A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAND USE AND URBAN TRANSPORT WITH FUEL CONSUMPTION IN JAVA

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 11, November 2017, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_08_11_054 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAND USE AND URBAN TRANSPORT WITH FUEL CONSUMPTION IN JAVA Mudjiastuti Handajani Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Semarang University Jalan Soekarno Hatta, Semarang, Indonesia ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between land use and city transportation and fuel consumption. Transportation, land use and fuel consumption have a strategic role in economy and environment, so attention should be given at the local, national and global level. The data on fuel consumption and land use are then analyzed by using a bivariate analysis. The results show that the linear relationship between areas of developed land for cities in Java and fuel consumption/population is rather weak with R²=0.326 and the equation of y= x The trend of land use shows that the more mixed the land use is, the lower the fuel consumption/capita will be. The exponential relationship between mixed land use of developed land areas and fuel consumption is weak with the equation of y= 1.508e x, and R= The fuel consumption in the city is reduced by reducing travel length or distance of the people, and the travel length is reduced by adopting the compact and mixed land use, leading to an environmentally-friendly transportation system. Keywords: Fuel Cconsumption, Java, Land Use, transportation. Cite this Article: Mudjiastuti Handajani, A Study on the Relationship between Land Use and Urban Transport with Fuel Consumption in Java, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(11), 2017, pp INTRODUCTION Road transportation in developed countries consumes about 80% of all fuel consumption and in developing countries, the fuel consumption reaches 70% for the transportation sector. Indonesia, especially Java Island is the most regions which is used fuel in large number for personal vehicles (motorcycles and cars).the large number of vehicles both motorcycles and cars in Java Island can create negative impacton their surrounding, for example traffict jam and traffict accident, environmental sustainability (exhaust gas emission, exploitation of resources and etc.). The availability of public transportations in Java Island was not given maximum effect on fuel consumption. Nowdays, most people use personal transportation than public transportation, so the fuel consuption on high level. This issue is compounded by the editor@iaeme.com

2 Mudjiastuti Handajani arrangement of land use in Java Island which is not use compact land, it s directly effect the fuel consumption and finally, it makes the fuel consumption in Java Island is very high. The compact land use makes the efficient transportation system and decrease fuel consumption. The population density of each region on Java Island is variegated. It shows that high population density causes high fuel consumption. Dantas et al. (2007) mention that people residing in the city with low population density and with their center of activities away from their residence tend to have higher fuel consumption than those residing close to their center of activities (offices, shopping centers, leisure centers, and schools). The people s income also affects the fuel consumption. High income earners tend to use private vehicles, meanwhile the low income earners tend to use public transportation. According to Amal (2005), the transportation cost for poor people in the city is higher than those living in the village. In addition, Xiao et al., (2007) suggests that the average travel distance of the people with high income is three (3) times higher than that of the people with low income. This means that the higher the income is, the more distant the travel and the higher the fuel consumption will be. The increase of fuel consumption for transportation in Indonesia especially in Java is caused by an increase of the total motor vehicles each year and an increase of horizontally developed land areas, so the travel distance is increasingly longer. Handajani (2011), explain there is a strong relationship between the city typology and the fuel consumption. By using a Partial Least Square (PLS) model, as presented in Fig. 1, the relationship between the city typology and the fuel consumption is whereas the relationship between the city typology and the city transportation system is Thus, the variable of the city typology has a strong relationship with the fuel consumption of cities in Java. However, the direct use of fuel is for the transportation system. Figure 1 The model of the effect of the urban transport system on the oil fuel consumption The more distant the travel is, the higher the fuel consumption will be. The concept that the land use is related to transportation is badly needed to evaluate the transportation policy and vice versa (Acheampong and Elisabete, 2015). Fuel consumption is influenced by land use, total population, population density, (Kenworthy dan Laube, 2002;Varameth et al., 2007); transportation system (Sukarto, 2006) which there are long of journey (Xiao et al.,2007), total vehicle (Fwa, 2005); behaviour of road user (Department of Land Transportation, 2008), length of road (Tanara, 2003), road condition (Department of Land Transportation, 2008), pattern of road network (Stead and Marshall, 2001), vehicle speed (Sukarto, 2006). This study is focused on analyzing the relationship between land use and city editor@iaeme.com

