Renewable Energy in Germany Present Situation and perspectives. A. Heissenhuber. TU München - Weihenstephan. Tokyo, Sept. 2011

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1 Renewable Energy in Germany Present Situation and perspectives A. Heissenhuber TU München - Weihenstephan Tokyo, Sept. 211 Outline Overview Importance of renewable energy Electric Energy Warmth Energy Fuel GHG-Abatement Investment, working places Special aspects Biogas Fuel Rivalry food and fuel GHG-Abatement costs 2

2 Shares of renewable energy sources among total final energy consumption in Germany Total: 8,984 PJ 1) Wind energy 1.5 % Hydropower.8 % Other fossil energy resources (e.g. hard coal, lignite, mineral oil, natural gas) and nuclear energy 89. % RES share 11. % Biomass 2) 7.9 % Other renewables.9 % 1) Energy Environment Forecast Analysis (EEFA) GmbH & Co KG; 2) Solid and liquid biomass, biogas, sewage and landfill gas, biogenic share of waste, biogenic fuels; Source: BMU-KI III 1 based on Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat) and the Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), according to Working Group on Energy Balances e.v. (AGEB); RES: Renewable Energy Sources; deviations in the totals are due to rounding; 1 PJ = 1 15 Joule; as at: March 211; all figures provisional 3 Structure of final energy supply from renewable energy sources in Germany Total: TWh Biogenic fuels, heat: 46.1 % Biofuels: 13. % Geothermal energy: 2. % Hydropower: 7.2 % Solar thermal energy: 1.9 % Photovoltaics: 4.4 % Biogenic fuels, electricity: 12.1 % Wind energy: 13.3 % Biomass (total *), including biofuels: 71 % * Solid and liquid biomass, biogas, sewage and landfill gas, biogenic share of waste and biofuels; 1 TWh = 1 Bill. kwh; deviations in the totals are due to rounding; Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); as at: March 211; all figures provisional 4

3 Development of electricity generation from renewable energy sources in Germany 12, 1, Hydropower Biomass * Wind energy Photovoltaics EEG: January 29 8, EEG: April 2 EEG: August 24 [GWh] 6, Amendment to BauGB: November , StromEinspG: January March 2 2, * Solid and liquid biomass, biogas, sewage and landfill gas, biogenic share of waste; electricity from geothermal energy not presented due to negligible quantities produced; 1 GWh = 1 Mill. kwh; StromEinspG: Act on the Sale of Electricity to the Grid; BauGB: Construction Code; EEG: Renewable Energy Sources Act; Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); image: BMU / Christoph Edelhoff; as at: March 211; all figures provisional 5 Structure of electricity supply from renewable energy sources in Germany Hydropower: 19.4 % Total: 11.7 TWh Wind energy: 35.9 % Biogenic share of waste: 4.7 % Landfill gas:.7 % Photovoltaics: 11.8 % Sewage gas: 1.1 % Biogas: 12.6 % Biogenic solid fuels: 11.9 % Biogenic liquid fuels: 2. % Share of biomass *: 33 % * Solid and liquid biomass, biogas, sewage and landfill gas, biogenic share of waste; electricity from geothermal energy not presented due to negligible quantities produced; deviations in the totals are due to rounding; 1 TWh = 1 Bill. kwh; Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); as at: March 211; all figures provisional 6

4 Structure of electricity supply from biomass in Germany Total: 33.5 TWh Biogenic solid fuels: 36.2 % Biogenic liquid fuels: 6.1 % Biogenic share of waste: 14.2 % Landfill gas: 2. % Sewage gas: 3.3 % Biogas: 38.3 % Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); 1 TWh = 1 Bill. kwh; deviations in the totals are due to rounding; as at: March 211; all figures provisional 7 Development of the number and installed capacity of wind energy plants in Germany 3, Installations, cumulative number of plants [-] 27,24 MW 3, cumulative installed capacity [MW] 25, EEG: April 2 EEG: August 24 25, Number of plants [-] 2, 15, 1, 5, 45 StromEinspG: January March 2 7 1,84 1,675 2,467 Amendment to BauGB: November ,528 4,326 5,178 6,185 7,861 9, ,415 13,739 15,371 16,518 17,474 18,578 19,344 EEG: January 29 2,151 2,971 21,585 2, 15, 1, 5, [MW] Source: J.P. Molly: "Wind Energy Use in Germany"; as at: ; Deutsches Windenergie-Institut (DEWI) and Bundesverband WindEnergie e.v. (BWE); 1 MW = 1 Mill. Watt; image: BMU / Brigitte Hiss; all figures provisional 8

