wet ad has a opportuity to swell, without the protective effect of ay vegetatio. Also cosidered i the classificatio are depths to the seasoal high water table ad to a low permeability layer. Uder the hydrologic soil group classificatio system, soils are grouped A to D with A havig the lowest ruoff potetial (highest ifiltratio rates) ad D havig the highest ruoff potetial (lowest ifiltratio rates). Figure 5-1 idicates that Type D soils cover most of the SuCreek site. Some Type C soils are alog creeks i areas that geerally will remai udeveloped. The SacIWRM estimates that oly 0.4 iches of precipitatio per year ifiltrate to the groudwater uder udeveloped coditios, with the remaiig water ruig off (4.4 iches per year) or cosumed through evapotraspiratio (15.3 iches per year). Thus, impacts from icreased impervious surfaces due to developmet at the SuCreek site will be smaller tha would be expected i areas with higher permeability soils. 5-1 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Groudwater ad Surface Water Impacts Aalysis

46 kso k Cr ee yo te Scott Co k ee Cr ris o 1 at M h Douglas er C so ar re k ek ee re Cr C e ek tro b La 16 La þ } vis re e gu a Fr y Excelsior Bradshaw Elder Creek e Cr C rc re ek Flori de I Power El SuCreek Road Freeway Creek Beaco Rivers ad Streams Hydrologic Soils Groups A B C D Not Surveyed ar d Dill Cosu er C ree k mes R iver Gerber De Elk Grove Flori Frech C Fruitridge Leged Miles Kiefer Kiefer Jac a Pl r ce Grat Lie Rosemot d Ol D le v il ± 0.5 Surise Malove Flori Perkis ew þ } h May A iver R a c ri Ame ra La Rivie 0 or er M Riv om White Rock r me ica ls Fo Rd Watt Fulto Muroe O Rd ir Fa s ak lare Mcc Calvie Hydrologic Soil Groups Jauary 2013 Figure 5-1 ek

47 Simulatio Results Water Use Impact Urba lad uses result i applicatio of water, i additio to precipitatio, for outdoor use. A portio of this water (reduced by the soils coditios described above), reaches the aquifer. This icreases groudwater levels i the viciity of the project. Idoor use does ot impact local groudwater or surface water as this water is simulated as discharged to the Sacrameto River at the Sacrameto Regioal Wastewater Treatmet Plat. BASELINES Two baselies were used for compariso of project impacts o groudwater ad surface water, as described i Sectio 3: Future Coditios Baselie ad 2015 Coditios Baselie. The Future Coditios Baselie ad 2015 Coditios Baselie are compared to the existig coditio baselie to show the impact of chages i developmet, water supply, ad water use to groudwater flow directio ad groudwater flow gradiets. Compariso shows that chages i groudwater flow directio ad gradiets are small ad ulikely to impact cotaimet of regioal cotamiat plumes. Chages i flow directio ad gradiets at selected regioal cotamiat plumes are show i Table 5-1, based simulated fall 2004 coditios. Note that coditios vary across these large plumes, icludig localized groudwater capture, ad the iformatio preseted are geeralized regioal-level estimates. Table 5-1 Flow Directio ad Gradiet ear Regioal Cotamiat Plumes, Normal Coditios, Future Coditios, 2015 Coditios, ad Existig Coditios Baselie, Layer 1 Flow Directio Gradiet (-) Existig Future 2015 Existig Future 2015 Plume Coditios Baselie Coditios Baselie Coditios Baselie Coditios Baselie Coditios Baselie Coditios Baselie Aerojet SW SW SW Boeig SW SW SW Kiefer * * * * * * Ladfill Mather Field SSW SW SW * Layer 1 is usaturated at Kiefer Ladfill 5-3 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

48 Simulatio Results 2015 CONDITIONS SCENARIOS Five model scearios were developed based o SuCreek 2015 coditios usig the 2015 baselie described i Sectio 3. The scearios represet the impacts of five potetial lad use scearios uder the Delayed Costructio of the NSA Pipelie water supply sceario at The scearios are summarized i Sectio 4. The simulated impacts to groudwater flow directio ad groudwater flow gradiets are developed through the compariso of the Proposed Project at 2015 to o-project (2015 baselie) coditios. Compariso shows oly small chages i groudwater flow directio or gradiet. Chages i flow directio ad gradiets at selected regioal cotamiat plumes are show i Table 5-2, based o the simulated fall 2004 coditios. Note that, give the similarity of results for all project scearios, oly the Proposed Project is show i Table 5-2. Also ote that coditios vary across these large plumes, icludig localized groudwater capture, ad the iformatio preseted i Table 5-2 are geeralized regioal-level estimates. Give the similar gradiets ad flow directios betwee baselie ad proposed project coditios, as well as the curret level of capture of existig treatmet systems, ay migratio of plumes at Aerojet, Boeig, Kiefer Ladfill, or Mather Field is ulikely to be altered as a result of the Proposed Project. Table 5-2 Flow Directio ad Gradiet ear Regioal Cotamiat Plumes, Normal Coditios, Proposed Project at 2015 Coditios Compared to 2015 Baselie, Layer 1 Flow Directio Gradiet (-) Proposed Project at 2015 Coditios Proposed Project at 2015 Coditios 2015 Coditios 2015 Coditios Plume Baselie Baselie Aerojet SW SW Boeig SW SW Kiefer Ladfill * * * * Mather Field SW SW * Layer 1 is usaturated at Kiefer Ladfill 5-4 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

49 Simulatio Results MAXIMUM GROUNDWATER USAGE SCENARIOS Model scearios were developed to simulate the impacts of utilizig groudwater to the fullest ability of the existig ad proposed ifrastructure. These scearios are based o the Future Coditios Baselie, adjusted to pump the North Vieyard Wellfield ad the Mather Wellfield at full capacity, reducig the amout of surface water delivered to the North Service Area. This ew sceario is the Maximum Groudwater Without Project sceario. Icremetal impacts from the additio of the project ad the project wellfield are simulated with the SuCreek wells pumpig at the full capacity. Water is supplied to the North Service Area, reducig the eed for surface water. Three lad use alteratives are modeled: Proposed Project, No USACE Permit, ad Icreased Developmet. All alteratives utilize the full groudwater supply; variability i demad betwee the lad use scearios is reflected i variability i surface water supplies to meet the total demad above the available groudwater supply. The simulated impacts to groudwater flow directio ad groudwater flow gradiets are developed through the compariso of the project coditios to o-project (Maximum Groudwater Without Project) coditios. Compariso shows oly small chages i groudwater flow directio or gradiet. Chages i flow directio ad gradiets at selected regioal cotamiat plumes are show i Table 5-3, based simulated fall 2004 coditios. Note that coditios vary across these large plumes, icludig localized groudwater capture, ad the iformatio preseted are geeralized regioal-level estimates. Give the similar gradiets ad flow directios betwee baselie ad proposed project coditios, as well as the curret level of capture of existig treatmet systems, ay migratio of plumes at Aerojet, Boeig, Kiefer Ladfill, or Mather Field is ulikely to be altered as a result of the Proposed Project. 5-5 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

