Review Article Industrialization and its Backlash: Focus on Climate Change and its Consequences
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2 OPEN ACCESS Journal of Environmental Science and Technology ISSN DOI: /jest Review Article Industrialization and its Backlash: Focus on Climate Change and its Consequences 1 Chigbo A. Mgbemene, 2 Chidozie C. Nnaji and 2 Chekwubechukwu Nwozor 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria 2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
3 Internal factors External factors Solar output Volcanic emissions Mountain building Continental drift Extraerrestrial factors Earth-sun geometry Earth s climate Atmospheric/ocean heat exchange Interstellar dust Atmospheric chemistry Atmospheric reflectivity Surface reflectivity Ocean, atmosphere and land factors
4 C C C C E
5 G
6 Atmosphere 730 Global gross primary production and respiration Changing land-use Fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes 1.9 Vegetation and soils 2,000 Ocean 38,000 Carbon flux indicated by arrows: Natural flux = Anthropogenic flux = Source: Intergovernmental panel on climate change, climate change 2001: The scientific basis (U.K., 2001) Fossil fuels, cement and flaring Forestry and other land use GtCO2 year Years E
7 Siple station ice core Mauna loa Atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide ( ) CO2 concentration (ppm) Years Transportation fuels (14.0%) Annual greenhouse gas emissions by sector Industrial processes (16.8%) Power stations (21.3%) Waste disposal and treatment (3.4%) Agricultural byproducts (12.5%) Land use and biomass burning (10.0%) Fossil fuel retrieval processing and distribution (11.3%) Residential, commercial and other sources (10.3%) 20.6% 29.5% 40.0% 62.0% 8.4% 19.2% 9.1% 12.9% Carbon dioxide (72% of total) 4.8% 29.6% 6.6% 18.1% Methane (18% of total) 26.0% Nitrous oxide (9% of total) 1.1% 1.5% 2.3% 5.9% E
8 0.6 Global temperature ( ) Land-ocean index: base Temperature anomaly ( C) Year mean -0.2 Base -0.4 Period Source: Goddard institute for space studies (GISS) and Climate Research Unit (CRU), prepared by process trends.com, updated by globalissues.org E E
9 CO 2 concentrations (ppmv) Atmospheric concentrations Anthropogenic emissions ,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 CO 2 emissions (million metric tons carbon) Source: Oak ridge national laboratory, carbon dioxide information analysis center, C C C USA EU China Russia Japan India CO 2 Emission (million metric tons per year)
10 E C C C C C
11 Social conditions (upstream determinants of health) Health system conditions Environmental conditions Direct exposures * Climate change Indirect exposures (Changes in water, air, food quality, vector ecology, ecosystems, agriculture, industry and settlemants) Health impacts Social and economic disruption * Modifying influence
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13 C C C C C C C C C
14 Social transformation Industrialization Econimic transformation Technological innovation Philosophical change Poor social behaviour and social irresponsibility Heightened greenhouse effect Environmental pollution Global warming C C C C C C C
15 C C C C C
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