5 Development of electricity production and installed capacity of wind energy plants in Germany 45, Electricity generation [GWh] 27,24 MW 3, 4, 35, installed capacity [MW] EEG: April 2 EEG: August 24 25, 3, 2, [GWh] 25, 2, 15, StromEinspG: January March 2 Amendment to BauGB: November 1997 EEG: January 29 15, 1, [MW] 1, 5, ,5 2,32 2,966 4,489 5,528 7, ,59 15,786 18,713 25,59 27,229 3,71 39,713 4,574 38,639 36,5 5, Source: J.P. Molly: "Wind Energy Use in Germany"; as at: ; Deutsches Windenergie-Institut (DEWI) and Bundesverband WindEnergie e.v. (BWE); 1 MW = 1 Mill. Watt; image: BMU / Brigitte Hiss; all figures provisional 9 Share of providers of wind energy installations in newly installed capacity in Germany up to end of New installed capacity (total): 1,551 MW Enercon: 59.2 % Others: 2.6 % Vestas: 14.6 % e.n.o. energy: 1. % Siemens Wind Power: 3.9 % Bard: 3.9 % Nordex: 4.5 % Repower Systems: 1.3 % Source: J.P. Molly, "Wind Energy Use in Germany"; as at: ; Deutsches Windenergie-Institut (DEWI) and Bundesverband WindEnergie e.v. (BWE); 1 MW = 1 Mill. Watt; deviations in the totals are due to rounding; all figures provisional 1

6 Capacity of wind energy plants (worldwide) 86.1 Total capacity : 194,39 MW Total capacity : 194,39 MW New installed capacity (total): 35,82 MW cumulative, installed capacity [GW] Africa Asia Europe America Australia Oceania Rest of the world: 9.5 % Denmark:.9 % China: 36. % USA: 26.1 % Portugal: 1.8 % Canada: 2.5 % UK: 2.8 % Italy: 2.9 % France: 2.8 % Source: Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC): Global Wind Report - Annual Market Update ; as at: March ; all figures provisional India: 3.3 % Spain: 6.4 % Germany: 5. % 11 Installed capacity and energy supply from photovoltaic installations in Germany 18, Electricity supply [GWh] 17,32 MW p 18, 16, installed capacity [MWp] 16, 14, 14, 12, 12, [GWh] 1, 8, 1, 8, [MW p ] 6, 6, 4, 4, 2, ,282 2,22 3,75 4,42 6,578 12, , Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); 1 GWh = 1 Mill. kwh; 1 MW = 1 Mill. Watt; image: BMU / Bernd Müller; as at: March 211; all figures provisional 12

7 14, 12, Feed-in and payment under the Electricity Feed Act (StromEinspG) and the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) in Germany Feed-in under StromEinspG [TWh/a] Feed-in under EEG [TWh/a] Payment of fees [Mill. EUR] , EEG: April 2 EEG: August 24 6 [Mill. EUR] 8, 6, Amendment to BauGB: November 1997 EEG: January [TWh/a] 3 4, 2, StromEinspG: January March StromEinspG: Act on the Sale of Electricity to the Grid; BauGB: Construction Code; EEG: Renewable Energy Sources Act; 1 TWh = 1 Bill. kwh; Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); Year : provisional estimate (IfnE); image: BMU / Bernd Müller; as at: March 211; all figures provisional 13 Contribution of renewable energy sources to heat supply in Germany 16, 14, Biomass * Solar thermal energy Geothermal energy 12, 1, [GWh] 8, 6, 4, Biomass share of RES - heat: 92 % 2, * Solid and liquid biomass, biogas, sewage and landfill gas, biogenic share of waste; 1 GWh = 1 Mill. kwh; RES: Renewable energy sources; Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); Image: BMU / Brigitte Hiss; as at: March 211; all figures provisional 14

