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1 IEA/SHC SHIP 2015 Available Solar Collector Technologies: overview and characteristics Pedro Horta Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE 15 th September

2 Content Process Heat: sectors and processes Solar collectors Overview Stationary collectors Flat Plate collectors and variants Evacuated collectors and variants Tracking collectors Parabolic Trough Linear Fresnel other concepts Summary 2

3 Process Heat Sectors and processes Suitable industrial processes Drying and dehydration (Concentration) Preheating (input or raw material) Pasteurization and Sterilization Washing and cleaning Chemical reactions Surface treatment Space heating Supply of hot water of steam Main industrial sectors Chemicals Food & Beverages Paper Fabricated metal Rubber & Plastic Machinery & Equipment Textiles Wood 3

4 Process Heat Sectors and processes Heat is required at different temperature levels, whose distribution depends on the specific industrial sector [1] 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Above 400 C C Below 100 C 0% Mining and Quarrying Food and Tobacco Pulp & paper Chemical Non-Metallic Minerals Basic Metals Machinery Transport Equipment Others Heat consumption distribution by temperature level in different industrial sectors [2] 4 [1] ECOHEATCOOL The European Heat Market, EU IEE co-fund, (2006)

5 Content Process Heat: sectors and processes Solar collectors Overview Stationary collectors Flat Plate collectors and variants Evacuated collectors and variants Tracking collectors Parabolic Trough Linear Fresnel other concepts Summary 5

6 Solar collectors Overview Solar thermal collector heat exchanger converting the solar radiation into heat transfers this heat to a working fluid (e.g. air, water, thermal oil) circulating through the system solar energy collected is carried from the working fluid to the load or to energy storage tank to be used later different technologies for different operating temperature levels 6

7 Solar collectors Overview The efficiency of a solar collector depends on incidence angle dependent optical losses and on operating temperature dependent thermal losses 7

8 Solar collectors Overview Thus the selection of a specific solar collector technology is intrinsically related to the required temperature at the heat delivery point 8

9 Solar collectors Overview Performance Global radiation: 800 W/m 2 Direct radiation: 600 W/m 2 Diffuse radiation: 200 W/m 2 Tamb: 25 C 9

10 Solar collectors Overview Performance Global radiation: 400 W/m 2 Direct radiation: 200 W/m 2 Diffuse radiation: 200 W/m 2 Tamb: 25 C 10

11 Content Process Heat: sectors and processes Solar collectors Overview Stationary collectors Flat Plate collectors and variants Evacuated collectors and variants Tracking collectors Parabolic Trough Linear Fresnel other concepts Summary 11

12 Solar collectors Stationary: Flat plate and variants Commonly used for temperatures in the range of 30 C to 100 C Comprise of absorber tubes through which working fluid flows and is covered by absorber sheet and a transparent cover. Coating on the absorber converts the solar irradiation to heat which is transferred to the working fluid in the tubes. Usual fluid is water/glycol mixture (with some additives) in order to avoid corrosion and frost damages Simple to use as there is little maintenance and relatively cheap. 12 Source: gef, UNEP, ome; Technical Study report on SHIP, State of the art in the Mediterranean region

13 Solar collectors Stationary: Flat plate and variants Examples Copper mine Gabriela Mistral, Chile m2 FPC Non pressurized water storage (4300 m3) % solar fraction electro winning of copper electrolyte kept at 50 C cleaning processes 13 Source:

14 Efficiency [%] Solar collectors Stationary: Flat plate and variants Improved Medium Temperature Flat-Plate Collectors Reduced heat losses double glazed, AR coatings CPC flat plate honeycomb collector Operation temperature up to 80 C for flat-plate up to 100 C-120 C for honeycomb and double glazing Improvement of optical efficiency difficult Can heat loss be further reduced? Other possibilities? 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% FPC Standard FPC with double glazing FPC Honeycomb FPC with CPC internally Temperature diff. T op -T a [K] Efficiency for Irradiation 850 W/m 2, IAM=1 14

15 Solar collectors Stationary: Flat plate and variants Flat Plate w/ Honeycomb (IS) TIGI Honeycomb Flat Plate transparent insulation to avoid losses on the sun-facing side Closed loop heat pipe based stagnation prevention system Oper. Temp. up to ~110 C Process heat system for wine barrel and tank washing Golan Wineries, Katzrin, Israel Oper. Temp. 85 C 244 m2 array 72% solar fraction 15 Source:

16 Solar collectors Stationary: Flat plate and variants Double Glazed Flat Plate Collectors operating temperatures up to 120 C Schüco CTE 524 DH 2 double AR-glazing Arcon HT-SA 28/10 AR-glass+ETFE-film Solid Gluatmugl HT AR-glass+ETFE-film Desalination system for capacities up to l/day, 90 m², Gran Canaria 16

