Lebenszyklusanalyse solarer Energieerzeugungstechnologien im südlichen Afrika

Transcription

1 Ökobilanz-Werkstatt 2010 Lebenszyklusanalyse solarer Energieerzeugungstechnologien im südlichen Afrika Thomas Telsnig Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung, Universität Stuttgart 1. Oktober

2 Agenda Aim and Scope Technology Overview / Reference Power Plants Methodology Parameterisation Preliminary Results Thomas Telsnig 2

3 EnerKey EnerKey Governing Board SA Program Management Committee SA SA work modules M8: Project Management and Coordination Experience exchange and capacity building Module 1: Integrated energy- and climate protection modelling Module 2: stakeholders and socio-economic drivers Module 3: Building+ district energy efficiency Module 4: Traffic + mobility Module 5: Energy supplytechn.+systems Module 6: Climate prot. policy + CDM Module 7: Implementation, Training and Technology Transfer Stream 1: low cost solutions and poverty alleviation Stream 2: SWH mass roll out Stream 3: education, awareness and schools Stream X: other initiatives and activities International cooperation Thomas Telsnig 3

4 Scope Technology Methodology Parameterisation Results Context Statistics 2007: Population: 10,4 million / 21.6 % of SA GDP: bzar(2007) / 34% of SA StatsSA CS2007, StatsSA P High solar radiation potential Assessment of solar generating technologies Thomas Telsnig 4

5 Scope Technology Methodology Parameterisation Discussion Scope Characterisation and Analysis of solar electricity generation Technology perspectives under different climatic and economic conditions Performance Ratio Solar Power Comparison with conventional electricity generation techniques Assessment of future technology development Thomas Telsnig 5

6 Modellstruktur P-LCA Interpretation of results Expansion to Parametrised LCA (P-LCA) Selection Input Parameter Selection System Parameter Defintion Scaling Functions Modification of assumptions and technical settings of the same product system LCA Reference Modell Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) Life Cycle Costing (LCC) Calculation Power Plant Design Solar Field Storage Option Configuration Power Block (Cooling method) Design Point under thermodyn. constraints Life Cycle Inventory Construction O&M Dismantling Material, Energy, Area Thomas Telsnig 6

7 Technology overview Trough Stage of development Field of application Range of capacity Parameter Working Fluid Storage possibility Large scale production Grid connected power plant MW C (100bar) yes Fresnel Close to large scale Dish Close to large scale Grid connected power plant Decentralised systems MW 0,01-0,03 MW C (100bar) C yes no Tower Commercial pilot projects PV Large scale production Grid connected power plant Grid connected power plant MW 0,01-60 MW C (15 bar) - yes Battery Thomas Telsnig 7

8 Identification reference power plants Parabolic Trough 50MW 7.5h Solar Tower 20MW 7.5h Fresnel 50MW 7.5h Parabolic Dish 0.01MW 0h PV (Crystalline silicon) 50MW 0h PV (Thin film) 50MW 0h Andasol 1-3 Thomas Telsnig 8

9 Modellstruktur P-LCA Calculation Power Plant Design Solar Field Storage Option Configuration Power Block (Cooling method) Design Point under thermodyn. constraints Life Cycle Inventory Construction O&M Dismantling Material, Energy, Area Thomas Telsnig 9

10 Calculation Power Plant Design Starting point: The sun Determination of loss factors that affect the emitted solar radiation 1) Geometrical losses 2) Shading 3) Optical losses 4) End of row losses 5) Convection losses 6) Thermal radiation losses 7) Wind losses Quelle: Trieb, SOKRATES-Projekt, Technologiedatenbank Trough Collector Heat Receiver Tube Thermo-oil Storage Power Block Thomas Telsnig 10

11 Calculation Power Plant Design Orientation Trough Collector cos cos cos Z sin sin Z cos( C S ) Inclination angle onto the aperture Optimal orientation of the collector field N-S Calculation of loss factors Quelle:Drück, Müller-Steinhagen, Manuskript Solartechnik 1 cos cos cos Z sin sin Z sin S Trough Collector Heat Receiver Tube Thermo-oil Storage Power Block Thomas Telsnig 11

12 Calculation Power Plant Design Collector and Receiver tube loss factors: Q 1) Convection e.g.: (contamination of mirrors) transmission reflection 2) Thermal Radiation 3) Wind Speed SF <15 m/s no losses <45 m/s linear increase >45 m/s shutdown IDR A Kol 2 S H U IDR C IDR C 4 4 T T T T U H Trough Collector Heat Receiver Tube Thermo-oil Storage Power Block Thomas Telsnig 12

13 Calculation Power Plant Design Consideration of an on-site storage by using the Solar Multiple concept (DLR) Solar Multiple Configuration defines storage capacity (0h-18h) Quelle: Trieb, DLR; Characterisation of Solar Electricity Import Corridors from MENA to Europe Availability Trough Collector Heat Receiver Tube Thermo-oil Storage Power Block Thomas Telsnig 13

14 Calculation Power Plant Design Power Block Modell: Clausius- Rankine process Input parameters: heat solar field, process steam parameters (T, p), efficiency of components Optional possibilities to enlarge the system (co-firing, cooling, desalination) Parasitics, Power into grid, Efficiency du netto Q W P th G P Q SF Parasitics Trough Collector Heat Receiver Tube Thermo-oil Storage Power Block Thomas Telsnig 14

15 Calculation Power Plant Design Power Block Modell with wet cooling of the condenser Distance and sea level of cooling resource site Process parameters of cooling fluid (w, T) Way of cooling affects the efficiency and electricity output du netto Q W P th G P Q SF Parasitics Trough Collector Heat Receiver Tube Thermo-oil Storage Power Block Thomas Telsnig 15

16 Modellstruktur P-LCA LCA Reference Model Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) Life Cycle Costing (LCC) Calculation Power Plant Design Solar Field Storage Option Configuration Power Block (Cooling method) Design Point under thermodyn. constraints Life Cycle Inventory Construction O&M Dismantling Material, Energy, Area Thomas Telsnig 16

17 Life Cycle Inventory Functional unit of the life cycle - 1kWh electricity output System boundary Elementary flows Elementary flows Trough Collector Heat Receiver Tube Thermo-oil Storage Power Block Product flow Life cycle inventory data - Literature based research (Technology reports, papers informations of AndaSol 1) - Conference presentations, personal contact AndaSol 3 companies Materials, Energy carriers, area requirements, transport, disposal services Thomas Telsnig 17

18 Material Energy Transport Area Manpower Life Cycle Inventory Buildings Power Block Solar Field Storage Desalination Construction Activities Manufactoring Components Construction 1kWhel Operating material Auxiliary material Co-Firing O&M CSP - Plant Operating material Auxiliary material Dismantling Activities Landfilling Dismantling Thomas Telsnig 18

19 Nexus Design Calculation - Life Cycle Inventory Reference system can be extended in various ways Buildings Power Block Solar Field Storage Desalination Construction Activities Manufactoring Components Construction Operating material Auxiliary material Co-Firing O&M CSP - Plant Operating material Auxiliary material Dismantling Activities Landfilling Dismantling Condenser cooling (dry, hybrid, wet) Desalination Co-Firing Thomas Telsnig 19

20 Modellstruktur P-LCA Expansion to Parametrised LCA (P-LCA) Selection Input Parameter Selection System Parameter Defintion Scaling Functions Modification of assumptions and technical settings of the same product system LCA Reference Modell Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) Life Cycle Costing (LCC) Calculation Power Plant Design Solar Field Storage Option Configuration Power Block (Cooling method) Design Point under thermodyn. constraints Life Cycle Inventory Construction O&M Dismantling Material, Energy, Area Thomas Telsnig 20

21 LCA Structure Plan Nesting (Reference Modell) Plan Level I Life Cycle Plan Level II Costruction & Assembly Plan Level III Materials Thomas Telsnig 21

22 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (reference model) Type of Power plant Parabolic Trough Latitude 34 Time of year Summer (01.07) DNI 800 W/m² Solar Field: Collector Area m² Average wind speed Storage capacity Full load hours Condenser Distance to water ressource 10 m/s 7.5 h/d 5015 h/d Wet cooling 500 m netto P th G P Q SF Parasitics P netto MW Darmstadt (49 52 N, 8 39 O, 200 W/m²) netto P th G P Q SF Parasitics P netto MW Thomas Telsnig 22

23 Parameterisation Classification and use Input parameters System parameters Scaling functions a) Variable Latitude DNI Time of year Dimensions Collector Aperture Area Temperature Wind speed Temperature (HTF,Steam) b) Constant Heat capacity Loss coefficients Daytime Heat Solar Field Q SF IDR A Kol Heat Condenser Q Q Materials Solar Field f SF Q Q 2 Kond m D ( h 4 h1) f Kond _ Cool 3 Pumps Pump m fluid cp _ fluid T f 2 Pump SF _ neu SF _ reference Materials Cooling Tower Q Q Kond _ neu Kond _ reference Materials Piping Q Q Pump _ neu Pump _ reference Thomas Telsnig 23

24 Preliminary results (reference model) Without Co-firing Construction Dismantling O&M GHG_Emissions [g_co 2_eq /kwh] 29,223 0,128 0,195 (~+160) Thomas Telsnig 24

25 Preliminary results [Rcent07/kWh] 200,0 180,0 160,0 140,0 120,0 100,0 80,0 60,0 40,0 20,0 Generation costs CSP vs. Coal N.Cape_no storage N.Cape_storage Gauteng_no_storage Gauteng_storage Advanced coal GHG Emissions 184 g CO 2_eq /kwh (Lechón) Technology learning rates (PR): Solar Field: 90% Power Block: 98% Storage: 92% Economies of scale (PR): 80% 0, Site: Gauteng DNI 2200 kwh/m²/a Invest. LEC Invest. LEC Invest. LEC [R/kW] [Rc/kWh] [R/kW] [Rc/kWh] [R/kW] [Rc/kWh] NO STORAGE: SM , , ,9 STORAGE: SM2 - SM , , ,5 Site: Northern Cape DNI 2800 kwh/m²/a Invest. LEC Invest. LEC Invest. LEC [R/kW] [Rc/kWh] [R/kW] [Rc/kWh] [R/kW] [Rc/kWh] NO STORAGE: SM , , ,9 STORAGE: SM2 - SM , , , Site: South Africa Invest. LEC Invest. LEC Invest. LEC [R/kW] [Rc/kWh] [R/kW] [Rc/kWh] [R/kW] [Rc/kWh] Advanced Coal Power Plant , , ,9 Thomas Telsnig 25

26 Open Questions Nexus solar technologies & solar potential with GIS? Modelling of prototypes: Life cycle inventory data? Methodology of Life Cycle Costing? 1. Manpower 2. Material Costs Identification of power plant sites Siting Thomas Telsnig 26

27 Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit! Thomas Telsnig 27