3 A Study on the Relationship Between Land Use and Urban Transport with Fuel Consumption in Java transportation in Java and fuel consumption. This aim of this study is to analyze of relationship between population density and fuel consumption and analyze of relationship between land use and transportation system and fuel consumption. 2. RESEARCH METHODS City transportation is a mode of transportation implemented inside the city, focusing on the city road transportation system. The city typology involves people s social economy, including population, land use and RGDP. Formal land use representations are concerned with qualitative attributes of space such as its form, pattern and aspect and are descriptive in nature. Functional land use representations are concerned with the economic nature of activities such as production, consumption, residence, and transport, and are mainly a socioeconomic description of space (Rodrigue, 2013). The transportation system is on the land use, so between land use and transportation system has strong relationship (Handajani, 2013). According to Varameth et al. (2007), there is an interaction between land use and transportation in the city, especially in metropolitan cities. In city centers, land is dominantly used for businesses. According to Kenworthy and Laube (2002), an increase of population density in the world reduce the fuel consumption per capita. Fuel consumption in this study is defined as the fuel purchase made by petrol stations to Pertamina (Indonesian government-owned oil company). The fuel, consisting of petrol and diesel oil, is consumed for road transportation (motor vehicles) in the city. Basically the fuel in petrol stations is still sold for sectors other than city road transportation (such as public facilities, fishery boat, retail purchase by using a jerry can) because the fuel in petrol stations is not sold on the basis of the usage. The diagram of the analysis of the relationship between land use and city transportation and fuel consumption of the cities in Java is presented in Figure 2. Figure 2 Main diagram of the analysis of the relationship between land use and city transportation and fuel consumption of the cities in Java. The effect of land use on the fuel consumption is not only caused by types of land use, but also by land use intensity, indicated by the population density (Wegener, 2003). In areas with low population density, the use of fuel per capita is increasingly high whereas in areas with high population density, the use of fuel per capita is low. The supernetwork modeling approach can provide detailed and rich information especially for the integrated planning of land-use and a multi-modal transportation system (Liao et al. 2015). To find out the effect of land use on the fuel consumption in city areas, a systemic approach was used and a variable for each activity was developed (Table 1) editor@iaeme.com

4 Mudjiastuti Handajani Table 1 Variables, indicators and parameters No Variables Indicators Parameters A. City typology Total population/land area People / Km 2 1. Population density Area of developed land in the city Km 2 2. Land use B Fuel consumption Petrol Diesel oil Fuel sold in petrol stations /year/city. Fuel sold in petrol stations /year/city Kilo liter /year/city Kilo liter/ year/city Data of fuel consumption The data of fuel consumption consisting of petrol and diesel oil were taken from Pertamina, based on the purchase by petrol stations in each city in in the Table 2. Other additional data were obtained from Central Office of Pertamina in Jakarta. Table 2 Fuel consumption in Java No. Description Maximum Minimal Average Total fuel consumption (kilo liter/year) 650,260 13, , Gasoline consumption (kilo liter/year) 456,962 9, , Diesel consumption (kilo liter/year) 193,123 3,792 44, Gasoline fuel consumption/total population/day (liter) Diesel fuel consumption/total population/day (liter) Data of city typology The quantitative data on the city typology is based on population density and land use. The land use has various variables and is different for each city, it is difficult to obtain data uniformity, so the data on the land use only consist of the size of developed land areas in km 2. All the data were gathered on the basis of the statistics of each city. The city samples are expected to represent all cities in Indonesia because more than 70% of Indonesian population resides in Java Island. The data on city typology were taken from the period of Analysis method Fuel consumption and city typology data were analyzed by using a bivariate analysis. Analyze between total population, total vehicle, and population density with fuel consumption variable/population. The relationships will be built such as power, linear, logarithmic, polynomial or exponential. 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Relationship between net population density and fuel consumption There are two kinds of population density: gross population (total population/administrative unit) and net population (total population/devevelop land area). Metropolitan cities (5 cities: Semarang, Surabaya, Bandung, Bekasi, and Tangerang have an average net population density of 16,333 people/km 2, big cities (4 cities: Surakarta, Bogor, Tasikmalaya, and Malang )have an average net population density of 11,187 people/km 2 and middle-sized cities (10 cities: Magelang, Salatiga, Tegal, Kediri, Blitar, Pasuruan, Madiun, Sukabumi, Cirebon and Yogyakarta) have an average net population density of 11,142 people/km 2. Bandung is a city with the highest average net population density of 22,936 people/km 2 and has the highest fuel editor@iaeme.com