17 collector efficiency [-] Solar collectors Stationary: Flat plate and variants Flat plate collectors with internal CPC reflectors Aosol (PT) standard product operating temperatures up to 120 C Stationary concentration 1.15 X Aosol (PT) development operating temperatures up to 120 C Stationary concentration 1.5 X Dimensions 1427 x 4020 x 180 mm3 ETFE-film as convection barrier Aosol SolarFocus SolarFocus (A) Dimensions 1155 x 2400 x 65 mm reduced temp. difference x=(top-ta)/gb [m2k/w] 17

18 Annual gain [kwh / (m 2 year)] Solar collectors Stationary: Flat plate and variants Flat plate collectors with external reflectors external reflector Visualisation of RefleC-Concepts Working temperatures 80 C to 150 C (medium temperature range) Collector array installed in Laundry Laguna, Marburg Flat-plate double covered RefleC C 120 C Simulation of collector for Würzburg, Germany. Based on measured thermal efficiency and IAM-values. 18

19 Content Process Heat: sectors and processes Solar collectors Overview Stationary collectors Flat Plate collectors and variants Evacuated collectors and variants Tracking collectors Parabolic Trough Linear Fresnel other concepts Summary 19

20 Solar collectors Stationary: Evacuated tube and variants Can achieve higher temperature than FPC ranging from 50 to 130 C Consists of a row of parallel vacuum glass tubes. Absence of air highly reduces convection and conduction thermal losses. 2 categories of ETC: Direct flow principle: the heat transfer fluid of the collector loop flows directly through the absorber via a coaxial tube Heat pipes principle: the heat of the absorber is transferred to the heat transfer fluid of the collector loop via a heat pipe system (Figure 5 right). 20 Source: gef, UNEP, ome; Technical Study report on SHIP, State of the art in the Mediterranean region

21 Solar collectors Stationary: Evacuated tube and variants Compound Parabolic Concentrator ETC (RPC) Low concentration CPC (C < 2) Evacuated tubes CPC collectors which can deliver up to 200 C; Stationary collector CPC is designed in a way that all solar positions during a year a accepted by the concentrator Bridges the gap between the lower temperature application FPC (<80 C) to the higher temp. applications of concentrators (T>200 C) 21 Source: Linuo Solar, :

22 Efficiency [%] Solar collectors Stationary: Evacuated tube and variants Evacuated Flat Plate: Thermal Vacuum Power Charged (I) advantage of high vacuum insulation in a planar layout Flat plate vacuum collector TVP MT-Power 3rd prize INTERSOLAR 2012 operation temperatures up to 160 C 200 C 22 FPC Standard 100% FPC Vacuum 90% VTC process heat 80% VTC Standard 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Temperature diff. T op -T a [K]

23 Content Process Heat: sectors and processes Solar collectors Overview Stationary collectors Flat Plate collectors and variants Evacuated collectors and variants Tracking collectors Parabolic Trough Linear Fresnel other concepts Summary 23

24 Solar collectors Tracking: Parabolic Trough collectors Parabolic mirror focuses only direct sun-light onto an absorber tube Designed to track the sun along one axis oriented in the northsouth or east-west direction. Reflecting surface normally a curved glass mirror or an aluminium sheet Water or thermal oil usually used as working fluid Receptor consists of an absorber tube of an area usually 25 to 35 times smaller than the aperture 24 Source: gef, UNEP, ome; Technical Study report on SHIP, State of the art in the Mediterranean region

25 Solar collectors Tracking: Parabolic Trough collectors PolyTrough 1200 and 1800 NEP Solar (AUS/CH) Width: 1.2 or 1.8 m Oper. Temp. 250 C 24m long and 1.6m high (standard 1200 collector) Various receiver options Shopping Center Newcastle, Australia Aperture: 345m2 (PolyTrough 1200) Peak Thermal Power: 200kW Outlet Temperature: 180 C HTF: Water Application/End Use: Air conditioning Commissioning : April 2011 NEP Solar NEP Solar 25 Source:

26 Solar collectors Tracking: Parabolic Trough collectors Soltigua (I) - PTM parabolic trough collector Surface = 13.5 sqm/module Length = 6.2 mt/module Peak power = 570 W/m2 (7.7 of 1000 W/m2, Tamb= 30 C, Tout = 200 C) 25 mt long / 54 sqm / 31 kwpeak first collector tested under the new European standard for concentrating collectors up to 250 C Installation in Gambettola (I), a solar cooling systems with concentrating collectors and double effect absorptions chiller TECHNOLOGICAL EXCELLENCE In 2010 PTM has been awarded the Towards the A-class building prize at the at MCE2010, Europe s largest trade fair for heating and air conditioning. The prize was given to the best innovations for building energy systems. 26

