N-fertilizer and straw management effects on grain yield and yield components of rice grown with AWD irrigation

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Gladys Dickerson
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1 N-fertilizer nd strw mngement effects on grin yield nd yield components of rice grown with AWD irrigtion Olivyn Angeles, To Phuc Tuong, Ysukzu Hosen, Srh Johnson, Romeo Cngon, Lizzid Llorc, Reynldo Rodriguez, nd Ruth Agisit Interntionl Rice Reserch Institute (IRRI) *Alternte wetting nd drying ongeles_sept2010

2 Why AWD? ongeles_sept2010

3 Current sitution nd need World popultion is projected to grow from 6.1 illion in 2000 to 8.9 illion in 2050, incresing y 47 per cent Hlf of humnkind relies on rice for 60-80% of their dietry needs The worldwide productive lnd is estimted to decrese y one hectre every 7.67 seconds Need to increse nd sustin rice productivity Growing glol wter scrcity ongeles_sept2010

4 Grin yield cn potentilly keep up with the demnd Potentilly significnt wter svings Source: Boumn BAM, Lmpyn RM, Tuong TP ongeles_sept2010

5 How is AWD done? pnicle Trget: No significnt yield penlty Soil depth: 15 cm Soil moisture potentil: < -10 kp Tools: Tensiometers or Perched tue tiller The rice plnt physiologicl timeline & AWD irrigtion mngement Trnsplnting ongeles_sept2010

6 The experiment Loction: Soil: Design: Plot size: Blocks J9-10, IRRI, Los Bnos, Philippines (14.26N, E) Clyey lom Split-split Plot 10 x 5 m2 Min-plot: 3 levels of wter mngement 1. W 0 or continuous flooding (CF) 2. W 1 or AWD W 2 or AWD 70 Su-plot fctor: 6 levels with 3 nitrogen levels nd 2 residue levels 1. N 0 S 0 4. N 0 S 1 2. N 1 S 0 5. N 1 S 1 3. N 2 S 0 6. N 2 S 1 Su-plot fctor: 2 levels timing of tillge Where: N0 = Zero N control N1 = Recommended N rte with fixed splits N2 = Lef color chrt (LCC)-sed N fertilizer S0 = Zero strw control S1 = Strw incorported t 4 t dry strw h Erly tillge (45-48 DBT) 2. Lte tillge (25-28 DBT) ongeles_sept2010

7 Field experiment t IRRI: 8 crops (4 dry seson; 4 wet seson) ongeles_sept2010

Results Dry seson wter svings W0=CF W1=AWD -20 W2=AWD -70 Sesonl irrigtion wter input CF 1084.14 mm AWD -20 832.89 mm AWD -70 733.87 mm AWD -20 : 23.18% wter sving AWD -70 : 32.

8 Results Dry seson wter svings W0=CF W1=AWD -20 W2=AWD -70 Sesonl irrigtion wter input CF mm AWD mm AWD mm AWD -20 : 23.18% wter sving AWD -70 : 32.31% wter sving Dry seson rin wter input W0 W1 W2 W0 W1 W2 W0 W1 W2 W0 W1 W RF = rinfll IrW = irrigtion wter > Averge: 278 mm > Rnge: mm ongeles_sept2010

Wet seson wter svings Sesonl irrigtion wter input W0=CF W1=AWD -20 W2=AWD -70 CF 719.84 mm AWD -20 497.02 mm AWD -70 394.

9 Wet seson wter svings Sesonl irrigtion wter input W0=CF W1=AWD -20 W2=AWD -70 CF mm AWD mm AWD mm W0 W1 W2 W0 W1 W2 W0 W1 W2 W0 W1 W RF = rinfll IrW = irrigtion wter 30.95% wter svings 45.19% wter svings Dry seson rin wter input > Averge: 797 mm > Rnge: mm ongeles_sept2010

10 Experimentl fctors 1. Wter mngement 2. N-fertilizer mngement 3. Strw mngement 4. Tillge timing ongeles_sept2010

11 Wter mngement effect (CF = ; AWD -20 = ; AWD -70 = ) t h Grin yield Grin yield (t h -1 ) Numer Numer of pnicles of (pn m -2 ) Numer of spikelets per pnicle per pnicle (spikelet pn -2 ) grin weight (g) (g) Numer (x1000) of spikelet of spikelets per sqm per squre meter (x 1000 spikelet m -2 ) Grin % Grin filling (%) t h Totl Totl dry dry mtter (t h -1 ) Hrvest Index index Dry seson: -GY + PAN - SpPAN grin weight -Sp m -2 + %GF - Totl dry mtter + HI Wet seson: + GY + PAN - SpPAN grin weight + Sp m -2 + %GF - Totl dry mtter + HI ongeles_sept2010

