NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES

Transcription

1 NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES by M. G. Carvalho L. Alves, A. Costa, N. Duic VII Encontro Regional do Engenheiro Angra do Heroísmo Terceira Açores 2 Julho 22

2 CONTENTS OF THE PRESENTATION Characteristics of Sustainable Communities Types of Sustainable Communities Description of on-going projects for enhanced sustainability Conclusions

3 SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES Rio summit: Agenda 21 EU White Paper for RES, Campaign for Take-off, ALTENER EU Green Paper on Security of Supply Kyoto Protocol

4 THE GOALS OF THE SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY Integration of new technologies and concepts in socio-economic development Intensive use of RES Diversify energy sources Social and economic benefits

5 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOLUTIONS Competitive cost of NRET (when compared to conventional solutions) High percentage of NRES Decentralised generation Satisfy the needs of a community INTEGRATION

6 INTEGRATION Integration of NRES: Wind, Biomass, Small hydro, Geothermal, Distributed Generation, PV and solar heating, hydrogen, energy storage. Rational use of energy (buildings, energy management, CHP...) is also important

7 TYPES OF COMMUNITY Islands (small/medium) Isolated rural areas Non-isolate urban areas (blocks of buildings, neighbourhoods in residential areas, commercial / light industrial developments)

8 Islands

9 ISLANDS High economic dependence on imported energy sources High energy costs Environmental fragility Seasonability of energetic, water and waste disposal needs - Tourism Small size of the local grids

10 Island projects

11 SANTO ANTÃO Metodology for the Evaluation of Renewable Energy Sources Potential

12 EVALUATION OF SOLAR POTENTIAL IN GIS Clean sky Height Visibility Climatic zone Sun zenith Ground reflexion Lattitude SIG SIG SIGSIGSIG SIG SIG Spatial Model K p = Grid of global estimated global radiation with clean sky G p Hourly maps of direct and diffuse radiation G h G hp G p G hp K h X Typical day Measurements of global radiation in metereological stations N Monte Trigo Tarrafal Jorge Luis Cirio Alto Mira C.das Vacas Cha de Morte Mato Estreito Catano Lombo das Lanças 1 Kilometers Tabuga Vila Rib.Gran. U Lugar de Guene Boca de Coruja Cha de igreja Pinhão Vila das Pombas U Eito João Afonso Campo de Cao Cabo da Ribeira Garca de Cima Lagoa Rib. dos Bodes Rib. Fria Manuel Lopes Lom. de Figueira Morro do Vento Porto Novo Pico da Cruz Ribeirão Fundo Radiação média anual (wh/m2) No Data (METHODOLOGY DEVELOPED BY INESC PORTO)

13 MAP OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES - SUN N Lugar de Guene Boca de Coruja Cha de igreja Pinhão Garca de Cima João Afonso Vila Rib.Gran. U Eito Campo de Cao Cabo da Ribeira Vila das Pombas U Alto Mira Jorge Luis Lagoa Lom. de Figueira Pico da Cruz Ribeirão Fundo Morro do Vento Monte Trigo Tarrafal Cirio Catano Cha de Morte C.das Vacas Mato Estreito Lombo das Lanças Rib. dos Bodes Tabuga Rib. Fria Manuel Lopes Porto Novo Radiação média anual (wh/m2) No Data 1 Kilometers

14 MAP OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES - WIND N Cha de igreja Vila Rib.Gran. U Vila das Pombas U Corda Cabo da Ribeira Pico da Cruz Janela Porto Novo velocidade média (m/s) = vel < vel <4 4 < vel < 5 5 < vel < 6 6 < vel < 7 7 < vel < 8 8 < vel < 11 No Data 1 Kilometers

15 MAP OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES - GEOTHERMAL

16 ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

17 CABO VERDE The potential for Clean Development Mechanism in Electricity Production

18 ECONOMY GDP, Cape Verde 198 = 1 GDP, Cape Verde 198 = Business as Usual Year Low development Year GDP, Cape Verde 198 = 1 2 Maio 18 Brava 16 Fogo 14 S. Nicolau 12 Boavista 1 8 Sal 6 S. Antão 4 Santiago 2 S. Vicente Tourism investments Year Maio Brava Fogo S. Nicolau Boavista Regional GDP distribution for 3 economic scenaria, per island Sal S. Antão Santiago S. Vicente

19 ELECTRICITY DEMAND Electricity production, GWh Electricity, kwh/cap Tourism investment Business as usual Low development Year Tourism investment Business as usual Low development Year Tourism sector Electrification rate Security of supply

20 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY production, GWh production, GWh Wind Diesel + steam Wind Diesel + steam Combined Cycle year 3% wind production, GWh Baseline Wind Diesel + steam year Combined cycle 3% wind year Business as usual economic scenario

