Hydrograph separation of a sub-arctic glacial watershed, Interior Alaska

Transcription

1 Hydrograph separation of a sub-arctic glacial watershed, Interior Alaska Tiffany Gatesman 1, 2 Tom Douglas 1 Anna Liljedahl 2 Tom Trainor 2 Anne Gaedeke

2 Objectives Quantify contribution of glacier melt, snow melt and groundwater to stream runoff Objectives 2

3 Jarvis Creek Watershed Jarvis Creek Watershed 636 km2 3.3% glaciated Features: permafrost, till, tundra, taiga, permanent snow fields 3

4 thick deposits of permeable gravel sediments with high hydraulic conductivities terminal glacial moraine deposits with low hydraulic conductivities 4

5 Distance from 1949 terminus (m) Jarvis Glacier summer time terminal ice front % retreat, 1640 m over 61 years Douglas, 2014, not published 5

6 Methods hydrograph separation mixing models stable water isotopes methods sample sites Methods 6

7 Hydrograph Separation & Mixing Models Delineate and constrain hydrologic flow paths Stream water, rain, groundwater, snow and glacier melt Unique chemical signature Stable water heavy isotopes δ 18 O & δd Mg 2+, Ca 2+, SO 4 2- Methods 7

8 Stable water isotopes - δ 18 O & δd (Kendall et all, 1998; SHARA) Unit: per mil ( ) Rain Out Effect precipitation more heavy (negative value) than vapor Isotopic signatures indicative of: Decreasing air temperatures Increase latitude and elevation -0 Increase Latitude Adapted from SAHRA Methods 8

9 Geochemistry method Geochemical Field Sampling WaSiM Modeling Comparison Input parameters Geochemical Analysis Stable water isotopes (δ 18 O & δd), Major Ions, suspended colloids End-member mixing modeling Geochemical m modeling used to r refine hydrologic model simulation Hydrologic modeling Modeled results Modeled results Model Comparison Methods 8

10 Jarvis Watershed study sites ISCO daily auto sampler Discharge surface water Seasonal Surface water Groundwater Rainfall Glacier Snow Meteorological Stations N Study site 10 Methods 9

11 Jarvis Creek watershed average stable water isotope values Bulk Watershed (654) δd ( ) y = 6.8x δ 18 O ( ) Rain (32) Snow (165) Groundwater & Overflow (58) Glacier Terminus (7) Results 11

12 Rain Jarvis Creek Watershed δ 18 O δ 18 O ( ) Groundwater Snow /12 5/27 7/11 8/25 10/9 Results 12

13 δ 18 O in per mil Ground water (a) 2011 δ 18 O in per mil Ground water (b) /12 5/27 7/11 8/25 10/9-25 4/12 5/27 7/11 8/25 10/9-19 (c) (d) 2014 δ 18 O in per mil Ground water δ 18 O in per mil Ground water -25 4/12 5/27 7/11 8/25 10/9-25 4/12 5/27 7/11 8/25 10/9 Results 13

14 2013 δ 18 O & Jarvis Watershed Discharge Rain δ 18 O ( ) Groundwater Discharge (m 3 s -1 ) Snow /12 5/27 7/11 8/25 10/9 0 Results 14

15 Estimated Glacier Contribution to Stream Flow % 61% 74% 26% 67% 33% Glacier Other Calculated from total amount of glacier melt and total amount of runoff at mouth of watershed Compared w/o consideration of any losses Results 15

16 thick deposits of permeable gravel sediments with high hydraulic conductivities terminal glacial moraine deposits with low hydraulic conductivities Results 16

17 Discharge (m 3 s -1 ) Jarvis Watershed and Jarvis Canyon Discharge Jarvis Canyon Daily Mean Watershed Daily Mean 0 4/26 6/15 8/4 9/23 Results 17

18 100 Average Daily Volume Loss (Jarvis Canyon Jarvis Watershed) Percent Loss % loss for season (conservative) 0 4/ /26 6/25 7/25 8/24 9/23 Results 18

19 Summary Distinct chemical signatures in contributing sources Hydrograph separation modeling will be possible Glacier and groundwater sources Dissolved ion concentrations will support and differentiate Summary 19