50 Simulatio Results Table 5-3 Flow Directio ad Gradiet ear Regioal Cotamiat Plumes, Normal Coditios, Maximum Groudwater Usage Scearios, Layer 1 Flow Directio Gradiet (-) Plume Future Coditios Baselie Max GW Without Project Max GW With Proposed Project Max GW With No USACE Permit Alterative Max GW With Icreased Developmet Alterative Future Coditios Baselie Max GW Without Project Max GW With Proposed Project Max GW With No USACE Permit Alterative Max GW With Icreased Developmet Alterative Aerojet SW SW SW SW SW Boeig SW SW SW SW SW Kiefer * * * * * * * * * * Ladfill Mather Field SW S S S S * Layer 1 is usaturated at Kiefer Ladfill Max GW = Maximum Groudwater 5-6 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

51 SECTION 6 REFERENCES Califoria Departmet of Toxic Substaces Cotrol. (2005). Fact Sheet: DTSC Proposes Groudwater Cleaup at the Iactive Racho Cordova Test Site. Califoria Regioal Water Quality Cotrol Board, Cetral Valley Regio. (2007). Public Hearig Cocerig Reewal of Waste Discharge Requiremets (NPDES No. CA ) ad Time Schedule Order for Couty of Sacrameto Public Works Agecy Kiefer Ladfill Groudwater Extractio ad Treatmet Plat, Sacrameto Couty. Califoria State Water Resources Cotrol Board. (2013). GeoTracker. Retrieved Jauary 17, 2013, from Califoria Evirometal Protectio Agecy, State Water Resources Cotrol Board Web Site: Couty of Sacrameto, Departmet of Waste Maagemet ad Recyclig. (2011, Jauary 12). Kiefer Ladfill Groudwater Remediatio Status. MacKay & Somps. (2011). Techical Memoradum No. 2, Groud Water Demads, SuCreek Specific Pla, Racho Cordova, CA. Sacrameto Couty Water Agecy. (2005). Zoe 40 Water Supply Master Pla. Sacrameto Couty Water Agecy. (2006). Zoe 40 Water System Ifrastructure Pla. Sacrameto Couty Water Agecy. (2008). Master Water Study for SuCreek Specific Pla. The Boeig Corporatio ad Aerojet-Geeral Corporatio. (2012) Aual Groudwater Moitorig Report, Iactive Racho Cordova Test Site, Racho Cordova, Califoria. Tugel, A. J. (1993). Soil Survey of Sacrameto Couty, Califoria.. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Uited States Evirometal Protectio Agecy. (2006). Aerojet Geeral Corporatio Superfud Site. Uited States Evirometal Protectio Agecy. (2011). EPA Selectes Cleaup Pla for Operable Uit 5 of the Aerojet Geeral Corporatio Superfud Site. URS Group. (2012). Aual ad Fourth Quarter 2011 Mather Groudwater Moitorig Report, Former Mather Air Force Base, Califoria. Revised Fial. WRIME [ow RMC]. (2008). Sacrameto Couty Itegrated Groudwater ad Surface Water Model (SacIGSM, v.3a), Model Refiemet Cetral ad South Area. 6-1 Hydrologic Modelig of SuCreek Specific Pla Aalysis of Impacts to Groudwater Flow Directio ad Gradiets

52

53 APPENDIX B Materials Submitted by SCAS

54

55 SACRAMENTO COUNTY AIRPORT SYSTEM Memoradum Jauary 9, 2013 TO: FROM: SUBJECT: Bret Samso, Plaig Departmet City of Racho Cordova Laure Hocker, Associate Evirometal Aalyst Couty of Sacrameto Greg Rowe, Seior Evirometal Aalyst Plaig ad Eviromet Sacrameto Couty Airport System FAA Regulatios ad Policies Relative to Local Lad Use Decisios Near Public Use Airports With Respect to Proposed Projects Near Mather Airport (MHR) This memo summarizes curret ad pedig Federal Aviatio Admiistratio (FAA) regulatios, policies ad guidace for local lad use decisios havig the potetial to effect safe airport operatios. 1 It also summarizes oise ad hazardous wildlife cocers specific to Mather Airport (MHR). A list of curret Federal Aviatio Admiistratio (FAA) lad use ad hazardous wildlife documets is at the ed of this memo. The iformatio provided herei is iteded to iform the review ad aalysis of the Specific Pla ad Geeral Pla Amedmet processes for a umber of proposed developmet projects ear MHR, icludig but ot limited to NewBridge, Jackso Towship ad SuCreek. I summary, the FAA ad the Sacrameto Couty Airport System (Couty Airport System or SCAS) are geerally cocered about the followig aspects of proposed developmet projects ear the four airports comprisig the Couty Airport System, ad McClella Airport (which SCAS maages for aother Couty agecy). As a stadard procedure, we request that the CEQA ad NEPA aalyses of such projects examie these factors i detail. Ope Space, Wildlife Habitat Preserves ad Wetlads: New developmet ofte icludes ope space dedicated to preservig ad ehacig existig wildlife habitat, ad creatio of ew habitat as a required compesatory mitigatio measure. Depedig o the desig parameters, such features could potetially attract wildlife hazardous to civil ad military aircraft operatios at airports owed ad operated by the Couty of Sacrameto (Couty). Detetio Basis: Due the Couty s geeral flat topography, may ew developmet projects iclude stormwater facilities to collect ad store stormwater ruoff. The FAA regards detetio ad retetio basis as potetial hazardous wildlife attractats. The 1 This is a updated versio of a memo iitially provided to Couty Plaig ad DERA staff i July 2011.

56 Summary of FAA Lad Use Policies Relative to Proposed Developmet Projects Near Mather Airport (MHR) Jauary 9, 2013 Draiage Master Pla sectio for such projects ofte provide for o-site storage of stormwater for exteded periods coupled with habitat ehacemet. Storage facilities are ofte termed detetio basis whe i fact they match the FAA s defiitio of retetio basis. The FAA criteria for detetio basis require complete draiage withi 48 hours after a storm evet eds. If draiage takes loger, the facility is more accurately defied as a retetio basi ad is therefore a potetial hazardous wildlife attractat. Aviatio Activity: Project descriptios ad evirometal documets ofte fail to take ito accout the actual type ad frequecy of aircraft activity at airports. We have foud this to occasioally be case with respect to MHR. I such cases we request that the evirometal documetatio iclude a aalysis of curret ad projected military, cargo, flight traiig ( touch-ad-go ) ad flight test operatios. Overview of Icompatible Lad Use Near Airports Noise ad buildig height restrictios ear airports have traditioally bee the most commo lad use compatibility cosideratios addressed i urba ad regioal plaig. Lad uses that ca iduce hazardous wildlife activity ear airports are a relatively ew but growig public safety cocer. Airports ad the lad surroudig them are highly sesitive ad valuable resources i which the FAA ad local govermets such as the Couty of Sacrameto have made cosiderable ivestmets. Icompatible lad uses aroud a airport, however, ca affect the efficiet operatio of aircraft. Local lad use decisios havig aviatio oise ad hazardous wildlife implicatios ca result i permaet icompatibility with cotiued airport operatios. Oe of the greatest challeges cofrotig public-use airports 2 i Califoria is cotiued ecroachmet pressure by icompatible ad lad uses. Idividual icompatible lad uses ear a airport may appear to have a egligible ifluece o air avigatio ad airport utility, but collectively over time, lad use decisios made without adequate cosideratio of aircraft operatig requiremets ca ot oly restrict airport activity or expasio, but also result i udesired repercussios o residets ad wildlife. Policies promulgated by the FAA place sigificat expectatios upo local lad use authorities for careful evaluatio of proposed chages i lad use ear airports. The FAA s 2009 revised guidace for FAA persoel o compatible lad use ad air space protectio poits out that The legal structure of airport owership will determie its power to regulate or ifluece lad uses aroud the airport. Muicipalities or couties with this regulatory authority eed to be aware of existig ad log-term airport developmet plas ad the importace of usig that 2 Defied by the FAA as a airport used or iteded to be used for public purposes, ad of which the area used for ladig, takig off, or surface maeuverig of aircraft may be uder the cotrol of a public agecy or privately owed ad used for public purposes (49 USC, Sectio 47102[21]). Page 2 of 14