21 CDM VALUE 5. CDM value, MUSD Santiago, CC Maio Brava Fogo São Nicolau Boavista Sal Santo Antão Santiago, wind São Vicente Wind in all islands Combined cycle only in Santiago 2 21 year Business as usual economic scenarium Medium CDM price scenarium 15$/tCO 2

22 INSTALLED POWER BY 15 ISLAND MW MW MW MW Frontier, wind BAU, wind Paradise, wind Frontier, CC BAU, CC Paradise, CC kw MW MW MW MW MW

23 PORTO SANTO Renewable Energy Solutions for Islands 1% RES Island

24 PORTO SANTO Madeira, Portugal

25 RESOURCES TECHNOLOGIES Solar panels COMMODITIES Heat Sustainable Community Porto Santo Hydrogen Solar Hydrogen Storage Cold Reforming Electrolysis Fuel cell Trigeneration Water Gas PV panels Electricity Desalination Wind Wind turbines Gasification Sea Wastewater treatment Waste Wastewater

26 EQUIPMENT TO BE INSTALLED PRESENT SITUATION 3.5 MW Diesel 3.4 MW Fuel Oil 1.1 MW Wind (4.4%) PILOT HYDROGEN SYSTEM 75 kw Electrolyser 3 kwh Storage 25 kw Fuel Cell Peak Power 5.6 MW Low Power 2 MW Growth rate 2% SAVINGS 27 tco 2 /year Cost: 83, (33, /kw)

27 H 2 RES MODEL RESOURCES TECHNOLOGIES COMMODITIES Sustainable Community Porto Santo Solar Hydrogen Storage PV panels Electrolysis Fuel cell Trigeneration Electricity Desalination Wind Wind turbines

28 H 2 RES MODULES WIND LOAD SOLAR STORAGE

29 H 2 RES WIND MODULE Hourly wind velocity data obtained Adjusted to the hub height v z = v Converted into hourly potential output 1 z 1.14 output, part of nominal power 12% 1% 8% 6% 4% 2% % 225kW 66kW average (111kW) Example for VESTAS wind turbines, as installed on Porto Santo, Madeira, Portugal wind velocity, m/s

30 H 2 RES SOLAR MODULE Hourly total radiation on horizontal surface obtained Adjusted to the inclined surface (RETSCREEN) Converted into hourly potential output by efficiency provided from supplier

31 H 2 RES LOAD MODULE Hourly load of power system obtained Limit to renewable intake Excess renewable rejected 4 35 kw hours load solar output wind output renewable output renewable limit renewable taken renewable excess

32 H 2 RES STORAGE MODULE FILLING Excess renewable taken to electrolyser If less than electrolyser capacity If hydrogen tank not full The rest rejected taken to desalination or other electricity dump

33 H 2 RES STORAGE MODULE H 2 USED During peak hours (various definition) fuel cell is turned on using hydrogen stored until tank is empy kw load renewable limit to electrolyser H2 produced H2 retrieved fuel cell hours

34 H 2 RES MODEL Electricity delivered to power system kw Diesel fuel cell renewable taken hours

35 PORTO SANTO Population: 5 in winter 2 in summer

36 PORTO SANTO Power system (2): 13.8 MW thermal MW wind 24.1 GWh thermal GWh wind 5.6 MW peak, 2 MW base, 2% growth

37 Scenaria 1. Wind only PEAK SHAVING SCENARIA 2. Wind as installed + solar Up to 3% renewable at any time can be taken by power system Excess to electrolyser Fuel cell for peak shaving, optimised at 1.8% of electricity delivered

38 PEAK SHAVING SCENARIA wind solar electrolyser fuel cell storage vessel kw kwh Wind only Wind&solar

39 PEAK SHAVING SCENARIA 3 solar wind Diesel 3 excess ren. taken Diesel 3 desalination electrolyser ren. taken Diesel 3 fuel cell ren. taken Diesel output [GW h] 15 output [GW h] 15 output [GW h] 15 output [GW h] Wind only Wind&solar Wind only Wind&solar Wind only Wind&solar Wind only Wind&solar Wind only Wind&solar peak serving time 53% 62%

40 1% RENEWABLE Scenaria 1. Wind only 2. Wind + solar SCENARIA Up to 1% renewable at any time can be taken by power system Excess to eletrolyser + desalination Fuel cell to cover load when no renewable available Optimised on no Diesel

41 1% RENEWABLE SCENARIA wind solar electrolyser fuel cell storage vessel MW GWh Wind only Wind&solar