8 Structure of heat supply from renewable energy sources in Germany Total: TWh Biogenic solid fuels (households): 51.5 % Near-surface geothermal energy: 3.8 % Biogenic solid fuels (industry): 17.1 % Deep geothermal energy:.2 % Solar thermal energy: 3.8 % Biogenic share of waste: 8.6 % Landfill gas:.3 % Biogas: 5.5 % Sewage gas:.8 % Biogenic liquid fuels: 3.3 % Biogenic solid fuels (cogeneration power installations and heating installations): 5.1 % Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); 1 TWh = 1 Bill. kwh; deviations in the totals are due to rounding; as at: March 211; all figures provisional 15 Structure of heat supply from biomass in Germany Total: 127. TWh Biogenic solid fuels (households): 55.9 % Biogenic share of waste: 9.3 % Landfill gas:.3 % Sewage gas:.9 % Biogas: 6. % Biogenic liquid fuels: 3.6 % Biogenic solid fuels (cogeneration power installations and heating installations): 5.5 % Biogenic solid fuels (industry): 18.5 % Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); 1 TWh = 1 Bill. kwh; deviations in the totals are due to rounding; as at: March 211; all figures provisional 16

9 Development of biomass * use for heat supply in Germany 12, 11, 1, 9, 8, [GWh] 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 45,591 49,74 5,858 51,419 58,22 57,242 69,182 75,376 79,746 83,23 86,67 93,133 13, , * Solid and liquid biomass, biogas, sewage and landfill gas; 1 GWh = 1 Mill. kwh; Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); image: BMU / Brigitte Hiss; as at: March 211; all figures provisional 17 Development of pellet-based heatings in Germany 16, 14, 14, 125, 12, Number of plants [-] 1, 8, 6, 4, 2, 3, 8, 13, 19, 27, 44, 7, 83, 15, Source: Deutsches Pelletinstitut (DEPI), based on the values of Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle (BAFA) and Bundesindustrieverband Deutschland Haus-, Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.v. (BDH); image: BMU / Bernd Müller; as at: February 211; all figures provisional 18

10 1,8, 1,6, Development of of production pellet production of pellets in Germany Production National demand 2,, 1,8, 1,4, 1,6, Pellet-Production [t] 1,2, 1,, 8, 6, 1,4, 1,2, 1,, 8, 6, Cumulated demand on pellets [t] 4, 2, 18, 174,7 385,35 35, 47, 47, 1,1, 6, 1,48, 9, 1,6, 1,1, 1,75, 1,2, , 2, Source: Deutsches Pelletinstitut (DEPI) based on the values auf Deutscher Energieholz- und Pellet-Verband e.v. (DEPV); image: BMU / Bernd Müller; as at: February 211; all figures provisional 19 Development of collector area and energy supply of solar thermal installations for heat supply in Germany 6, 5, Energy supply [GWh] Area, cumulative [m²] 16, 14, 12, 4, 1, [GWh] 3, 8, [1, m 2 ] 2, 6, 4, 1, ,26 1,261 1,587 1,884 2,144 2,443 2,778 3,218 3,638 4,134 4,733 5, , Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); 1 GWh = 1 Mill. kwh; image: ZSW / Ulrike Zimmer; as at: March 211; all figures provisional 2

11 Development of (near-surface) geothermal energy use *) for heat supply in Germany 5,5 5, 4,5 4, 3,5 [GWh] 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 1,44 1,44 1,458 1,491 1,532 1,581 1,651 1,741 1,842 1,972 2,156 2,62 3,255 3,962 4,64 5, *) Including Air/Water-, Water/Water- and Brine/Water- Heat Pumps; 1 GWh = 1 Mill. kwh; Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); image: ZSW / Ulrike Zimmer; as at: March 211; all figures provisional 21 Development of the market for heat pumps in Germany 25, 2, Air / Water Water / Water Brine / Water Cumulated number of plants [-] 15, 1, 5, Sources: Years 2-28: GeothermieZentrum Bochum (GZB), Survey: "Analyse des deutschen Wärmepumpenmarktes, Bestandsaufnahme und Trends", as at: November 29; Years 29 and : Bundesverband Wärmepumpe e.v. (BWP), Press releases "Branchenstatistik", as at: March 211; image: BMU / Brigitte Hiss; all figures provisional 22