5 A Study on the Relationship Between Land Use and Urban Transport with Fuel Consumption in Java consumption of 566,472-kilo liter/year. Surabaya also has the high net population density of 18,959 people/km 2 and has the highest fuel consumption of all cities under study, that is 624,260-kilo liter/year. Meanwhile, Tangerang has the net population density of 15,927 people/km 2 and has high fuel consumption of 449,419-kilo liter/year. Based on the above description, high population density causes high fuel consumption. The relationship between net population density and fuel consumption/year of cities in Java indicates that an increase of the population density is not always in line with total fuel consumption, both petrol and diesel oil. The exponential relationship between population density and city fuel consumption is weak (R 2 : 0.296) with the equation of y = 12,124e 0,000x (Fig. 3). Trendline model selection is based on the highest value of R 2 and reasonable. y = 12124e x R² = Total Fuel Consumption/year (kl/yr) Metropolitan Cities Big Cities Middle-sized Cities Sources: (Mudjiastuti Handajani, 2012) Population Density (people/km 2 ) Figure 3 Relationship between population density and total fuel consumption. The increase of population does not always increase the population density. The travel length remains the same and the fuel consumption will increase. The increase of population does not always increase the population density. Nowdays, the increase of urban population in big city and middle-sized city is higher than the increase of total fuel consumption. The increase of population in big city and middle-sized city does not always increase the population density because developed land areas increase horizontally. The travel length remains the same and the fuel consumption will increase. The increase of metropolis will be increase the population density because developed land area increase vertically. The travel length remains shorter although in the real situation, developed land area is not limited on extensive administration. The relationship between net population (people/km 2 ) and fuel consumption per capita (kilo liter/year) for cities in Java show that an increase in population density does not always reduce the fuel consumption/population. The relationship between net population density and fuel consumption/capita is weak (R² = 0.149) with the exponential equation of y = 7E-10x 2-2E-05x , as presented in Fig. 4. Cities in Java (Indonesia) have the population density from 5,520 people/km 2 to 22,426 people/km 2 and the majority of the people use personal vehicles (motor cycles or personal passenger vehicles) to support their activities. Trendline model selection is based on the highest value of R 2 and reasonable editor@iaeme.com

6 Mudjiastuti Handajani Fuel Consumption per Capita (kl/yr) Metropolitan Cities Big Cities Middle-sized Cities y = -3E-10x 2 + 1E-05x R² = Nett Population Density (people/km 2 ) Sources: (Mudjiastuti Handajani, 2012) Figure 4 Relationship net population density and fuel consumption/capita. The above analysis shows that an increase in population density of the cities in Java does not always reduce the fuel consumption/capita. This finding is in line with Bertraud and Richardson s findings (2004) about cities in Asia that an increase in population density does not always reduce the vehicle ownership and the fuel consumption, but the patterns of the people s travel will determine the fuel consumption. Different conditions are found in American cities in that the denser the city population is, the lower the fuel consumption will be (Nichols and Kara, 2015). Relationship between land use - transportation system - fuel consumption Transportations system is a part of land use, so the fuel consumption made by the people in different zones will also be different. Litman and Steele (2011) mention that land use in the city with easy access and with various mode of transportation system tend to reduce the vehicle ownership/capita and the length of travel of personal vehicle and increase the use of alternative modes. The relationship between developed land areas in metropolitan cities and fuel consumption is very strong (R 2 = 0.824) with the equation of the exponential model of y = 23,467e 0.022x (Figure 5). Trendline model selection is based on the highest value of R 2 and reasonable. Fuel Consumption (kl/yr) y = 23467e 0.022x R² = Developed Land Areas (km 2 ) Metropolitan Cities Big Cities Middle-sized Cities (Sources: Data analysis, 2017) Figure 5 Relationship between developed land area and fuel consumption editor@iaeme.com