42 1% RENEWABLE SCENARIA 7 solar output w ind output Diesel 7 excess ren. taken Diesel 7 desalination electrolyser ren. taken Diesel 7 fuel cell ren. taken Diesel output [GW h] 4 3 output [GW h] 4 3 output [GW h] 4 3 output [GW h] Wind only Wind&solar Wind only Wind&solar Wind only Wind&solar Wind only Wind&solar Wind only Wind&solar fuel cell serving time 37% 41%

43 H 2 RES CONCLUSIONS kw wind solar electrolyser fuel cell storage vessel kwh MW wind solar electrolyser fuel cell storage vessel GWh Wind only Wind&solar Wind only Wind&solar For peak shaving wind&solar takes smaller storage and electrolyser For 1% renewable better wind only

44 CONCLUSIONS FOR PORTO SANTO A model for optimising integration of hydrogen storage with intermittent renewable energy sources (wind and solar) was devised Storage module can be upgraded to work with batteries or pump storage The model was applied to Porto Santo The results were intriguing

45 AZORES ARCHIPELAGO

46 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, STORAGE AND USE WIND END USERS SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC Electricity Storage H 2 or Batt

47 OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK To look at ways to increase the penetration of Renewable Energy Sources in Corvo and Graciosa Islands To test the potentiality of the developed H2RES model devoted to this kind of work. To build and fully model scenaria for the Corvo and Graciosa islands to increase security of supply, and reduce pollution, based on existing load and meteorological data and envisaging the following technologies: wind, solar PV, and batteries and hydrogen storage.

48 THE TARGET ISLANDS FOR THE CASE STUDIES

49 SCENARIA FOR GRACIOSA ISLAND MG.1 - An already planned enlargement by the local utility (EDA) of the wind park up to 53 kw with an imposed wind energy limit of 3% of the instant load in the system. MG.2 - The same conditions as in MG.1 + 2, m 2 of installed PV. MG.3-3% RE contribution: wind power 1,2 kw, no restrains on the percentage of renewable energy with variable output placed into the grid. MG.4 45% RE contribution to the annual consumption: 1,2 kw of wind power + 2 m 2 of PV, in the same conditions as in MG.3. MG.5 1% RE penetration: 9, kw of wind power + electrolyser with 8,9 kw power + 74 days hydrogen storage + fuel cell 1,6 kw power, allowing no renewable energy excess in the system. MG.6-1% RE penetration: 5, kw of wind power + 8, m 2 of PV + electrolyser with 8,5 kw power + 31 days hydrogen storage + fuel cell 1,75 kw power, allowing no renewable energy excess in the system.

50 RESULTS FOR GRACIOSA ISLAND MG. 1 (3% limit) MG. 2 (MG M 2 PV) Wind (kw) Solar (kwp) Renewable (kw)

51 RESULTS FOR GRACIOSA ISLAND MG. 1 (3% limit) MG. 2 (MG M 2 PV) Wind output (GWh) Solar output (GWh) Ren. output (GWh) Ren. taken (GWh) Dump (GWh)

52 RESULTS FOR GRACIOSA ISLAND kw 22 renewable limit load renewable output renewable taken renewable excess Hours MG.1 simulation, January 1

53 RESULTS FOR GRACIOSA ISLAND KW Renewable taken Diesel Hours MG.1 simulation, January 1. The source of electricity taken by the power system.

54 RESULTS FOR GRACIOSA ISLAND MG. 3 (3% RE ) MG. 4 ( MG % RE) Wind (kw) Solar (kwp) - 17 Renewable (kw) Wind output (GWh) Solar output (GWh) Ren. output (GWh) Ren. taken (GWh) Dump (GWh)

55 RESULTS FOR GRACIOSA ISLAND MG. 5 (1% RE) MG. 6 (1% RE) Wind (kw) 9 5 Solar (kwp) - 68 Renewable (kw) Electrolyser (kw) Storage vessel (GWh) H2 storage (days) Fuel cell (kw)

56 RESULTS FOR GRACIOSA ISLAND MG. 5 (1% RE) MG. 6 (1% RE) Wind output (GWh) Solar output (GWh) Ren. output (GWh) Ren. taken (GWh) Electrolyser (GWh) Dump (GWh) Fuel cell (GWh) Fuel cell serving time (%) % %

57 RESULTS FOR GRACIOSA ISLAND kw to electrolyser H2 produced H2 retrieved fuel cell load RE output RE taken Hours MG.5 simulation, January 1, for this particular day more hydrogen is stored than retrieved

58 RESULTS FOR GRACIOSA ISLAND 3 25 H2 stored, kwh day MG.5 simulation, hydrogen stored during the year

59 CONCLUSIONS FOR GRACIOSA ISLAND The choice among the different scenaria depends mainly on comparing the costs of PV installation and of the hydrogen storage and on the available space. Due to actual high cost of PV, the scenaria involving only wind seems to be preferable.