57 Summary of FAA Lad Use Policies Relative to Proposed Developmet Projects Near Mather Airport (MHR) Jauary 9, 2013 authority to miimize developmet of icompatible lad uses. 3 As oted below, recetly issued FAA documets further emphasize the expectatio that local lad use agecies devote attetio to potetially icompatible lad uses ear airports, particularly features that ca attract hazardous wildlife. Noise effects associated with aircraft operatios ad prevetio of the growth or establishmet of obstructios i a airport s approach ad departure airspace have bee the traditioal focus of lad use plaig ear airports. It is ow well recogized, however, that certai lad uses ad activities ear airports ca have uiteded cosequeces such as iducig higher populatios of wildlife species, thereby icreasig the hazards to aircraft operatios i a airport s approach ad departure airspace ad air operatios area (AOA). 4 As stated i a report to the U.S. House of Represetatives i early 2009 followig the forced ladig of US Airways Flight 1549 i the Hudso River, "As aircraft traffic has icreased, so too have wildlife 'strikes,' or collisios. Populatios of may large bird species have also icreased." 5 The FAA has determied that the risk of wildlife strikes to aircraft has icreased i recet years. A Cert Alert issued by the FAA o Jue 11, stated that may populatios of wildlife species commoly ivolved i strikes have icreased markedly i the past three decades ad have adapted to livig i urba eviromets, icludig ear airports. Other factors cotributig to the bird-aircraft strike hazard (BASH) iclude: Thirtee of the 14 North America bird species with average body mass greater tha eight pouds showed sigificat populatio icreases from 1970 to the early 1990s. 7 For example, from 1980 to 2009, the o-migratory Caada goose populatio i the USA ad Caada icreased at a mea rate of 13.3 percet per year. 8 Commercial air traffic icreased from 17.8 millio aircraft movemets (ladigs or takeoffs) i 1980 to over 25.2 millio i 2011, ad is projected to cotiue growig at a aual rate of 1.2 percet to 37 millio movemets by FAA Airport Compliace Maual. Order B. September 30, 2009, page The Airport Compliace Maual is a hadbook that provides guidace to FAA persoel o iterpretig ad admiisterig the various cotiuig commitmets that airport sposors made to the Uited States govermet whe they accept grats of federal fuds or federal property for airport purposes. 4 The FAA defies hazardous wildlife as species of wildlife (birds, mammals, reptiles), icludig feral aimals ad domesticated aimals ot uder cotrol, that are associated with aircraft strike problems, are capable of causig structural damage to airport facilities, or act as attractats to other wildlife that pose a strike hazard. 5 "US Airways Flight 1549 Accidet." Report to the House of Represetatives Committee o Trasportatio ad Ifrastructure, February 23, 2009, p FAA Safety ad Operatios Divisio. Cert Alert No , Jue 11, Wildlife Hazard Assessmets i Accordace with Part 139 Requiremets, page 1. As a example, from 1980 to 2006, the o-migratory Caada goose populatio i the Uited States ad Caada icreased at a average (mea) rate of 7.3 percet aually. 7 Wildlife Strikes to Civil Aircraft i the Uited States, Federal Aviatio Admiistratio ad Uited States Departmet of Agriculture, Aimal ad Plat Health Ispectio Service Wildlife Services (APHIS-WS). July 2012, page 2 (hereiafter Wildlife Strikes, 2012 ). 8 Clarificatio of Wildlife Hazard Maagemet Requiremets for No-Certificated Federally Obligated Airports i the Natioal Pla of Itegrated Airport Systems (NPIAS). Federal Aviatio Admiistratio. Federal Register, Vol. 77, No. 237, December 10, 2012, page (hereiafter Clarificatio of Wildlife Hazard Maagemet Requiremets ). 9 Wildlife Strikes, 2012, page 2. Page 3 of 14

58 Summary of FAA Lad Use Policies Relative to Proposed Developmet Projects Near Mather Airport (MHR) Jauary 9, 2013 Wetlad clea-up ad creatio efforts uder the federal Clea Water Act have resulted i a expasio of wetlad habitat supportive of growig bird populatios. Bas o some pesticides have eabled bird populatios to grow. Commercial air carriers have replaced older 3-ad-4 egie fleets with quieter, more fuel-efficiet 2-egie aircraft, makig the loss of eve oe egie more critical whe a bird strike occurs. I 1965 about 90 percet of the 2,100 passeger aircraft i the Uited States had 3 or 4 egies. By 2005 the passeger fleet had grow to about 8,200 aircraft, but oly about 10 percet had 3 or 4 egies. 10 Birds are less able to detect ad avoid moder turbofa-powered aircraft compared to aircraft equipped with older ad oisier egie techology. 11 The Sacrameto Couty Airport System (SCAS) The Couty operates five airports, which have a collective ecoomic impact i excess of $3 billio aually (2008 dollars) ad over 5,000 o-site jobs. Four airports comprise the Couty Airport System: Sacrameto Iteratioal, Sacrameto Executive, Sacrameto Mather, ad Frakli Field. A fifth Couty airport, McClella Field (MCC), is operated by the Couty Airport System o behalf of the Couty s Departmet of Ecoomic Developmet. All five Couty airports are operated i accordace with FAA regulatios, orders, stadards ad grat assurace obligatios as well as Califoria Public Utilities Code (PUC) sectio 21670, the State Aeroautics Act. The primary federal requiremets applicable to public-use airports holdig a Airport Operatig Certificate are embodied i the Code of Federal Regulatios, Title 14 Aeroautics ad Space, Part 139 Certificatio of Airports (14 CFR, Part 139). Airports that support regularly scheduled air carrier passeger flights (i.e. airlie operatios) are regulated by Part 139, Certificatio of Airports, Subpart D, ad are therefore ofte referred to as "Part 139 airports" or Part 139 Certificated airports. Sacrameto Iteratioal is the Couty s oly Part 139 airport. The Sacrameto Couty Airport System Policy Pla assigs complemetary roles for each airport to optimize system-wide efficiecy ad serve the regioal demad for aviatio services. Sacrameto Iteratioal (SMF) is the regio s primary air carrier passeger service airport, accommodatig almost 5.38 millio eplaed passegers i 2007 (although this umber declied to 4.47 millio i 2011). Sacrameto Executive Airport (SAC) is a geeral aviatio airport that also serves as a reliever airport for Sacrameto Iteratioal. SAC is owed by the City of Sacrameto ad operated by the Couty Airport System uder a aually reewig 25-year lease. Sacrameto Mather Airport (MHR), formally Mather Air Force Base, serves as the regio s primary air cargo airport. Located i the souther Couty, Frakli Field (F72) is a small, ostaffed geeral aviatio airport frequetly used for flight traiig. With the exceptio of MCC, 10 Wildlife Strikes, 2012, page Icreasig Tred of Damagig Bird Strikes with Aircraft Outside the Airport Boudary: Implicatios for Mitigatio Measures. Richard A. Dolbeer, Huma-Wildlife Iteractios, Fall 2011, p. 235 (hereiafter Dolbeer, 2011 ). Page 4 of 14

