Energy in Buildings Understanding the Impacts On Consumption

Transcription

1 Energy in Buildings Understanding the Impacts On Consumption Steve Wallon Building Energy Specialist Smart Energy Design Assistance Center (SEDAC), University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Providing effective strategies for public and private buildings in Illinois

2 Presentation Outline i. Introduction - What is energy? - Typical energy breakdown - Overarching strategy for success ii. iii. Building performance case studies Energy expectations - Technology case study - How behavior can affect energy? iv. Behavior - Tools for promote change

3 Introduction

4 What of it? Power How quickly work can be done, rate. Force & Speed Energy Ability to do work over time or distance. Energy = P x t Energy types: Mechanical Chemical Thermal Electrical Luminous Radiant Magnetic Gravitational Elastic Kinetic Potential (stored) Sound Nuclear

5 In buildings, we are interested primarily in two forms of energy Heat (thermal) Form transferred by difference in temperature. Primary source usually Electricity Presence and motion of elementary charged particles generated by friction, induction, or chemical change. Secondary source

6 First Law of Thermo Conservation of Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed it can be transferred from one object to another or transformed from one form to another. Energy is converted multiple times before you use it Losses are inevitable!

7 The basics Heat Transfer Heat always flows from warm to cold The (in)ability of heat to move through a solid, liquid, or gas by any of the following is measure by it s resistance (R-value) 1. Conduction 2. Infiltration (convection) 3. Radiation

8 How do we measure it? A Btu is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit at ~39ºF. 1 kwh of electricity = 3,412 Btu 1 therm of natural gas = 100,000 Btu 1 ton of coal = 28,000,000 Btu 1 gallon of gasoline = 125,000 Btu 1 gallon of diesel = 140,000 Btu 1 gallon of ethanol = 84,000 Btu 1 Btu

9 Impacts On Building Energy Consumption 2 basic systems, 5 total key areas affecting building energy consumption. Energized: Non-Energized: Lighting Mechanical Heat Cool Ventilation Process (plug loads) Envelope (new construction) Thermal properties Orientation Air seal Occupant Behavior

10 Typical Energy Breakdown Commercial buildings in Illinois, we find (about) CBECS for specific building types.

11 Overarching Strategy For Success 1. Reduce demand Intentionally use energy ONLY when needed, can it be turned off? 2. Energy efficiency Identify where energy IS needed, and lower consumption: high-performance design and equipment. 3. Commissioning and ongoing tracking Maintain systems for optimal performance. 4. Renewable energy Begin on-site power generate (extra credit)

12 SEDAC s top 10 energy cost reduction measures (ECRMs) Efficient lighting (T8s, T5s, delamping, control, LED exit signs) Air sealing/ Weatherization (reducing uncontrolled leakage) Commissioning/ Retro-commissioning (of HVAC equipment) Temperature Setbacks Heating (efficient boilers/furnaces) Cooling (high-efficiency cooling systems) Ventilation (occupancy-based control, heat recovery) Electric Motor Control (e.g. variable frequency drives) Insulation (roof and wall insulation upgrades) Glazing (door and window assembly upgrades) These measures either have a short payback or significantly reduce energy or both!

13 Building Performance

14 Which building do you presume to have the best energy performance? And the worst?

15 How do they compare? 140 SEDAC Illinois K-12 School Energy Use Intensities 2001 $2.50 Elec kbtu/sf Gas kbtu/sf $/sf 120 $2.00 Energy Use Intensity (kbtu/sf/yr) $1.50 $1.00 Energy Cost Intensity ($/sf/yr) $ K JH 74 - HS 73 - Elem 72 - HS 71 - HS 70 - MS 69 - Elem 68 - Elem 67 - HS 66 - Elem 65 - Elem 64 - Pre-k 63 - MS 62 - Elem 61 - HS 60 - Elem 59 - MS 58 - MS 57 - Elem 56 - Elem 55 - HS 54 - Elem 53 - HS 52 - MS 51 - Dist 50 - Elem 49 - Elem 48 - MS 47 - Elem 46 - Elem 45 - Elem 44 - K HS 42 - Elem 41 - Elem 40 - HS 39 - Elem 38 - HS 37 - HS 36 - Elem 35 - Elem 34 - Elem 33 - HS 32 - HS 31 - Elem 30 - Elem 29 - HS 28 - K Elem 26 - Elem 25 - MS - HS 24 - HS 23 - HS 22 - Elem 21 - Elem 20 - K HS 18 - HS 17 - Elem 16 - Elem 15 - MS 14 - Elem 13 - MS 12 - Elem 11 - K MS 9 - Elem 8 - K Elem 6 - MS 5 - HS 4 - Elem 3 - MS 2 - HS 1 - MS $-

