i ~4 applications WTP Functional materials for sustainable energy Edited by

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1 Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 35 Functional materials for sustainable energy applications Edited by John A. Kilner, Stephen J. Skinner, Stuart J. C. Irvine and Peter P. Edwards WTP WOODHEAD PUBLISHING i ~4 Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi

2 Contents Contributor contact details Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy Preface xiii xix xxv Part I Functional materials for solar power 1 Silicon-based photovoltaic solar cells 3 N. E. B. Cowern, Newcastle University, UK 1.1 Introduction Polysilicon production Crystallisation and wafering Solar cells: materials issues and cell architectures Conclusions References 19 2 Photovoltaic (PV) thin-films for solar cells 22 S. J. C. Irvine, Glyndwr University, UK 2.1 Introduction Amorphous silicon thin-film photovoltaic (PV) Cadmium telluride thin-film PV Copper indium diselenide thin-film PV Materials sustainability Future trends Sources of further information and advice References 39 3 Rapid, low-temperature processing of dye-sensitized solar cells 42 P. J. Holliman, A. Connell and M. L. Davies, Bangor University, UK and M. J. Carnie and T. M. Watson, Swansea University, UK v

3 vi Contents 3.1 Introduction to dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) Manufacturing issues Sensitization Electrodes Electrolyte Quality control (QC)/lifetime testing Conclusions and future trends Acknowledgements References 60 4 Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) devices: introduction and modelling 67 R. J. Nicholas and R. S. Tuley, University of Oxford, UK 4.1 Introduction to thermophotovoltaics (TPVs) Practical TPV cell performance Modelling TPV cells Tandem TPV cells Conclusions References 84 5 Photoelectrochemical cells for hydrogen generation 91 K. G. U. Wijayantha, Loughborough University, UK 5.1 Introduction Photoelectrochemical cells: principles and energetics Photoelectrochemical cell configurations and efficiency considerations Semiconductor photoanodes: material challenges Semiconductor photocathodes: material challenges Advances in photochemical cell materials and design Interfacial reaction kinetics Future trends Acknowledgements References Appendix: abbreviations 143 Part II Functional materials for hydrogen production and storage 6 Reversible solid oxide electrolytic cells for largescale energy storage: challenges and opportunities 149 B.Yildiz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

4 Contents vii 6.1 Introduction to reversible solid oxide cells Operating principles and functional materials Degradation mechanisms in solid oxide electrolysis cells Research needs and opportunities Summary and conclusions References Membranes, adsorbent materials and solvent-based materials for syngas and hydrogen production 179 S. J. Doong, UOP, a Honeywell Company, USA 7.1 Introduction H2-selective membrane materials CCyselective membrane materials Adsorbent materials for H2/C02 separation Solvent-based materials for H2/C02 separation Future trends Sources of further information and advice References Functional materials for hydrogen storage 217 M. Felderhoff, Max-Planck-Institul fur Kohlenforschung, Germany 8.1 Introduction Hydrogen storage with metal hydrides: an introduction Hydrogen storage with interstitial hydrides, A1H3 and MgH Hydrogen storage with complex metal hydrides Hydrogen storage using other chemical systems Hydrogen storage with porous materials and nanoconfined materials Applications of hydrogen storage Conclusions References 241 Part III Functional materials for fuel cells 9 The role of the fuel in the operation, performance and degradation of fuel cells 249 D. J. L. Brett, University College London, UK and Imperial College London, UK, E. Agante, N. P. Brandon