27 Solar collectors Tracking: Parabolic Trough collectors Solarlite (D) Production of PTC collectors 2300 and 4600 for: process heat concentrated solar thermal power 2.3 m and 4.6 m aperture operation up to 400 C / 55 bar 12m segment variable size of plant Solar Lite Costs comparable with larger CSP collectors instead of small plant size 27

28 Solar collectors Tracking: Parabolic Trough collectors Sopogy (USA) SopoNova 4.0 Geometrical features Length: 3.66 m Width: 1.52 m Center to Center Spacing: 2.59 m Reflector Aperture Area: 5.07 m2 Reference installation Masdar cooling project 28

29 Content Process Heat: sectors and processes Solar collectors Overview Stationary collectors Flat Plate collectors and variants Evacuated collectors and variants Tracking collectors Parabolic Trough Linear Fresnel other concepts Summary 29

30 Solar collectors Tracking: Linear Fresnel Reflector Many nearly flat mirror facets instead of one parabolic mirror Receiver/Absorber is above mirror rows, which track the sun High concentration ratio and temperatures up to 400 C Thermal capacity from 50 kw up to several MW. Easy to mount on flat roofs as a result of good weight distribution and low wind resistance. Water/steam or thermal oil usually used as working fluid High surface coverage 30 Source: Industrial Solar Gmbh

31 Solar collectors Tracking: Linear Fresnel Reflector Industrial Solar GmbH (Freiburg, Germany) Geometrical features Length: modular in steps of 4 m Total width: 7.5 m Aperture width: 5.5 m Height: 4 m Weight: 27 kg/m² Peak power: 560 W/m² Max. temp. : 400 C MTN Johanesburg, South Africa Aperture: 396 m2 Application/End Use: Air conditioning Commissioning :

32 Solar collectors Tracking: Linear Fresnel Reflector New developments Further development: Soltigua (I), Solar Euromed (F), Thermax (IND), Lotus (EGY), KG Group (IND), others DSG Pilot Plant in La Seyne Sur Mer, France DSG Pilot Plant in Sicily, Italy Fera CNIM 32

33 Content Process Heat: sectors and processes Solar collectors Overview Stationary collectors Flat Plate collectors and variants Evacuated collectors and variants Tracking collectors Parabolic Trough Linear Fresnel other concepts Summary 33

34 Solar collectors Tracking: other concepts Chromasun (USA) low profile, lightweight, no external moving parts Simple to mount and to maintain 20x25x Fresnel reflector optic Output temperatures up to 220 C Chromasun 34

35 incidence angle modifier [-] Solar collectors Tracking: other concepts Tecnologia Solar Concentrador CCStar Collector (E) Reflector: Aluminum Receiver: 32 evacuated tubes Working fluid: Water Width: 5.2 m Length: 8.4 m Gross Area: 43.7 m2 Net area: 37.1 m2 Optical efficiency: 71.8% Max. temperature: 200ºC IAM Longitudinal IAM Transversal incidence angle [deg] Incidence angle modifier as published by TSC ( 35

36 Solar collectors Tracking: other concepts Absolicon (SE) Hemab: Installation to provide hot water for district heating and electricity for the grid 200 m2 X10 PV/T 20 kwp electricity 80 kwp hot water Mohali: Two installations Hot water and electricity Solar Cooling (not completed) 115 C. 100 m2 X10 PV/T 10 kwp electricity 90 kwp heat 36

37 Solar collectors Tracking: other concepts Gadhia Solar Energy Systems (In) Solar Steam Cooking System for people (worlds largest) Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) 37

38 Content Process Heat: sectors and processes Solar collectors Overview Stationary collectors Flat Plate collectors and variants Evacuated collectors and variants Tracking collectors Parabolic Trough Linear Fresnel other concepts Summary 38

39 Solar collectors Summary Classification TRL level* (in SHIP applications) 9. System operation 8. System Qualif. 7. Oper. demo 6. Relev. Envir. demo 5. Relev. Envir. Val. 4. Lab. validation 3. Exp. Proof 2. Tech. Concept 1. Basic principles 39 * Source:

40 Underestimated Solar collectors Summary 155 operational SHIP systems reported worldwide [2] m2 [2] 20 plants > 1000 m2 Largest: m2 Codelco Gabriela Mistral Copper Mining, Chile Tracking Reported SHIP systems: ship-plants.info [2] 40 [2] Database for applications of solar heat integration in industrial processes, AEE-INTEC. (online 06,2015)

41 System Components Summary Although the market for SPH is still small, many companies have developed new collector products suitable for a medium temperature range 100 C 250 C or even higher Non-concentrating standard collectors are suitable for temperatures below 80 C (flat-plate) / 150 C (evacuated tube collectors with CPC) Concentrating collectors PTC, LFR and other concepts, cover the remaining medium temperature range Standardization and Product certification is in place Systems and component development and testing is a important task for R&D organizations 41

42 Thank you for your attention! Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE Pedro Horta 42