60 SCENARIA FOR CORVO ISLAND MC.1 6% re contribution to the annual consumption: 6,5 m 2 PV + 15 kw (18h) battery power, no restrains on the percentage of renewable energy with variable output placed into the grid. MC.2 8% re contribution: 1, m 2 power, in the same conditions as MC.1. PV + 15 kw (36h) battery MC.3-1% RE penetration: 25, m 2 PV + 17 kw (6 days) battery power MC.4-75% RE contribution: 3 kw wind power, Pão de Açucar, + reversible hydro power plant (RHPP, 15 kw pump, 15 kw turbine, 2x2 m3 reservoir). MC.5-96% RE contribution: 3 kw wind power, Morra da Fonte, + RHPP (1 kw pump, 15 kw turbine, 2x2 m3 reservoir).

61 RESULTS FOR CORVO ISLAND kw to storage retrieved from batt electricity from batt load RE output RE taken Hours MC.2 simulation, January 1

62 RESULTS FOR CORVO ISLAND kw RE taken Diesel from batteries Hours MC.2 simulation, January 1, the source of electricity taken by the power system.

63 RESULTS FOR CORVO ISLAND Diesel 25% 1% hydro 14% hydro 13% wind 62% wind 76% MC.4 Pão de Açucar MC.5 Morra da Fonte

64 CONCLUSIONS FOR CORVO ISLAND For a small energy system, very high intermittent RE penetration can only be reached by energy storage. PV needs large area might be unacceptable for Corvo. Morra da Fonte excellent location for wind turbine, possible to achieve 9% RE penetration with 3 kw wind need for MT grid connection. Pão de Açucar needs more study with 3 kw wind turbine hard to achieve more than 75% RE penetration

65 ISOLATED RURAL AREAS

66 ISOLATED RURAL AREAS Variable energy demands (tourism) Low degree of grid connection Protected environments Dificult accessibility for maintenance High installation costs due to remoteness

67 GREEN HOTEL Integrating Self Supply Into End Use For Sustainable Tourism

68 INTEGRATED ENERGY SYSTEM Natural Environment Utilization Solar Thermal Solar PV Wind Power Plant Natural Ventilation Grid (backup) Day lighting LPG Fuel Cell W aste Heat Electrical Energy Lighting Computers, and others... Hot Water Waste Heat Absorption Cold Chilled Water Cooling Desiccant Cooling LPG Boiler (backup) Heat Domestic Hot Water and Water Mullion

69 INTERFACE NETWORK / RES Community Needs P RES > Consumption Send to the grid Grid P RES < Consumption Taken from the grid RES

70 INTEGRATED WATER SYSTEM RES Sea water Rain water catchment Runoff collecting Wind PP Solar PV Pumping Desalinisation Watershead management Landscape Treatment Roofs (Impermeable surfaces) Fresh water Runoff water Storage Storage End Use Hotel & Marina Irrigation Boats and car washing Storage Dried material Agriculture Compost Sewage Treatment Solid Sludge Sun (to dry)

71 INTEGRATED MOBILITY PLAN Solar Trolleys and Cars GPL Taxis and Fuel Cell Bus Fuel Cell bikes... to go for a ride Funchal Airport Green Hotel Taxi boat...between Funchal and the Hotel

72 VIEW OF THE HOTEL AND MARINA

73 RURAL TOURISM IN ALENTEJO (EDEN PROJECT)

74 RURAL TOURISM IN ALENTEJO Sun Photovoltaic Solar heater Heat Alentejo Fuel cell Electricity Wind Turbine Wind Electrolysis Gasifier Hydrogen storage Reforming Biogas Biomass

75 NON-ISOLATED URBAN AREAS

76 NON- ISOLATED (URBAN) AREAS Innovative approach for increasing RES awareness in Communities New opportunities for showcase projects involving industry and consumers Opportunities for residential communities Integrate the users of energy services in the production

77 MADEIRA TECNOPOLO (EDEN PROJECT)

78 MADEIRA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PARK Photovoltaics Sun Solar Heaters Heat Park Tower Fuel cells Electricity Hydrogen storage Electrolysis Reforming GPL

79 TAGUS PARQUE (EDEN PROJECT)

80 TAGUS PARQUE

81 TAGUS PARQUE Fuel cells Heat Electricity Tagus Park Hydrogen storage Electrolysis Photovoltaics Reforming GPL Sun

82 CONCLUSIONS Combine diverse (renewable) energy sources and technologies to resolve in an integrated way the problems of energy, water and residues Integrated solutions Better integration between suply and demand Island and remote regions as pioneers of zero emission society (e.g. Iceland), following the prophecy of Jules Verne in L'Île mystérieuse.

83 FINANCING INSTITUTIONS European Commission DG Research DG Tren Direcção Geral de Energia Portugal Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia - Portugal