12 Contribution of renewable energy sources to fuel supply in Germany 5, 45, Bioethanol Vegetable oil 3,412 3,54 [GWh] 4, 35, 3, 25, Biodiesel 1,674 2,47 7,426 8,66 4,673 4,188 1,43 6, ,662 2, 15, 1, , ,32 1,341 2,579 3,611 5,674 8,253 1,833 18,57 29,31 33,677 27,812 25,972 26, Vegetable oil as a part of biogenic fuels used since 1992, Bioethanol since 24; 1 GWh = 1 Mill. kwh; Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); image: BMU / Dieter Böhme; as at: March 211; all figures provisional 23 Structure of biogenic fuels in Germany Total: 35.9 TWh Biodiesel: 74.1 % Bioethanol: 24.1 % Vegetable oil: 1.8 % Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); 1 TWh = 1 Bill. kwh; deviations in the totals are due to rounding; as at: March 211; all figures provisional 24

13 Total Greenhouse-Gas (CO 2 equiv.) avoidance via the use of renewable energy sources in Germany 76.1 million t Electricity million t Heat million t Biofuels Total: approx. 12 million t CO 2 equiv., of which approx. 58 million t CO 2 equiv. through electricity paid for under the EEG GG avoidance [million t CO 2 equiv.] Hydropower Wind energy Biomass Photovoltaics Geothermal energy Solar thermal energy Biofuels GG: Greenhouse-Gas; deviations in the totals are due to rounding; geothermal energy not presented due to negligible quantities of electricity produced; Source: UBA according to Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); image: H.G. Oed; as at: March 211; all figures provisional 25 Structure of Greenhouse-Gas (CO 2 equiv.) avoidance via the use of renewable energy sources in Germany approx. 12 million t CO 2 equivalent Wind energy; 23.7 % Hydropower; 14.3 % Biomass; 5.4 % Biofuels; 4.4 % Solar thermal energy; 1. % Photovoltaics; 5.9 % Geothermal energy;.4 % Source: UBA according to Working Group on Renewable Energy Sources-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); GG: Greenhouse-Gas; deviations in the totals are due to rounding; as at: March 211; all figures provisional 26

14 Investment in Plants for Renewable Energy in Germany Hydropower 7 Mio. Euro Geothermal 85 Mio. Euro Solar thermal Biomass warmth 95 Mio. Euro 1.15 Mio. Euro Investment in RE-plants: 26,6 Mrd. Euro Biomass electr Mio. Euro Wind energy 2.5 Mio. Euro 19.5 Mio. Euro Photovoltaics [Mio. Euro] * Großanlagen und Wärmepumpen; Abweichungen in den Summen durch Rundungen; Quelle: BMU-KI III 1 nach Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW); Stand: März 211; Angaben vorläufig 27 Spread of the approx. 367,4 jobs in the renewable energy sources sector in Germany Solar energy: 32.9 % Biomass: 33.2 % Hydropower: 2.1 % Geothermal energy: 3.6 % public aided research/administration: 2. % Wind energy: 26.2 % Figures for are provisional estimate; deviations in totals are due to rounding; Source: O Sullivan/Edler/van Mark/Nieder/Lehr: "Bruttobeschäftigung durch erneuerbare Energien im Jahr 21 eine erste Abschätzung", as at: March 211; interim report of research project Kurzund langfristige Auswirkungen des Ausbaus erneuerbarer Energien auf den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt 28

15 Outline Overview Importance of renewable energy Electric Energy Warmth Energy Fuel GHG-Abatement Investment, working places Special aspects Biogas Fuel Rivalry food and fuel GHG-Abatement costs 29 Energy from biomass - why? Low prices on the agricultural markets until 25 Strong import dependence on energy Increasing prices for fossil fuels Withdrawal from nuclear energy Increasing environmental pollution (greenhouse gases) 3

16 $/Barrel 12 Development of crude oil prices, ) Annotation: Average price, first half year of 211 Data basis: MWV, ) 31 Primary and final energy content of different plants P-eq: Petrol equivalent; D-eq: Diesel equivalent, H-eq: Heating oil equivalent grain of wheat: 7,7 t/ha, rape seed 3,5 t/ha, corn: 45 t/ha, sugar beet: 6 t/ha, poplar: 1 t atro /ha 32