7 A Study on the Relationship Between Land Use and Urban Transport with Fuel Consumption in Java Surabaya (metropolitan city) has the highest developed land areas, that is km 2, whereas Mojokerto (middle sized city) has the lowest developed land areas, that is 7.73 km². Net developed land areas generally increase each year even though in some cities the increase is not significant. The bigger the developed land areas are, the higher the fuel consumption in the city will be. The proportion of developed land areas to the areas of a region is presented in Eq. 1. (Land area net/land are gross) x 100% (1) The linier relationship between developed land areas for cities in Java (km 2 ) and fuel consumption/population (kilo liter/year) is weak with R² = and the equation of y = 0.000x (Fig. 6). Trendline model selection is based on the highest value of R2 and reasonable. The higher the developed land areas are, the higher the fuel consumption/capita will be. The compact mixed land use in Java Island can reduce the fuel consumption of cities in Java. Fuel Consumption/Population (kl/yr) y = x R² = Metropolitan Cities Big Cities Middle-sized Cities (Sources: Data analysis, 2017) Developed Land Areas (km 2 ) Figure 6 Relationship between developed land area and fuel consumption/capita. The trend of the land use shows that the more mixed the land use is, the lower the fuel consumption will be. The exponential relationship between mixed use of developed land areas and fuel consumption for all cities is weak (R 2 = 0.046) with the equation of y = 1.508e -2.01x (Fig. 7). Trendline model selection is based on the highest value of R2 and reasonable. The weak relationship between mixed land use of the cities in Java and fuel consumption is caused by the fact that the land use of the cities in Java is not yet mixed and compact, according to Kenworthy and Laube (2002) An increase of population density reduce the fuel consumption per capita. The accessibility to the center of activities is less than adequate. This means that in one city area, no office facilities, housing, education, commerce, social facilities and others are available, so the travel distance or length of the people and goods is longer, causing high fuel consumption, as suggested by Litman and Steele (2011). The easier the accessibility to the center of activities, the more likely the people will conduct outdoor activities (Glickman et. al, 2015) editor@iaeme.com

8 Mudjiastuti Handajani Fuel Consumption / Population (kl/th) Metropolitan Cities (Sources: Data analysis, 2017) Big Cities Middle-sized Cities (Developed Land areas/population)/ (Total Developed Land Areas/population/Total Population) Figure 7 Relationship between (developed land areas/population)/(total developed land areas/population/total population) and total fuel consumption/population. To control fuel consumption, according to Varameth et al. (2007), personal vehicles should be replaced by big capacities public vehicles, such as Rapid Transit Buses (RTB), Light Rapid Transit (LRT) or Mass Rapid Transit (MRT). This is supported by Kenworthy (2003), to make fuel consumption efficient and sustainable transportation. Gordon and Richardson (1989) suggest that the use of commuting public transport can reduce fuel consumption. Commuting is one of the solutions for population density, accessibility, income and work ratio (Mun iz and Galindo, 2005). Mixed land use will reduce the travel length of the vehicles and increase the use of alternative modes up to 5-15%. Planning an integrated land and transportation will reduce the vehicle ownership and travel length up to 20-40% and significantly will increase the number of people to go on foot, by bicycles and by public transportation. This is supported by Naoko (2007), Bertraud and Richardson (2004) that land use can reduce the fuel consumption up to 10-22% by using some innovation in vehicle technology, and by reducing the travel length of the vehicles comprehensively and effectively. To control fuel consumption, according to Varameth et al. (2007), personal vehicles should be replaced by big capacities public vehicles, such as Rapid Transit Buses (RTB), Light Rapid Transit (LRT) or Mass Rapid Transit (MRT). This is supported by Kenworthy (2003), to make fuel consumption efficient and sustainable transportation. Gordon and Richardson (1989) suggest that the use of commuting public transport can reduce fuel consumption. Commuting is one of the solutions for population density, accessibility, income and work ratio (Mun iz and Galindo, 2005). Mixed land use will reduce the travel length of the vehicles and increase the use of alternative modes up to 5-15%. Planning an integrated land and transportation will reduce the vehicle ownership and travel length up to 20-40% and significantly will increase the number of people to go on foot, by bicycles and by public transportation. This is supported by Naoko (2007), Bertraud and Richardson (2004) that land use can reduce the fuel consumption up to 10-22% by using some innovation in vehicle technology, and by reducing the travel length of the vehicles comprehensively and effectively editor@iaeme.com