59 Summary of FAA Lad Use Policies Relative to Proposed Developmet Projects Near Mather Airport (MHR) Jauary 9, 2013 the Couty s o-certificated airports are part of the FAA s Natioal Pla of Itegrated Airport Systems (NPIAS). 12 Aviatio Activity at Mather Airport A umber of large developmet projects proposed i recet years ear MHR are withi the dowwid flight path for aircraft that ofte fly at relatively low altitude. I commetig o such projects ad draft evirometal documetatio, the Couty Airport System s Aircraft Noise Iformatio Office will usually provide a flight track aalysis. The aalysis ivolves placig a peetratio gate cetered over the project locatio, from which the distace of the proposed project from MHR is calculated. Flight tracks over ad ear proposed project sites are described usig the factors described below. It is evidet from this iformatio that aircraft usig MHR ofte fly at relatively low altitudes above the developmet projects curretly beig proposed to the south ad east of MHR. Please ote that the proposed NewBridge project is located west of Surise Boulevard i the Couty of Sacrameto, ad is cotiguous to the east boudary of the proposed SuCreek project area. Arrivals: Arrivig flights typically passig over or ear a site are graphically depicted. I recet years it has bee show that a sigificat umber of flights will occur above or ear proposed developmet sites, such as NewBridge ad Jackso Towship, at altitudes betwee 500 ad 4,000 feet above Mea Sea Level (MSL). For example, a New- Bridge flight track aalysis prepared i July 2011 for the moth of April 2011 showed that 110 arrivig flights passed withi a oe-mile radius of the site, of which 83 passed through the gate spaig the locatio. These flights occurred at elevatios betwee 1,000 ad 3,500 feet above Mea Sea Level (MSL). Departures: The flight track aalyses also shows departures. The April 2011 NewBridge flight track aalysis showed that 155 departures flew withi a oe-mile radius of the NewBridge site, ad 121 peetrated the gate at elevatios betwee 500 ad 6,000 feet MSL. Cargo Aircraft Operatios: Cargo aircraft operatios typically occur at MHR durig ighttime hours. May will fly withi a oe-to-two mile radius of proposed project sites, typically at altitudes betwee 3,000 ad 6,000 feet MSL. The aircraft coductig these operatios are typically Boeig , Boeig ad Airbus 300F4-600, which are relatively large models compared to the most commoly used aircraft at SMF, the Boeig 737. Typical departure hours for these cargo aircraft are betwee 5:00 ad 7:00 AM ad betwee 7:00 ad 11:00 PM. 12 The NPIAS report to Cogress classifies SAC ad MHR as Reliever Airports ad F72 as a Geeral Aviatio airport. Page 5 of 14

60 Summary of FAA Lad Use Policies Relative to Proposed Developmet Projects Near Mather Airport (MHR) Jauary 9, 2013 Touch-ad-Go (T&G) Aalysis: MHR is used daily by the Uited States Air Force (USAF) for T&G flight traiig, typically usig T38 high performace (capable of supersoic flight) jet aircraft ad other aircraft 13 that usually origiate at Beale Air Force Base. 14 MHR is particularly attractive for military flight traiig because its log ruway (11,301 feet) accommodates a variety of aircraft. Such military aircraft do ot have the same oise ad emissios requiremets as commercial aircraft. (Commercial aircraft stadards are set by the Iteratioal Civil Aviatio Orgaizatio [ICAO], a affiliate of the Uited Natios.) Durig April of 2012, a total of 322 T&G flight tracks were recorded at MHR, of which 69 flew withi a oe-mile radius of the proposed NewBridge project site. (Note that oe T&G flight track may i fact comprise multiple operatios.) The recorded April 2011 flights typically passed over the NewBridge site at altitudes betwee 1,500 ad 3,500 MSL. Other cosideratios: o Flight Testig: MHR is also used for flight testig of ew aircraft models. For istace, the ew Boeig 787 (B787) coducted flight testig operatios at MHR durig 2010, ad durig early July 2011 Boeig coducted flight tests of the ew 747-8F freighter aircraft at MHR. (The B747-8 is a updated versio of the aircraft first put ito use i the 1970s, but with ew techology, substatially larger dimesios ad quieter egies.) Boeig is ow sellig both passeger ad freighter (F) versios of the o Other Military Use: Durig the summer of 2011 a KC-10 aerial refueler temporarily relocated from Travis Air Force Base to MHR for two weeks while ruway repairs were made at Travis. Such temporary operatios may occur at ay time as deemed ecessary by the military. The KC-10 is a large air-to-air taker (i.e. it refuels other aircraft while flyig) powered by three turbie (jet) egies. Because it is a older aircraft (maufactured ), it is quite loud at takeoff. Over a two-week period, the KC-10 departed MHR as early as 5:00 AM to coduct refuelig operatios with military aircraft operatig from Barkdale Air Force Base i Louisiaa. The NewBridge, Jackso Towship, SuCreek ad other proposed developmets ear MHR could be subject to similar temporary military overflights i the future. o SMF Cotiuity of Operatios Pla: i November 2008 the Sacrameto Couty Board of Supervisors approved a Cotiuity of Operatios Cotigecy Pla for Sacrameto Iteratioal Airport (SMF). The pla specifies that a limited volume of operatios would be temporarily moved to Mather Airport (MHR) if a flood disrupted SMF operatios. The Couty Airport System therefore typically re- 13 Icludig MC-12 sigle egie turboprops, Kigair 250 turboprops, ad a occasioal U-2 spy plae. 14 FAA Grat Assurace 27, Use by Govermet Aircraft, requires airports to make available to federal govermet aircraft all facilities developed with federal fiacial assistace ad all those airport facilities usable for takeoff ad ladig. Page 6 of 14

