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1 Available olie at ScieceDirect Procedia Ecoomics ad Fiace 8 ( 2014 ) st Iteratioal Coferece 'Ecoomic Scietific Research - Theoretical, Empirical ad Practical Approaches', ESPERA 2013 Formal ad iformal aspects of maagemet tools Costaa Iacob a, Raluca Drăceab a, Daiel Cîrciumaru a * a Uiversity of Craiova, 13 A.I. Cuza Street, , Romaia Abstract Ask ourselves if we ca copy ad apply a maagemet model as it was coceived? The aswer to this questio is yes ad o. Iformatio systems ad maagemet accoutig commo forms are similar i differet coutries, but their associated maagemet practices differ from coutry to coutry visible. This distictio leads us to the idea that the mai differeces that arise betwee differet coutries ad betwee Europe ad the Uited States occur i the iformal system, somethig that we wat to argue ad preset its ow model The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Ope access uder CC BY-NC-ND licese. Selectio ad peer-review uder resposibility of the Orgaizig Committee of of ESPERA Keywords: performace; tools; strategy; resources; quality; price; 1. Itroductio As ecoomic competitio becomes icreasigly fierce, ecoomic eviromet requires efficiecy ad performace. O the other had, full developmet of techologies requires cotiuous upgradig of skills ad ew forms of orgaizatio ad maagemet of work. I this dyamic cotext, maagerial accoutig becomes vitally importat because it trasforms orgaizatios ad has a impact o their social, ecoomic ad physical aspects. Busiess decisios o developmet of ew products, pricig policy i its recruitmet ad salary are depedet o * Correspodig author. Tel.: address: daielcirciumaru@yahoo.com The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Ope access uder CC BY-NC-ND licese. Selectio ad peer-review uder resposibility of the Orgaizig Committee of ESPERA 2013 doi: /S (14)00080-X

2 188 Costața Iacob et al. / Procedia Ecoomics ad Fiace 8 ( 2014 ) accoutig iformatio; ad maagers' behaviors are iflueced by accoutig because it has impact o the actio of maagers ad at the same time producers ad recipiets of such iformatio. Likewise, Express ad Bouqui (2006) emphasize the limits of traditioal maagemet accoutig ad also ote the importace of idetifyig ad evaluatig the fiacial cosequeces of policy optios. Strategic cost maagemet studies show places to authors ad aalyze orgaizatios i a broader framework that icludes: orgaizatios relatios with their parters, particularly with suppliers ad customers. This idea was embraced by Roztocki (2001) whe referrig to the itegratio cocept, EVA i ABC. This cocept appears as a ovelty, does ot cotai yet existig computig costs, ad does ot take ito accout traditioal maagemet accoutig (traditioal) ad modelig of cost-value couples (Iacob, 2005). Burlad ad Simo (2001) argue loss of relevace of traditioal costig systems by the existece of a gap betwee the curret model ad maagemet cotrol of a compay; ad the model is based o the method of aalysis ceters; it is also a compositio of the differeces betwee actual cost ad its playback picture by maagemet accoutig. Therefore, market ecoomy requires a ew visio costs, meaig that the startig poit must costitute the basis of market price ad this ca be cosidered as decisio o adjustmet costs for products maufacturig situatio. Such operatio requires a lot of precisio ad ecoomy of cosumptio that affects the cost, which, by the iformatio we provide, is crucial for decisio makig. It has bee adopted for programmig ad cotrol of operatios demad icurred i obtaiig ad use of productio. We caot say the same thig whe it comes to atural resources, as is the case of lower coal used i power plats. This study explores the idea that mai differeces occur betwee coutries ad betwee Europe ad the Uited States i iformal systems. 2. Research method This study adopts both geeral approaches ad specific research methods. Documetatio, case study, participats observatio ad o-participatig or bechmarkig aspects were implemeted. This gaied scietific approach ad empirical character, i additio to the descriptive study resulted i the developmet of a ew model for aalyzig the cost-price correlatio workload cosiderig a parameter, quality. 