20 Summary Seasonal isotopic variation can detect certain weather events Inter-annual isotopic variation can suggest changes in atmospheric circulation Summary 20

21 Summary Geochemical hydrograph separation will refine the quantification of glacial melt to stream flow Summary 21

22 Funding: Institute of Northern Engineering (2011) National Institutes for Water Resources (2012) Alaska University Transportation Center ( ) Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities ( ) Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium - PacTrans ( ) Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory through SERDP-DOD ( ) Arctic System Science Program, National Science Foundation ( ) National Institutes for Water Resources (2015) Collaborators/Acknowledgements: Acknowledgements 22

23 Summary Geochemical hydrograph separation will Thank you for your time, refine the quantification of glacial melt to stream flow Any questions? References: Alaska Dispatch Publishing, "Can Fish Wheels save Alaska's Yukon River Salmon Fishery?" Alaska Dispatch. Web. 08 Nov Bhatia, Maya P. S. B. D., Elizabeth B. Kujawinski, Paul Henderson, Andrea Burke, Matthew A. Charette (2011). Seasonal evolution of water contributions to discharge from a Greenland outlet glacier; insight from a new isotope-mixing model. Journal of Glaciology. 57: 13. Cook, Ken, and Tony Taylor. "The CHROMacademy Essential Guide Tutorial Introduction to Ion ChromatographyIon Chromatography Is a Generic Term That Applies to Any Method for Chromatographic Separation of Ionic or Ionisable Species in Solution." Introduction to Ion Chromatography. Crawford Scientific, 29 Nov Web. 21 Mar Crowley Maritime Corporation, "Alaska Fuel Sales." Alaska Fuel Sales. Web. 08 Nov Faure, G., & Mensing, T. M. (2005). Isotopes: principles and applications. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Federal Highway Administration, Center for Accelerating Innovation, "Find an Innovation." EDC News, September 26, June Web 08 Nov Ingraham, N. L., & Matthews, R. A. (1990). A stable isotopic study of fog: the Point Reyes Peninsula, California, USA. Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience section, 80(4), Kendall, C., & McDonnell, J. J. (Eds.). (2012). Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology. Elsevier. McNamara, J. P., Douglas L. Kane, Larry D. Hinzman (1997). "Hydrograph separation in an Arctic watershed using mixing model and graphical techniques." Water Resources Research 33(7): "SAHRA - Isotopes & Hydrology." SAHRA - Isotopes & Hydrology. N.p., Web. 13 Mar Taylor, S. S. F., Mark Williams, James McNamara (2002). How isotopic fractionation of snowmelt affect hydrograph separation. Hydrological processes 16: Turner, J. V., & Barnes, C. J. (1998). Modeling of isotope and hydrogeochemical 23 responses in catchment hydrology. Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology, Vaughn, B.H., Crosson, E.R., White, J.W.C., & Sweeney, C. Wavelength-scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy: opening new doors for tracing water isotopes in the hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere. Poster presentation at American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA, 2008 fall meeting.

24 δ 18 O & Jarvis Watershed Discharge 30 δ 18 O ( ) Rain Groundwater Discharge (m 3 s -1 ) Snow /12 5/27 7/11 8/25 10/9 24

25 25

26 δ18o (in per mil) δ18o and Daily Precipitation at Delta Junction /12 5/27 7/11 8/25 10/ Daily Precipitation (mm) 26

27 δ18o and Average Daily Delta Junction 25 δ18o (per mil) d18o / per mil Ave daily temp/ C -15 4/12 5/27 7/11 8/25 10/9 Temperature ( C) 27

28 δ18o (per mil) δ18o & Daily Precipitation at Delta Junction /12 5/27 7/11 8/25 10/ Precipitation (cm) 28

29 δ18o (per mil) δ18o & Average Daily Temperature at Glacier d18o/per mil Ave daily temp/ C -15 4/12 5/27 7/11 8/25 10/9 25 Temperature ( C) 29

30 Jarvis Creek watershed average stable water isotope values δd ( ) y = x δ 18 O ( ) Bulk Watershed (654) Rain (32) Snow (165) Glacier Water (27) Groundwater & Overflow (58) 30