61 Summary of FAA Lad Use Policies Relative to Proposed Developmet Projects Near Mather Airport (MHR) Jauary 9, 2013 quests that the evirometal aalysis of proposed developmet projects ear MHR cosider the potetial oise, traffic ad related associated with temporarily relocatig commercial air service operatios to MHR. Airport Lad Use Compatibility Pla (ALUCP) I 1967, the Califoria legislature authorized creatio of Airport Lad Use Commissios (ALUCs), for the purpose of protectig public health, safety, ad welfare. ALUCs ecourage orderly expasio of airports ad the adoptio of lad use measures that miimize the public s exposure to excessive oise ad safety hazards withi areas aroud public-use airports, to the extet that such areas are ot already devoted to icompatible lad uses. The law requires each Couty's ALUC to prepare a Airport Lad Use Compatibility Pla (ALUCP) with a twety-year plaig horizo. Project propoets ad Plaig Commissios should likewise cosult adopted ALU- CPs whe cosiderig proposed projects ear airports. After a airport master pla is adopted, the Sacrameto Area Coucil of Govermets (SACOG), the regio s ALUC, will iitiate a update to the ALUCP as required by PUC sectio Such plas idetify compatible ad icompatible lad uses arisig from oise, safety, ad height cosideratios, as recommeded per the State of Califoria s Airport Lad Use Plaig Hadbook (revised October 2011). Oce adopted, airport lad use compatibility plas are icorporated ito local (city or couty) geeral plas. The ALUCP adoptio process is ot always straightforward. I a 2006 report to the State Seate, the Califoria Research Bureau oted that ALUCs ad airport operators are cofroted with two opposig forces that sigificatly ifluece airport operatios ad expasio 15 : (1) pressure for commuities to expad by developig ope lad ear airports for residetial ad other high-desity developmet; ad (2) the cotiuous eed to make airport improvemets ad to expad airport capacity. O April 19, 2006, the Couty Board of Supervisors adopted Airport Plaig Policy Areas (AP- PAs) for Sacrameto Iteratioal, Sacrameto Mather, ad McClella 16 as a iterim effort to esure airport lad use compatibility durig a period of rapid developmet that was outpacig the rate at which airport master plas, evirometal documetatio, ad Airport Lad Use Compatibility Plas could be updated. The Board directed that the APPAs be icorporated ito the Geeral Pla. The APPAs will cotiue to be used by SCAS i evaluatig ad commetig o proposed lad use projects ad activities ear SMF, MCC ad MHR Califoria Research Bureau. Growig Pais: Airport Expasio ad Lad Use Compatibility Plaig i Califoria. September Resolutio umbers , ad , adopted April 19, A APPA is a area beyod the 60 Commuity Noise Exposure Level (CNEL) oise cotour iside the Couty's jurisdictio, where residetial developmet would be allowed but would require a disclosure otice to homebuyers ad gratig of a avigatio easemet to the Couty. The APPA does ot restrict residetial developmet, but ap- Page 7 of 14

62 Summary of FAA Lad Use Policies Relative to Proposed Developmet Projects Near Mather Airport (MHR) Jauary 9, 2013 FAA Requiremets for Compatible Lad Use ad Airspace Protectio Although the FAA does ot regulate or otherwise cotrol local lad use decisios, it does promulgate ad moitor compliace with a umber of Federal Aviatio Regulatios (FARs), Orders, Advisory Circulars ad Certificatio Alerts (Cert Alerts) cocerig lad use compatibility o ad ear airports. 18 Perhaps most importat, as a airport grat sposor, the Couty of Sacrameto is required to adhere to a extesive list of Grat Assuraces to esure cotiued FAA grat fudig eligibility. (The City of Racho Cordova is ot boud by airport grat assurace requiremets, but the FAA does expect airports operated by grat sposors to review ad commet o proposed developmets ear airports that may have the potetial to impact airport operatios, regardless of the political jurisdictio i which the proposed developmet is located. See details below.) The FAA s expectatios regardig local lad use decisios focus o public use airports operated by public ad private owers that receive federal grat--aid fuds for airport capital improvemets. Airport operators receivig such fuds are defied by the FAA as airport grat sposors, 19 ad the associated airports are regarded by the FAA as federally obligated airports. All four Couty Airport System airports, icludig MHR, are federally obligated. I effect sice 1964, Grat Assurace 21, Compatible Lad Use, requires i part that a airport grat sposor take appropriate actio, to the extet reasoable, icludig the adoptio of zoig laws, to restrict the use of lad adjacet to or i the immediate viciity of the airport to activities ad purposes compatible with ormal airport operatios, icludig ladig ad takeoff of aircraft. 20 Although highly ulikely, the FAA may revoke a Part 139 airport s operatig certificate if it determies the airport has created or failed to vigorously oppose the creatio of hazard wildlife attractats o or ear the airport. FAA safety certificatio persoel coduct periodic airport ispectios to ascertai compliace with FAA regulatios, policies ad guidace. The FAA may periodically request documetatio of airport commets o proposed projects, icludig draft CEQA ad NEPA documets. (Recetly released draft FAA guidace states that such documetatio may be requested by FAA as part of a airport certificatio ispectio, ad that airport operators shall maitai a log of projects o which they have commeted.) plies State guidace to address aircraft overflight ad related oise beyod the ormally mapped oise exposure cotours by providig disclosure to potetial homebuyers. 18 A example is 14 CFR Part 77 Objects Affectig Navigable Airspace. 19 FAA Order B became effective September 30, 2009, ad replaced Order A (October 1989). The Order further defies a Airport Sposor as a public agecy or tax-supported orgaizatio such as a airport authority, that is authorized to ow ad operate the airport, to obtai property iterests, to obtai fuds, ad to be able to meet all applicable requiremets of curret laws ad regulatios both legally ad fiacially (page 315). Hece, the Couty of Sacrameto is the Airport Sposor for federal grat-i-aid fuds provided for capital improvemets to ay of the five airports operated by the Couty Airport System. 20 Grat Assurace 21 is codified i Title 49 of the Uited States Code (U.S.C.), sectio 47107(a) (10). Page 8 of 14