12 N fertilizer effect t h c Grin yield Grin yield (t h -1 ) (0N = ; N Rec,recommended N mngement = ; N LCC = ) Numer Numer of pnicles of (pn m -2 ) Numer Numer of of spikelets per pnicle (spikelet pn -2 ) grin weight (g) (g) Numer of (x1000) spikelet of spikelets per sqm per squre meter (x1000 spikelet m -2 ) Grin % Grin filling filling (%) c t h c Totl Totl dry dry mtter (t h -1 ) Hrvest index Hrvest Index Dry seson: + GY + PAN + SpPAN grin weight + Sp m -2 -%GF + Totl dry mtter -HI Wet seson: + GY + PAN + SpPAN grin weight + Sp m -2 -%GF + Totl dry mtter -HI ongeles_sept2010

13 Strw effect (No strw = ; With strw (4 t DW h -1 ) = ) t h Grin yield Grin yield (t h -1 ) Numer Numer of pnicles of (pn m -2 ) Numer of of spikelets per per pnicle pnicle (spikelet pn -2 ) (g) 1000-grin weight (g) Numer of (x1000) spikelet of spikelets per sqm per squre meter (x1000 spikelet m -2 ) Grin % filling Grin filling (%) t h Totl Totl dry dry mtter (t h -1 ) Hrvest index Index Dry seson: Wet seson: + GY + PAN + SpPAN grin weight + Sp m -2 + %GF + Totl dry mtter + HI + GY + PAN + SpPAN grin weight + Sp m -2 -%GF + Totl dry mtter + HI ongeles_sept2010

14 Comined effect of wter nd N-mngement on GY Dry seson grin yield t h -1 0 N Rec_N LCC c c c Continuously flooded AWD-20 AWD-70 Wter mngement Wet seson grin yield t h -1 0 N Rec_N LCC Men grin yield (t/h) 0 N Rec_N LCC Men grin yield (t/h) 0 N Rec_N LCC Continuously flooded AWD-20 AWD-70 Wter mngement ongeles_sept2010

15 Conclusion 1. Bsed on 8-seson (4-yers) continuous AWD cultivtion dt, AWD does not significntly ffect GY in ut cn significntly ffect GY in depending on the soil wter potentil threshold used.. In oth nd, shifting from trditionl continuously flooded irrigted rice to AWD down to - 20 kp does not significntly reduce GY.. Depending on the wether, AWD down to -70 my led to yield penlty. 2. AWD -20 cn sve 23-32% irrigtion wter per seson while AWD -70 cn sve 30-45% ongeles_sept2010

16 3. AWD cn mximize use of rinfll, increse productivity of irrigtion wter input, nd offer opportunities to conserve wter resource for future use. 4. The timing of tillge (45-48 DBT or DBT) does not ffect GY. 5. GY with strw incorportion ws generlly higher thn without strw. 6. Recommended N (fixed dose nd timing of ppliction) nd LCC-se N mngement re oth chievle nd effective in incresing grin yields with AWD. 7. Apprently, no tillge, strw, nd N-mngement chnge is necessry when shifting from continuously flooded to AWD irrigtion mngement. ongeles_sept2010

17 I R R I Thnk you A collortive project y the Interntionl Rice Reserch Institute (IRRI) Jpn Interntionl Reserch Center for Agriculturl Sciences (JIRCAS) nd Jpn Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry nd Fisheries (MAFF) ongeles_sept2010

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20 How do we know the time to irrigte (~ -10 kp t 15 cm)? Frmers Perched tue Reserchers (Tensiometer) 15cm depth ongeles_sept2010

21 Grin yield from yer-to-yer Men grin yield (t/h) CF AWD (8% difference) AWD (13% difference) Men grin yield (t/h) CF AWD (6% difference) AWD (7% difference) ongeles_sept2010

22 : Wter (IrW + RF) productivity Men irrigtion wter productivity (Liters per kg grin) N Rec_N LCC_N 1455 Men totl wter (irrigtion + rin wter) input productivity (Liters per kg grin) N Rec_N 1818 LCC_N 1916 ongeles_sept2010

23 : Wter (IrW + RF) productivity Men irrigtion wter productivity (Liters per kg grin) N Rec_N LCC_N 1270 Men totl wter (irrigtion + rin wter) input productivity (Liters per kg grin) N Rec_N LCC_N 3229 ongeles_sept2010

Plce the middle prt of the lef on chrt nd compre the lef color with the color pnels of the LCC. Do not detch or destroy the lef. 3.