9 A Study on the Relationship Between Land Use and Urban Transport with Fuel Consumption in Java 4. CONCLUSIONS Based on the above description, it can be concluded that the relationship between population density with fuel consumption per capita is weak. An increase of population density does not always reduce the vehicle ownership and the fuel consumption per capita. The relationship between areas of developed land for cities in Java and fuel consumption/population is rather weak. The higher the developed land areas are, the higher the fuel consumption/capita will be. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many thanks to The Ministry of Higher Education - Research and Technology, Department of Transportation in Semarang, Semarang University. REFERENCES [1] Acheampong R. A., Elisabete A. S., Land use transport interaction modeling: a review of the literature and future research directions. Journal of Transport and Land Use 8 (3), [2] Dantas, A., Krumdieck, S., Page, S., Risk of energy constrained activity-transport system (RECATS). The 7th International Conference of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Dalian, [3] Bertraud A., Richardson W., a. Transit and Density: Atlanta, The United States and Western Europe, in Urban Sprawl in Western Europe and The United States, Urban Planning and Environment, Ashgate. [4] Department of Land Transportation, 2008, General Planning of the Development of Mass Transportation in Java, Jakarta. [5] Fwa, F. T. (2005). Sustainable urban transportation planning and development Issues and challenges for Singapore. In Transportation Research Board, Annual Meeting. [6] Naoko D., 2007, Urban Transport Energy Use in the APEC Region Trend and Option, Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre. [7] Glickman I., Robert I, Rachel K, et al., Integrating activity-based travel-demand models with land-use and other long-term lifestyle decisions. Journal of Transport and Land Use 8 (3), [8] Gordon, P., and Richardson H., Gasoline consumption and cities: a reply. Journal of the American Planning Assiciation 55, [9] Muniz I., Galindo A, Analysis Urban form and the Ecological Footprint of Commuting the Case of Barcelona, Ecological Economics 55 (4), [10] Kenworthy J., Laube F., 2002, Urban Transport Patterns in a Global Sample of Cities and Their Linkages to Transport Infrastructure, Land-use, Economics and Environment. [11] Kenworthy J., 2003, Transport Energy Use and Greenhouse Gases in Urban Passenger Transport System: A Study of 84 Global Cities, Presented to the international Third Conference of the Regional Government for Sustainable Development, Notre Dame University, Fremantle, Western Australia. [12] Litman T., Rowan S., Land Use Impacts on Transport, How Land Use Factors Affect Travel Behavior, Victoria Transport Policy Institute. [13] Liao F., Arentze T., Molin E., et al., Effects of land-use transport scenarios on travel patterns: a multi-state supernetwork application, Transportation 44 (1), [14] Handajani M., Model of the urban transport system in Java on city fuel consumption, World Academi of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology (WASET) 59, [15] Handajani M., 2013, Analysis of relationship total population and population density with fuel consumption in city, Journal of Tataloka 15(4), editor@iaeme.com

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