63 Summary of FAA Lad Use Policies Relative to Proposed Developmet Projects Near Mather Airport (MHR) Jauary 9, 2013 Other FAA Grat Assurace Requiremets Grat Assurace 19 Operatio ad Maiteace. This requiremet of grat sposors (i.e. Couty of Sacrameto) is particularly relevat to hazardous wildlife maagemet. It states, i part, that The airport ad all facilities which are ecessary to serve the aeroautical users of the airport...shall be operated at all times i accordace with the miimum stadards as may be prescribed by applicable federal, state ad local agecies. It will ot cause or permit ay activity thereo which would iterfere with its use for airport purposes. o Proposed Revisio of Grat Assurace 19: I its Federal Register otice of December 10, 2012, the FAA aouced its itet to modify Grat Assurace 19, as it applies to o-part 139 airports such as MHR, to iclude hazardous wildlife cosideratios as follows: [The sposor] will suitably operate ad maitai the airport ad all facilities or coected therewith, with due regard to issues icludig, but ot limited to, climatic ad flood coditios, ad wildlife hazards. 21 Grat Assurace 27 Use by Govermet Aircraft. As oted above, a sigificat umber of military aircraft cotiue usig MHR, primarily for traiig purposes. This activity occurs because Grat Assurace 27 requires, i part, that a airport recipiet of federal fiacial assistace make the airport available i commo use with other aircraft at all times for without charge by aircraft owed by the Uited States. The role of airport sposors such as the Couty of Sacrameto i esurig that lad adjacet to or i the immediate viciity of a federally obligated airport is cosistet with safe airport operatios is clearly articulated i the FAA Airport Compliace Maual (guidace for FAA persoel): Esurig compatible lad use ear federally obligated airports is a importat resposibility ad a issue of federal iterest, because airports i which the FAA has ivested federal grati-aid fuds are importat compoets of the atioal aviatio system. FAA Order B makes other importat poits regardig the resposibilities of a airport sposor to protect airports from ecroachmet by icompatible lad uses, icludig: to accommodate air traffic demad, maximum utility must be achieved from existig airports. For this to happe, the lad use i the viciity of airports must be reserved for compatible uses. Although residetial housig has historically bee regarded as amog the most icompatible lad uses ear a airport, the FAA ow recogizes that Additioal cocers iclude the airport s proximity to ladfills ad wetlads that may result i hazards to air avigatio created by flocks of birds attracted to the ladfills or wetlads. Airport sposors are expected to take appropriate actios to zoe ad cotrol existig ad plaed lad uses to make them compatible with aircraft operatios at the airport. I all cases, the FAA expects a sposor to take appropriate actios to the extet reasoably possible to miimize icompatible lad. 21 Clarificatio of Wildlife Hazard Maagemet Requiremets, Federal Register, Vol. 77, No. 237, page Page 9 of 14

64 Summary of FAA Lad Use Policies Relative to Proposed Developmet Projects Near Mather Airport (MHR) Jauary 9, 2013 Hazardous Wildlife Cosideratios Amog the most striget FAA regulatios ad policies goverig airports providig regularly scheduled commercial airlie service are those iteded to miimize the impacts of hazardous wildlife. Collisios betwee wildlife ad aircraft (strikes) have resulted i the loss of hudreds of lives worldwide, as well as billios of dollars i aircraft damage. Accordig to the FAA Natioal Wildlife Database (Wildlife Database), 119,917 reported wildlife strikes occurred i the Uited States durig from 1990 through 2011, with 10,083 i 2011 aloe. 22 Birds accout for more tha 97 percet of reported wildlife strikes. More Strikes Are Occurrig at Higher Elevatios: Most bird strikes have historically occurred fairly close to the groud ad ear airports, but this dyamic has chaged i recet years, partly due to successful efforts by airport operators i better maagig property uder airport cotrol. 23 The percetage of strikes ivolvig commercial air carriers operatig at or above 500 feet above groud level (AGL) icreased from about 25 percet i 1990 to 30 percet i The percetage of damagig strikes that occurred more tha 500 feet AGL icreased at a greater rate, from about 37 percet i the early 1990s, to 45 percet betwee 2005 ad This data meas a higher percetage of reported bird strikes ad damagig bird strikes are occurrig at further distaces from airport boudaries. I respose to this data, the most recet aual FAA strike report stated, To address this tred i strikes above 500 feet, the geeral public ad aviatio commuity must first wide its view of wildlife maagemet to cosider habitats ad lad uses withi five miles of airports. Wetlads, dredge-spoil cotaimet areas, muicipal solid waste ladfills, ad wildlife refuges ca attract hazardous wildlife. Such lad uses are ofte icompatible with aviatio safety ad should either be prohibited ear airports or desiged ad operated i a maer that miimizes the attractio of hazardous wildlife. 25 Reported Strikes Do Not Reflect Actual Strikes: The wildlife strike problem is more sigificat tha the atioal data idicate because the FAA has historically estimated that oly about 20 percet of wildlife strikes ivolvig civil aircraft are reported to the Wildlife Database, ad oly about 44 percet of reported strikes idetify the resposible wildlife species group. 26 The FAA estimates that wildlife strikes cost the civil aviatio idustry i the Uited States at least $500 millio aually i direct damage ad associated costs ad over 500,000 hours of aircraft dow time. Although the ecoomic costs of wildlife strikes are extreme, the cost i huma lives lost whe airplaes crash as a result of wildlife strikes illustrates the eed for comprehesive maagemet of the wildlife strike problem, startig with appropriate local public policy decisios regardig lad use activities ad practices ear airports. 22 Wildlife Strikes, 2012, page xii. 23 Dolbeer, 2011, pages 235 ad Wildlife Strikes, 2012, pages Wildlife Strikes, 2012, page The FAA has estimated that the umber of strikes reported has icreased from 20 percet durig the period from to 39 percet from FAA Fact Sheet FAA Wildlife Hazard Mitigatio Program. Jauary 14, 2010, page 2. Page 10 of 14

65 Summary of FAA Lad Use Policies Relative to Proposed Developmet Projects Near Mather Airport (MHR) Jauary 9, 2013 Lad Uses Capable of Attractig Hazardous Wildlife: The requiremets ad recommedatios of FAA Advisory Circular 150/ B, Hazardous Wildlife Attractats O or Near Airports 27 (Wildlife Hazards Advisory Circular) has sigificat lad use implicatios associated with the critical eed to miimize risks caused by wildlife (particularly avia species) kow to pose hazards to aircraft operatios o or ear airports. Lad uses cited by the FAA as likely to attract birds hazardous to aircraft iclude: wetlads ad habitat preserves stormwater retetio basis ( detetio facilities are defied by FAA as draiig withi 48 hours a storm evet) saitary ladfills golf courses surface miig ad dredgig sewage treatmet plats ad settlig pods drikig water itake ad treatmet facilities agriculture (most crops ca attract hazardous wildlife durig some phase of productio) Syergistic Effects of Multiple Wildlife Attractats: All of the lad use activities cited above ca provide hazardous wildlife with ideal locatios for feedig, restig, reproductio ad escape from predators. Ay oe of these lad uses i isolatio may ot ecessarily attract sufficiet umbers of hazardous wildlife to edager aircraft operatios. The risk to aviatio ca become acute, however, whe oe or more hazardous wildlife-iducig lad uses ear a airport are collectively aliged to create a wildlife movemet corridor directly through the airport ad/or surroudig airspace. (A example would be wetlad habitat o oe side of a airport ad a food source such as agriculture o the opposite side of the airport.) Local lad use plaig decisios withi the hazardous wildlife separatio criteria specified by the FAA should therefore devote particular attetio to the potetial syergistic effects of multiple wildlife attractats surroudig airports. Wildlife Hazard Maagemet Plas: If a airport regulated by 14 CFR, Part 139 experieces oe or more of the hazardous wildlife evets or coditios specified i Part , the FAA may require the airport operator to adopt a Wildlife Hazard Maagemet Pla (WHMP) i compliace with FAA guidelies. Such a pla must specify those measures the airport operator will implemet to miimize hazardous wildlife threats. Sacrameto Iteratioal has had a FAAapproved WHMP sice 1994 ad is ow revisig the WHMP based o the results of a year-log Wildlife Hazard Assessmet (WHA) completed i 2011 ad accepted by the FAA i March The resultig ew Wildlife Hazard Maagemet Pla (WHMP) will be submitted to the FAA i early This FAA Advisory Circular is periodically updated, most recetly o August 28, Aalysis of proposed projects ad lad uses should rely upo the most recet versio of the Wildlife Hazards Advisory Circular. Page 11 of 14