16 Typical school that meets Code Zone 5a, 80 kbtu/sf/yr

17 New is not necessarily better Old, great energy use intensity (EUI) Built 1921, annual EUI 36 kbtu/sf

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24 What attributed to this building s low consumption? Built 2009, annual EUI 33 kbtu/sf

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30 What made this building s consumption so high? Built 2001, annual EUI 118 kbtu/sf

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34 FOR DUCT ENCASEMENT ()I!AIN VALVE AND CAP (Tlf'CALl ECTION (TYPICAL) FLEXIBLE CON N UNION (TYPICAL) suspended HOT WATER UNIT HEATER PIPING DETAIL ~TS LL j 0 0 I u <f) I C) 3.4' n. ~ BALL VALVE (TYP.). ) ~ FlOW SETTING DEVICE (TYP.)- B & G CIRCUIT SETTER HW N.O. AUTOMATIC 3-WAY MIXING CONTROL VALVE- MAXIMUM 10' P.D. AT SCHEDULED GPM. ----BYPASS ~ 318' MANUAL GATE VALVE AIR VENT (TYP.) STRAm WI GATE VALVE / & HOSE 00 BLOW Off 'PETE'S I'I.UG. SUT ABLE FOR l'ffm 011 TI PMOMETEi TAP. AIR FLOW I > ~ z ~ ~ ~ 0 u QEANOUT/DRAIN PlUGS - FULL SIZE OF COil PIPE COflt..ECTION$ (TYP COIL PIPING DETAIL (3 WAY CO 2 WAY VALVE PIPIN' NTROL VALVE) "SIMILAR BUT WITHOUT BYPASS ( V2"., ~- ORAN VALVE W/ H.E. COUPLING (TYP.)

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37 HATCO CORPORATION, MILWAUKEE, WI U.S.A. Model C-58...;U...;.;.,;;. AC C IRCUJT 1: ~IRE AMPS PH _1!f? &o ~IL. U.l Fllf E23199

38 Energy consumption is not necessarily dependent upon the installed technology nor always correlated to a building s date of construction.

39 Energy Expectations

40 Business Instruction Facility (BIF) LEED Platinum in 2008, $60 million dollars. Predicted to trim energy use by nearly 50 percent, officials estimate, cutting utility costs by up to $300,000 a year compared with traditional classroom buildings on the Urba Champaign campus.

41 Technologies

42 Technologies Triple pane windows that absorb less solar radiation than traditional panes. High performance insulation. 4,000 sf of photovoltaic panels on roof harvests solar radiation (8% of building load). Zinc roofing reflects heat away from the building. Photo sensors on interior lights. Uses a displacement air system which will move warm and cool air through the building efficiently than a traditional forced-air system. Plantings on part of the roof area reduce rain run-off and the impact of heat on the buil HVAC. Use of water-efficient plantings around facility. High quality finishes with low embodied energy (quantity of energy required to manufa and supply to the point of use, a product, material or service) such as terrazzo and linole flooring. Carbon dioxide monitoring to help sustain long-term occupant comfort and well-being.

43 2009 Monthly Energy Occupant Impact 15 Electric + Chilled Water + Steam Changed schedules Re-commission? 10 Monthly kbtu / sf JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC STEAM (KBTU/SqFt) CHILLED WATER (KBTU/SqFt) ELECTRIC (KBTU/SqFt) DEC Model Electric & Steam & Chill Water USE kbtu/sqft-yr

44 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Occupancy Schedule Change DEC Sched Weekday DEC Sched Weekend Current Sched Weekdays Current Sched Weekends Occupancy 12:00 AM 1:00 AM 1:00 AM 2:00 AM 2:00 AM 3:00 AM 3:00 AM 4:00 AM 4:00 AM 5:00 AM 5:00 AM 6:00 AM 6:00 AM 7:00 AM 7:00 AM 8:00 AM 8:00 AM 9:00 AM 9:00 AM 10:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 PM 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 4:00 PM 5:00 PM 5:00 PM 6:00 PM 6:00 PM 7:00 PM

45 Not always the technology

46 How Behavior Can Affect Energy? The forgotten load Human behavior is usually seen secondary to building thermodynamics and technological efficiencies. Thermal comfort Health concerns Energy literacy Untrained users Inherent ambiguity Technology adaptation 3 simple light switches vs. complex panel

47 Tools For Behavior Change Create social obligation within the organization: Pledges voluntary commitments Norms group solidary, surveillance, control Communications marketing, facts, personal, persuasion, empower individuals Motivators incentivize and reward, prize, money Removal of hindrances remove obstacles limiting change

48 Tools For Behavior Change Who is the Champion? Monitors and reports progress. Who is ultimately responsible? Accountability for success DOE website example: