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1 Sustainability of PV-Self-Consumption Systems: Better results through Energy Demand Optimisation Prof. Dr.-Ing- Stefan Krauter, University of Paderborn

2 Sustainability of PV-Self-Consumption Systems: Better results through Energy Demand Optimisation Overview Introduction Characteristics of photovoltaic power supply (daily, seasonal) Demand / consumption characteristics of SA Methods to match demand and PV power supply

3 University of Paderborn (UPB) Faculty for Electrical Engineering, Informatics & Mathematics Electrical Energy Technology Sustainable Energy Concepts (EET NEK) Research area: Sustainable Generation and Use of Energy Energy efficient buildings Wind power monitoring Decentralized energy systems Virtual energy storage Load shifting via remote control of loads Yield prediction & optimization of PV

4 Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Stefan Krauter 1998 Dipl.-Ing. for EE at University of Technology Munich 1993 Ph.D. at University of Technology Berlin 1996 Founder of SOLON AG (manufacturer of PV modules) 1998 Habilitation at University of Technology Berlin 1999 Founder of Rio-Solar Ltda (design & set-up of PV systems) Visiting Professor at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (lectures, set-up of RE-lab, chairman of events RIO 02-15) 2006 Co-Founder of Photovoltaic Institute Berlin (Testing & certification of PV modules & systems) Professor at University of Applied Sciences Biberach Since 2010 Professor & Chair at University of Paderborn, Vice-Director of Competence Center for Sustainable Energy Technology (KET)

5 PV cumulative global installed capacity until 2014 (in MW) Source: Solar Power Europe (EPIA) 2015

6 Annual production & PV technologies shares Source: Fraunhofer ISE 2015

7 Development of PV costs Learning rate: Each time the cumulative production doubled The price went down by 19.6% for the last 34 years Generation cost of PV Instalação de in RSA (incl. import etc.): capacidade eólica accumulada no mundo 2000: 0.30 /kwh 2015: 0.05 /kwh

8 Solar Irradiance & PV electricity cost in South Africa (by JRC)

9 Novo trend: Aguento o nível de autonomia nas casas Instalação de capacidade eólica anual no mundo German case: For RSA almost 100% can be achieved Problem: Storage cost is double than generation cost! Better: minimize storage!

10 Characteristics of Load vs. photovoltaic power output (Germany as an example: 37 GW PV installed)

11 Photovoltaic energy generation in Germany, first half of 2014 (energy in weeks 1-29; power of 29 th week in detail) Solar Wind Conventional (coal, nuclear) Source: ISE 2014

12 Photovoltaic power vs. spot market price EEX since 2012: lowest prices 1 to 4 pm, highest 9.30 am & 6.30 pm

13 Challenge: Matching Load with PV generation PV is one of the cheapest & cleanest electricity sources - if it can be used directly PV power output can be modified to some extend (e.g. West inclination to get more power in the evening hours) Storage is expensive Best option is to find methods how consumption can be adapted to PV availability.

14 Adaptation of load: Controlled charging of electrical vehicles: Faster charge at midday

15 Adaptation to load: Delayed grid injection (storage) and energy transport via Power to Gas process

16 Load shaping: Load curve adaptation towards characteristics of majority of actual power plants (nothing new: has been carried out already since 50 years, to adapt load to characteristics of coal & nuclear power plants) Nowadays, with lots of PV capacity, the reverse development would helpful

17 Adaptation of load via remotely controlled & inexpensive decentralized storage units (e.g., PCM in refrigerators) plus option for balancing power use

18 Balancing power (control power reserve) Adaptation of generation and load Primary control reserve: Automatic and complete activation of primary control reserve within 30 seconds Period per incident to be covered: 0 < t < 15 min Secondary control reserve: energy balance of the control area and frequency control immediate automatic activation complete activation within 5 minutes (at most) Minute reserve (tertiary control reserve): Activation via a Merit-Order-List (electronic activation) since 2012 Complete activation within 15 minutes Period per incident to be covered t > 15 min to 1 hour or up to several hours in case of several incidents

19 Internet-style open market design for electricity allows more players, quick response, new investments, innovation at low costs for all participants

20 Thank you very much for your attention!