5 viii Contents and E. Brightman, Imperial College London, UK, R. J. C. Brown, National Physical Laboratory, UK, M. Manage, University College London, UK and I. Staffell, University of Birmingham, UK 9.1 Introduction Thermodynamics of fuel cell operation and the effect of fuel on performance Hydrocarbon fuels and fuel processing Methanol Other fuels Deleterious effects of fuels on fuel cell performance Conclusions Acknowledgements References Membrane electrode assemblies for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells 279 K. Scott, Newcastle University, UK 10.1 Introduction Requirements for membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) Porous backing layer materials Membrane materials MEA electrode catalyst layer MEA performance Conclusions References Developments in membranes, catalysts and membrane electrode assemblies for direct methanol fuel ceils (DMFCs) 312 A. Manthiram, X. Zhao and W. Li, University of Texas at Austin, USA 11.1 Introduction Historical development and technical challenges Methanol oxidation reaction catalysts Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts Proton exchange membranes Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) fabrication and structure 343

6 Contents ix 11.7 Conclusions and future trends Acknowledgements References Electrolytes and ion conductors for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 370 N. Preux, A. Rolle and R.N. Vannier, Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille, France 12.1 Introduction Oxide ion conduction Electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) Preparation and characterization of electrolyte materials for SOFCs Conclusions References Novel cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells 402 J.-C. Grenier, J.-M. Bassat and F. Mauvy, ICMCB-CNRS, Universite de Bordeaux, France 13.1 Introduction The oxygen reduction reaction in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and implications for cathode materials Conventional cathode materials: perovskite-type oxides Innovative cathode materials: structural aspects of 2D non-stoichiometric perovskite-related oxides Comparative transport properties and electrochemical performances of 2D non-stoichiometric oxides Ln2Ni04+5 oxides: innovative and flexible materials for oxygen electrodes of protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) and electrolyzers Prospective conclusions References Novel anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells 445 S. W. Tao, P. I. Cowin and R. Lan, University of Strathclyde, UK 14.1 Introduction Requirements for solid oxide fuel cell anode materials Cermet solid oxide fuel cell anode materials Perovskite-structured solid oxide fuel cell anode materials 454

7 X Contents 14.5 Other oxide anode materials Non-oxide anode materials Poisoning of solid oxide fuel cell anode materials Conclusions and future trends References Thin-film solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) materials 478 A. J. Jacobson, C. Yu and W. Gong, University of Houston, USA 15.1 Introduction Electrolytes Anode materials Cathode materials Device structures Conclusions Acknowledgments References Appendix: glossary Proton conductors for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 515 E.Traversa and E. Fabbri, formerly National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Japan 16.1 The proton conduction mechanism in high temperature proton conductor (HTPC) electrolytes Reaction processes at the electrode/electrolyte when using HTPC electrolytes HTPC: the state of the art and challenges Electrodes for HTPC electrolytes: the state of the art and challenges Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) based on HTPC electrolytes: current status and future perspectives Conclusions References 532 Part IV Functional materials for demand reduction and energy storage 17 Materials and techniques for energy harvesting 541 M. E. KizmooLou and E. M. Yeatman, Imperial College London, UK

8 Contents xi 17.1 Introduction Theory of motion energy harvesting Piezoelectric harvesting Electrostatic harvesting Thermoelectric harvesting Electromagnetic energy harvesting from motion Suspension materials for motion energy harvesting References Lithium batteries: current technologies and future trends 573 B. Scrosati and X Hassoun, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy 18.1 Introduction Lithium-ion batteries Safety of lithium-ion batteries Energy density of lithium-ion batteries Future trends Acknowledgements References Rare-earth magnets: properties, processing and applications 600 I. R. Harris, University of Birmingham, UK and G. W. Jewell, University of Sheffield, UK 19.1 Introduction Properties of permanent magnetic materials Improving the properties of permanent magnetic materials Processing of permanent magnets Properties of commercially manufactured permanent magnets Applications of permanent magnet materials References 638 PartV Appendix Appendix: Atomic-scale computer simulation of functional materials: methodologies and applications 643 A. Chroneos, Imperial College London, UK and University of Cambridge, UK and C. L. Bishop, D. C. Parfitt and R. W. Grimes, Imperial College London, UK A.l Introduction 643

9 xii Contents A.2 Methodological approaches 643 A.3 Application of methodologies 652 A.4 Future trends 658 A.5 References 658 Index 663