66 Summary of FAA Lad Use Policies Relative to Proposed Developmet Projects Near Mather Airport (MHR) Jauary 9, 2013 FAA is Stregtheig Airport Hazardous Wildlife Maagemet Requiremets O November 30, 2012 the FAA Office of Airport Safety ad Stadards released proposed revisios to several advisory circulars that address hazardous wildlife. The most importat chages appear i revisios to Advisory Circular (AC) C, Hazardous Wildlife Attractats o or Near Airports, ad a ew AC titled Protocol for the Coduct ad Review of Wildlife Hazard Site Visits, Wildlife Hazard Assessmets, ad Wildlife Hazard Maagemet Plas. 28 If adopted as proposed, these ACs will greatly expad the applicability of FAA s wildlife hazard maagemet requiremets to iclude may geeral aviatio ad reliever airports such as MHR ad SAC. These documets also reiterated the FAA s expectatio that the sposors of federal airport grats (such as the Couty of Sacrameto) do more to reduce wildlife strikes. As recetly stated i the Federal Register, The FAA believes sposors who accept ew grats at Subject Airports eed to be more proactive i the future ad take steps to uderstad ad alleviate the risks of wildlife strikes. 29 The FAA also recetly clarified its iterpretatio of the phrase farthest edge of the airport s Air Operatios Area (AOA) i Advisory Circular 150/ ( Hazardous Wildlife o or Near Airports ) to mea to the edge of the AOA closest to the wildlife attractat. 30 Such attractats could iclude ay ew stormwater maagemet basis ad habitat mitigatio preserves withi the ew developmet projects proposed ear MHR. Geeral Separatio Criteria for Hazardous Wildlife Attractats o or Near Part 139 Airports The FAA recommeds the miimum separatio criteria summarized below for private ad public lad-use practices that attract hazardous wildlife to the viciity of airports, ad states that hazardous wildlife attractats should be avoided, elimiated or mitigated 31 withi these separatio distaces. These criteria iclude lad uses that cause movemet of hazardous wildlife oto, ito, or across a airport s approach or departure airspace or air operatios area (AOA). The separatio criteria are based o FAA regulatios, but are geerally related to the elevatio at which aircraft commoly fly ear airports ad at which most strikes occur. The FAA separatio distaces are based o: (1)flight patters of pisto-powered ad turbiepowered aircraft; (2) the relatively low altitude at which most bird strikes occur (78 percet below 1,000 feet ad 90 percet uder 3,000 feet); ad (3) recommedatios of the Natioal Trasportatio Safety Board. The Couty is the grat sposor for FAA grat-i-aid fuds to facilitate airport capital projects at the airports operated by the Couty Airport System. The Couty is therefore resposible for esurig that lad uses i ad aroud airports withi its jurisdictio comply with the hazardous wildlife exclusio areas specified i the FAA Wildlife Haz- 28 The deadlie for these ad other draft recetly released FAA documets is Jauary 31, Clarificatio of Wildlife Hazard Maagemet Requiremets, Federal Register, Vol. 77, No. 237, page Clarificatio of Wildlife Hazard Maagemet Requiremets, page I FAA hazardous wildlife termiology, mitigatio meas as alleviatig or reducig the hazardous wildlife attractat. It does ot have the same meaig as mitigatio for compesatio for habitat impacts uder the State or federal edagered species acts. Page 12 of 14

67 Summary of FAA Lad Use Policies Relative to Proposed Developmet Projects Near Mather Airport (MHR) Jauary 9, 2013 ards Advisory Circular, summarized below, ad the revisios to this AC expected to be approved by the FAA later i Paragraph 2 ( Applicability ) of this AC states Airports that have received Federal grat-i-aid assistace must use these stadards. I its Federal Register otice of December 10, 2012, the FAA clarified this statemet as follows: The word stadards i this sectio of the AC refers to the separatio criteria for proposed lad use practices The FAA cosiders the grat assuraces to require federally fuded airports to adhere to the separatio criteria. 32 Perimeter A: The FAA recommeds that airports (Part 139 airports or those subject to federal grat assuraces) ad/or airports servig pisto-powered (propeller) aircraft maitai a miimum distace of 5,000 feet betwee the farthest edge of the Airport Operatios Area (AOA) 33 ad the earest hazardous wildlife attractat. Perimeter B: The FAA recommeds that airports (Part 139 airports or those subject to federal grat assuraces) that serve turbie-powered (jet) aircraft maitai a miimum separatio distace of 10,000 feet betwee the AOA ad the earest hazardous wildlife attractat. This area, sometimes referred to as the "Critical Zoe," is geerally the distace where aircraft i approach desced to a elevatio below 500 feet AGL, where most bird strikes have historically occurred. 34 Perimeter C Protectio of Approach, Departure ad Circlig Airspace: For all airports (Part 139 airports or those subject to federal grat assuraces), the FAA recommeds a distace of five statute miles betwee the farthest edge of the AOA ad hazardous wildlife attractats if the attractat could cause hazardous wildlife movemet ito or across approach or departure or circlig airspace. Perimeter C is sometimes referred to as the "Geeral Zoe." The Couty Airport System is therefore required to review ad prepare commets o proposed developmet plas, CEQA ad NEPA scopig documets ad draft evirometal documets for proposed projects withi five miles of the airports owed or operated by the Couty. (FAA Regulatios ad Requiremets Pertaiig to Hazardous Wildlife The FAA has developed umerous regulatios, policies ad guidace documets o miimizig bird strike hazards ad habitat o or ear airport lads. These documets iclude the followig which should be cosidered i the evirometal aalysis (both CEQA ad NEPA) for the various specific plas ad Geeral Pla amedmets uder cosideratio ear MHR, ad i the evirometal aalyses coducted pursuat to CEQA ad NEPA. 32 Clarificatio of Wildlife Hazard Maagemet Requiremets, Federal Register, Vol.77, No. 237 page The FAA defies the AOA as ay area of a airport used or iteded to be used for ladig, takeoff, or surface maeuverig of aircraft. A AOA icludes such paved areas or upaved areas that are used or iteded to be used for the uobstructed movemet of aircraft i additio to its associated ruway, taxiways, ramps or apro. 34 Dolbeer, 2011, page 236. Page 13 of 14