17 Feed in Tariffs for Electricity of RE Liquid manure bonus Photovoltaics (Photovoltaics Biogas Geothermal Hydro power Wind power Wind power Roof arable land) energy (off-shore) 33 Feed-in-compensations for electricity from biomass in selected european countries 25 2 Max Min ct/kwh DK D F GR IRL L NL A P E EW LT SLO CZ H CY Source: following Institute for Energetics and Environment, Leipzig

18 Biogas Plants in Germany and Corn silage area Source: (Fachverband Biogas 211), (DMK 211) Development of producer prices for wheat /dt Anteilige proportional Ausgleichszahlung compensatory payment Erzeugerpreis producer price Annotation: Producer prices incl. VAT; after the harvest 211/212 ; estimation / / / /9 1992/ / /99 21/2 24/5 27/8 /11 Data basis: own presentation according to ZMP, AMI, several volumes. 36

19 2. Prices of cereals and crude oil depending on energy ct/mj content Cereals (wheat).5 Crude oil Data basis: According to MWV, ZMP, AMI, several volumes 37 6 Bioethanol made from wheat as a petrol substitute 5 Wheat 4price /dt Preis DDGS 16,5 /dt (22, /dt Sojaschrot) Production Costs Ethanol ct/l 1 5 bzw Crude Oil price $/barrel EtOH from aus Brasilien cif harbour Hafen EU incl. inkl. customs Zoll 8 Production costs Herstellungskosten EtOH Brasil EtOH Brasilien Consumer price Petrol ct/l 38

20 Areas for biofuels according to the biofuel admixture obligation 4, Million ha Mio. 3,5 ha Differenz Difference zur Gesamt-Quote to the overall mit quota Dieselersatz with diesel substitute 8% 3, Benzin-Quote petrol quota 6,25% 6,25% 2,5 Diesel-Quote diesel quota 5,25% 2, 1,5 1,2% 2,8% 1, 4,4%,5, Linear forward lineare projection Fortschreibung of the der consumption Verbräucheof von diesel Diesel and und petrol Benzin Germany in Deutschland (199 von to ) bis 215 Diesel quota: Dieselquote: Rape to Raps RME zu (rapeseed RME (1.4 oil methy l DÄ/ha); esther) Benzinquote: (14 l Weizen diesel equivalent/ha); zu Ethanol (1.95 Petrol l BÄ/ha); quota: Wheat to ethanol (195 Differenz l petrol zur equivalent/ha); Gesamtquote: Raps difference zu RME to (1.4 the overall l DÄ/ha) quota: rape to rape oil methyl ester (14 l diesel equivalent/ha) 39 Primary energy potential of biomass produced on arable land Crop yield t/ha primary energy GJ/ha wheat grain straw grain + straw rapeseed grain 3,5 84 corn silage Primary energy potential of a biomass- energy-mix consisting of 3% wheat, rapeseed and corn 1 Mio. ha crop land = 1,2 % of the whole current primary energy consumption of 14. PJ/year Source: Berenz 26 4

21 Area requirement for food and fuel production 6 Mio. ha 5 15,2 million ha 22,5 million tons 4 3 Gasoline production from renewable raw materials Diesel production from renewable raw materials 24,8 million ha 29,1 million tons 2 (except heating oil 26,5 million tons) 1 Food production currently: 15,3 million ha Annotations: Diesel production: 24,8 million ha rapeseed to RME (1.4 l DÄ/ha) or 14,9 Mio. ha short rotational plantations to BtL (2.33 l DÄ/ha); gasoline production: 7,3 million ha sugar beets to Ethanol (4.3 l BÄ/ha) or 15,2 million ha cereal to Ethanol (1.95 l BÄ/ha); heat production: 6, Mio. ha Kup to fuels(5.22 l HÄ/ha) Source: According 41 to Berenz, 26; BMELV, 26; Seemüller, 1999; MWV, 27 BtL = Biomass to Liquid Fleischverzehr in kg/kopf und Jahr Meat consumption in kg per capita and year 41 42