24 Lef color chrt (LCC) 1. Rndomly select t lest 10 disese-free rice plnts or hills in field with uniform plnt popultion. 2. Select the topmost fully expnded lef from ech hill or plnt. Plce the middle prt of the lef on chrt nd compre the lef color with the color pnels of the LCC. Do not detch or destroy the lef. 3. Mesure the lef color under the shde ecuse direct sunlight ffects lef color redings. If possile, the sme person should tke LCC redings t the sme time of the dy every time. 4. Determine the verge LCC reding for the selected leves. ongeles_sept2010

25 Approch N-fertilizer NH 4 -N > NO 3 -N Less N 2 O; Less NO 3 leching Eh = +180 mv Eh = -150 mv Schemtic presenttion of flooded soil showing the zones with different microil metolism (Reddy KR et l., 1986) ongeles_sept2010

26 Concept of AWD 60 Field wter depth (mm) CF soil surfce AWD Trnsp recovery Erly tillering Lte tillering PI to complete flowering Dys fter trnsplnting grin filling Mturity Source: Incresing doption of AWD (Lmpyn et l., 2004; Li et l., 2003) ongeles_sept2010

27 N-trnsformtions in irrigted rice soils Source: Doermnn, A. nd Firhurst T., 2000 ongeles_sept2010

28 Methne (CH 4 ) formtion in flooded rice soils Source: ricewe.org ongeles_sept2010

Rice environments Uplnd -Shifting griculture -Permnent cultivtion Rinfed uplnd -

irrigted rice will suffer from some degree of wter scrcity (Tuong nd Boumn, 2003)

(17 M h) 50% (79 M h) 30% (45 M h) 9% (14 M h) 4% (24 M t) 75% (450 M t) 17% (102 M t)

29 Rice environments Uplnd -Shifting griculture -Permnent cultivtion Rinfed uplnd - Drought-prone - Fvorle It ws estimted tht y 2025, Rinfed lowlnd million h of irrigted rice will suffer from some degree of wter scrcity (Tuong nd Boumn, 2003) Irrigted lowlnd - Drought prone - Sumergence prone Flood prone deficit WATER surplus 11% (17 M h) 50% (79 M h) 30% (45 M h) 9% (14 M h) 4% (24 M t) 75% (450 M t) 17% (102 M t) 4% (24 M t) 1-3 th th th th -1 Dt source: Mclen, 2002; Doermnn et l., 2004 ongeles_sept2010

30 World popultion (2007) Worldwide popultion 2007 (UN): 6.67 Billion Projected increse from 2000 to 2050: 0.77% Implictions: - Higher food demnd - Higher lnd conversion from griculturl to industril / residentil - Higher domestic nd industril wter use Source: ion_(un).svg ongeles_sept2010

Asin rice re nd yield (1990-2007) Worldwide 2007 (FAO): 156.

31 Asin rice re nd yield ( ) Worldwide 2007 (FAO): M h Decrese: 1 h per 7.67 sec Source: ongeles_sept2010

32 Growing glol wter scrcity The wter stress indictor mesures the proportion of wter withdrwl with respect to totl renewle resources. - Source: WterGAP Decemer 1999 ( ongeles_sept2010

33 References Boumn BAM, Lmpyn RM, Tuong TP Wter mngement in irrigted rice: coping with wter scrcity. Los Bños (Philippines): Interntionl Rice Reserch Institute. 54 p. Doermnn, A. nd Firhurst T., Rice : Nutrient disorders nd nutrient mngement. Singpore: Potsh & Phosphte Institute; Lgun, Philippines: IRRI. FAOSTAT Dtse, FAO, Rome United Ntions, Deprtment of Economic nd Socil Affirs, Popultion Division, World Popultion Prospects: The 2006 Revision, vol. I, Comprehensive Tles (United Ntions puliction, Sles No. E.07.XIII.2) Mclen JL, Dwe D, Hrdy B, Hettel GP, editors Rice lmnc. Los Bños (Philippines): Interntionl Rice Reserch Institute. 253 pp. Neue, H Methne emission from rice fields: Wetlnd rice fields my mke mjor contriution to glol wrming. BioScience 43 (7): Tuong TP, Boumn BAM Rice production in wter scrce environments. In: Kijne JW, Brker R, Molden D, editors. Wter productivity in griculture: limits nd opportunities for improvement. Wllingford (UK): CABI Pulishing. p Wssmnn Reiner, Ysukzu Hosen, nd Ky Sumfleth, Reducing Methne Emissions from Irrigted Rice. Interntionl Food Policy Reserch Institute, Focus 16: Brief 3, My 2009 ongeles_sept2010

34 N tret ment Bsl Ure ppliction rte in / (kg N h -1 ) Mx Tillering (44 49 DAS) PI (59 63 DAS) Heding (69 77 DAS) N N 1 * / / / 30 N 2 * / 40 (LCC < 3) 45 / 30 (3 < LCC < 4) 23 / 15 (4 < LCC) 60 / 40 (LCC < 3) 45 / 30 (3 < LCC < 4) 23 / 15 (4 < LCC) *1: Fixed time, fixed split (165 kg N h -1 in / 120 kg N h -1 in ) *2: Fixed time N fertilizer mngement sed on lef color chrt (LCC Su-suplot fctor2: 2 levels s timing of tillge (T1, T2) 1. Erly tillge (T1) 2. Lte tillge (T2) 23 / 15 (LCC < 3) 0 / 0 (3 < LCC) ongeles_sept2010

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