68 Summary of FAA Lad Use Policies Relative to Proposed Developmet Projects Near Mather Airport (MHR) Jauary 9, 2013 Code of Federal Regulatios, Title 14, Part 139 Certificatio of Airports (14 CFR Part 139, as ameded February I particular, see Part Wildlife Hazard Maagemet. Advisory Circular 50/ B, Hazardous Wildlife Attractats o or Near Airports, August 28, 2007 (replaces 33A published July 27, 2004, ad all previous versios). Revisio 33C was released for commet o November 30, FAA Certificatio Alert 06-07, Requests by State Wildlife Agecies to Facilitate ad Ecourage Habitat for State-Listed Threateed ad Edagered Species ad Species of Special Cocer o Airports, November 21, FAA Advisory Circular 150/ A, Reportig Wildlife Aircraft Strikes, December 22, Please ote that versio 32B was released for public commet o November 30, FAA Advisory Circular 150/ A, Qualificatios for Wildlife Biologist Coductig Wildlife Hazard Assessmets ad Traiig Curriculum for Airport Persoel i Cotrollig Wildlife Hazards at Airports. Jauary 31, 2012). Wildlife Hazard Maagemet at Airports A Hadbook for Airport Persoel. FAA Office of Airport Safety ad Stadards ad Uited States Departmet of Agriculture (USDA), Aimal ad Plat Health Ispectio Services (APHIS) - Wildlife Services, 2 d Editio July FAA Advisory Circular 150/ Costructio or Establishmet of Ladfills Near Public Airports, August 26, FAA Advisory Circular 150/ Airport Desig, Appedix 17, Miimum Distaces Betwee Certai Airport Features ad Ay O-Airport Agriculture Crops. FAA Order B, Natioal Evirometal Policy Act (NEPA) Implemetig Istructios for Airport Actios, April 28, Sectio 209.a Wildlife Hazard Maagemet Plas (WHMP) specifies that whe the FAA Admiistrator determies that a airport must prepare a WHMP to address wildlife hazards, the airport must submit the WHMP to the FAA for approval prior to implemetatio. FAA Order B (Natioal Policy). FAA Airport Compliace Maual, September 30, Chapter 20 Compatible Lad Use ad Airspace Protectio, describes local lad use agecy requiremets. Memoradum of Agreemet Betwee the FAA, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, U.S. Evirometal Protectio Agecy, U.S. Fish ad Wildlife Service, ad U.S. Departmet of Agriculture to Address Aircraft-Wildlife Strikes. Siged by the agecies December July Aimal Damage Cotrol Act, 7 USC, Sectio c, eacted i 1931 ad ameded i 1937 ad 1991; grats the Secretary of Agriculture broad authority to ivestigate ad cotrol certai predatory ad wild aimals ad uisace mammals ad birds. FAA Office of Airport Safety ad Stadards Program Policies ad Guidace, Airport Certificatio 14 CFR 130; Policies 77, 78,79 ad 82 specify procedures with regard to wildlife hazard maagemet, waste disposal, ad coordiatio with regard to the federal Edagered Species Act. These policies comprise Appedix D of the 2005 FAA-USDA Hazard Wildlife Maagemet hadbook refereced above. W:\PLANNING\ENVIRONMENTAL\EIR-EIS & Project Commets\Mather Airport Projects\SuCreek_Racho Cordova_ \SCAS Docs-Commets\FAA Policies_Lad Use Near Airports_SC(5) docx Page 14 of 14

69 Exhibit 1 Flight Tracks of 34 Flights Occurrig Withi 1.7-mile Radius of the Ceter of the Proposed SuCreek Project Area May 1, 2007 Note: Overflights are aircraft flyig through the airspace surroudig Mather Airport (MHR) but which did ot lad or takeoff from MHR.

70 Table 1 Proposed SuCreek Specific Pla Project Aircraft Operatios Withi 1.7 mile radius of Ceter of Peetratio Gate - May 1, 2007 Note: PCA i the last two colums stads for poit-of-closest approach. Actual Date/lime Flig.trt No Ruway NOperatiooAiruaftTlOperatoriACcateg. PCAAit(ft) PCA limesta1.. 5/1/7lXf13~7 UPS954 22L A 8752 CAR J /1/7lXf13:M 5/1/7lXfl.u6 AIIXl927 22L A 8762 CAR J /1/7lXfl.w3 5/1/7lXf15SS UPS L D 8752 CAR J 3,806 5/1/7lXf15S7 5/1/7lXf15S8 A8Xlfi'i5 22L D 8762 CAR J 4,055 5/1/7lXf161X) 5/1/7lXf16:17 TN800MJ 22L A H25B GA /1/7lXf16:15 5/1/7lXf16:2B UPS L D A306 CAR J 4,242 5/1/7lXf16:3l) 5/1/7lXf16~7 ABX806 22L D 8762 CAR J 4,744 5/1/7lXf16~9 5/1/7lXf17:14-22ft A UNK u /1/7lXf17:U 5/1/7lXf18:U DNJ323 22L A El35 COM R 2,.185 5/1/7lXf181J9 5/1/7lXf18:39-22L A BelL GA T 2,.562 5/1/7lXf18:37 5/1/7lXfl 91'6 DNJ623 22L A El35 COM R /1/7lXfl 91J2 5/1/7lXf1131J2-22L A UNK u /1/7lXfll2'59 5/1/7lXf113:29 ROPER28 22L T T38 Mil M 4,613 5/1/7lXf113~1 5/1/7lXf114:15-22L A PA-28R-2l GA p 2,.546 5/1/7lXf1141'6 5/1/7lXf114:16-22L T PA-28R-2l GA p 2,.533 5/1/7lXf114:21 5/1/7lXf114:26-22L A BE35 GA p 3,632 5/1/7lXf114:24 5/1/7lXf L T PA-28R-2l GA p 2,461 5/1/7lXf114:36 5/1/7lXf115:fM- 22L A C550 GA 8 l.filk 5/1/7lXf1151J2 5/1/7lXf115:24-22L T IIE58 GA p 3,005 5/1/7lXf115:27 5/1/7lXf115:32-22ft A UNK u /1/7lXf115:29 5/1/7lXf1161J9 DNJ243 22L A El35 COM R 2,.126 5/1/7lXf116:fJ7 5/1/7lXf117:13-22L A PM4 GA p 5,013 5/1/7lXf1171J2 5/1/7lXf117:M MRA850 22ft A C208 COM T 2,457 5/1/7lXf117:A2 5/1/7lXf118:fl6 SNC L A SH36 COM T 2,.418 5/1/7lXf118:fl3 5/1/7lXf118:fl6 MRA853 22L A C208 COM T 2,.438 5/1/7lXf7181'6 5/1/7lXf118:17 DNJ263 22L A El35 COM R 2,.785 5/1/7lXf118:13 5/1/7lXf118:2B AMF L A IIE99 COM T /1/7lXf118:25 5/1/7lXf118:37 TAHQI;43 22L T K35R Mil M 2,.933 5/1/7lXf118:AO 5/1/7lXf118~9 TAHQI;43 22L T K35R Mil M 2,.949 5/1/7lXf118Sl 5/1/7lXf119:fll. TAHQI;43 22L T K35R Mil M 2,.858 5/1/7lXf119:fl3 5/1/7lXf119:14 TAHQI;43 22L T K35R Mil M 2,.<J 5/1/7lXf119:16 5/1/7lXf119:27-22L A l..l4s GA 8 3,481 5/1/7lXf119:25 5/1/7lXf119:33-22L D PRM1 GA 8 5,495 5/1/7lXf119:34 5/1/7lXf120:20 DNJ363 22L A El35 COM R /1/7lXf120:18 W:\PLANNING\ENVIRONMENTAL\EIR-EIS & Project Commets\Mather Airport Projects\SuCreek_Racho Cordova_ \SCAS Docs- Commets\Table 1 - SuCreek Flight Ops_ docx