22 FAO Food Price Index price index (basis 22-24) meat Fleisch Milchprodukte dairy products Getreide cereals Öle oils und and Fette fats Zucker sugar Reasons: Bioenergy New dietary habits Poor harvests Financial speculations Source: in accordance with FAOSTAT 43 Consumer spendings for food and the proportion of raw material prices Consumer spendings for food and the proportion of raw material prices 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % 14% Expenditures for food Germany 5% 4% 1% Proportion of barley price on beer price Proportion of cereal price on bread price 4% Expenditures for food Mexico 72% Proportion of corn price on tortilla price Source: Hübner (29) according to SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INFORMACIÓN E INTEGRACIÓN DE MERCADOS, 28 44

23 Billion tons DevelopmentofCO 2 - emissions Rise in emission of global warming gases since 2: about ¾ billion. t CO 2äq each year Rest Rest der of Welt the world - Großbritannien Great Britain - Deutschland Germany AFRIKA AFRICA SÜDAMERIKA SOUTH AMERIKA - Japan Japan MITTLERER OSTEN MIDDLE EAST - Frühere SU Former SU - China China -USA USA Data basis: BMWi; BP 45 Changes in land-use: Extension of palm oil plantations palm oil cultivation area in 1 hektare Malaysia Indonesia Source: FAOSTAT-Agriculture 46

24 Certification of biomass fuel 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 52% Minimum requirement for new plants from 217: 6 % 56% 47% 62% 71% processing without methane emissions 38% 56% 57% 85% 93% Minimum requirement from 217: 5% Minimum requirement from : 35% 2% 16% 1% 19% % Ethanol from sugar beets Ethanol from Sugar beets with credit Ethanol from Wheat (lignite) Ethanol from Wheat ((natural gas) Ethanol from Wheat with credit Ethanol from sugar cane Biodiesel from canola Biodiesel from palmoil Canolaoil Ethanol from Wheat straw BTL from wood The credit was given when replacing the feeding stuff soya meal with vinasse (as an alternative for sugar beet) or with DDGS 47 (as an alternative for wheat). CO 2-eq. abatement costs of different bioenergy sources abatement costs /t CO 2-eq Wind 4 /t CO 2-eq. Wood chip heating Max from other studies Min from other studies Own calculations current stock exchange listing: 16 /t CO 2-eq.! 1.7 Wood Grain Biogas Biogas Biogas Biogas Straw Wood Biodiesel Biogas chip Ethanol heating (liquid (electricity) (electricity feeding in (CHP) chip (fuels) heating (wheat) manure, and heat) heating (thermal electricity (CHP) power and heat) station) heat electricity & cogeneration (CHP) fuels Source: Wissenschaftlicher Beirat für Agrarpolitik 27 CHP: Combined heat an power 48

25 CO 2 -Abatement Costs for Ethanol from Cereal in Relation of Price 8 CO 2 -Abatementcosts in /t CO 2eq Cerealprice 25 /dt Ceraelprice 2 /dt Cerealprice 15 /dt Crude Oilprice in $/barrel Quelle: Rauh The CO 2 -Abatement Costs - Literature Review 5 Source: own presentation in accordance with BEE 26, EUCAR 26, Grube infvs 26, Lettner in OTTI 26, Picard aus TAB 26, Schmitz 26, Steiger 26, Hartmann 25, BMU 24, FVV 24, ITAS 23, Specht aus FVS 23, Scharmer 21 5

26 Significance of renewable energy for sustainable energy supply Share of renewable energy from biomass Share of renewable energy Primary energy consumtion Share of renewable energy from biomass Increase in efficiency Use of new technologies for improving the efficiency and to reduce the losses Share of renewable energy Primary energy consumption Share of renewable energy from biomass Savings Heat insulation, combined heat and power, etc. Share of renewable energy Primary energy consumption totay 51 Munich s Energy Concept Expansion of renewable energies electricity from 4 % to 2 % by 22 Water, wind (offshore, repowering), geothermal energy, biogas, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy (southern Europe) grid expansion Cofiring Enlarge gas storage Emissions trading Clean development mechanism (CDM) Energy saving through thermal insulation 52

27 Danke für Ihr Interesse Thank you for your interests 53