3. Maagemet accoutig across borders Necker (1732 to 1804) said: "the first rule of ecoomics is keepig the accouts ad the first step that leads to rui is their eglect." (Iacob C., Ioescu I., 1996). Goethe's words became motto i all Romaia accoutig writigs: "accoutig is of the most sublime creatios of the huma mid that every good maager should use i his household." (Goethe, J.W., 1796). Without goig ito the depths of history, we emphasize that i flows from practical busiess requiremets, accoutig appears at a certai stage of developmet of huma society, as a kowledge that is ecessary for livig ad materialized workload measuremet of iput ad output results ad exchage. Depedig o the accoutig, ecoomic ad social coditios of the time, two iteratioal accoutig cultures are developed, amely: (i) Aglo-saxo culture based o accoutig moism that the accoutig system is itegrated ito a sigle accoutig ad whose iformatio is for both the iteral ad exteral users; (ii) Cotietal Europea culture based o accoutig dualism that the accoutig system is separated ito two compoets: oe, fiacial accoutig or geeral accoutig basis for all costructio ad whose object is the record class ad regrouped, iformatio relatig to the movemets of values geerated by the busiess; ad two, maagemet accoutig, which is based o fiacial accoutig ad whose object is to follow "busiess maagemet" through a represetative idicator. That is productio cost accoutig remaiig "secret" (Richard, 1996) is ot ormalized, but is useful because maagers aim to follow the formatio of the ecoomic performace of the orgaizatios. The begiig ad evolutio of maagemet accoutig has bee writte extesively, atioally ad iteratioally, mostly. Maagemet accoutig cocepts, accordig to the study published by the Iteratioal Federatio of Accoutats (IFA), has experieced four evolutioary stages as follows (

3 Costața Iacob et al. / Procedia Ecoomics ad Fiace 8 ( 2014 ) Early stage prior to the 1950 maagemet accoutig has as mai objective to determie ad cotrol costs through budgets. Called cost accoutig, it was see as a purely techical activity that had oe objective: to determie productio costs. This leads Johso ad Kapla (Johso T. ad Kapla R., 1987) to assert: "virtually all maagemet accoutig tools appeared util 1925"; 2. The 1965 to 1985 period represets the secod phase characterized by focusig o the productio of iformatio ecessary for plaig, maagemet cotrol ad maagemet accoutig desigatio. At this orgaizatioal cotrol system, system routies are suitable for use i a stable eviromet; to 1995 period is characterized by focusig o the resources used i busiess waste reductio through process aalysis ad cost maagemet; 4. The curret phase that begis after 1995 focuses o the geeratio or creatio of value through efficiet use of resources ad techiques to aalyze the drivers of customer value ad shareholder ad orgaizatioal iovatio. This phase of developmet is idetified with value-based maagemet. Curretly, there is a iteratioally ad progressive tred opeig of maagerial accoutig by observig chages takig place i orgaizatios, customers ad suppliers to reveal sources of better ecoomic performace i order to trasform classical orgaizatios "eterprises' developmet. This visio causes Proctor (Proctor, Ray 2002) to distiguish betwee "maagemet accoutig" ad maagerial accoutig which states: Maagemet accoutig is future orieted. It is maily cocered with providig iformatio to maagers to help them to pla, evaluate ad cotrol activities. It is essetially a service fuctio, a meas to a ed tha a ed i itself. Maagerial accoutig also fits this defiitio, but the term "maagemet" emphasizes the role of service. This may seem obvious, but much of the twetieth cetury, maagemet accoutig was used rather to serve the eeds of fiacial accoutig tha for assistig maagers i their tasks... Maagerial accoutig refers to improvig future performace of orgaizatios". I Romaia, research i this area reveals that, i geeral, we defie four phases of evolutio of maagemet accoutig which overlapped coceptually ad temporally over existig iteratioal stages, but emphasize that due to ecoomic ad political cotext, some phases are less oticeable; although theoretically, there have bee traslated ad published a umber of methods used by wester coutries, they have bee less implemeted i busiess practice. 4. Aalysis of correlatio price -cost-volume activity o a ew visio Movig the ceter of gravity of the calculatio of productio cost ceters ad activities ivolves icreasig role i the maagemet iformatio capacity calculatio of effective eterprise ad larger scale promotio of accoutability i iteral maagemet. To demostrate the idea exposed there is the maifest differece betwee maagemet culture ad practice. Studies of correlatio aalysis of price-cost-volume activity demostrated that costructed ew models of maagemet appear as radom quality variable like i miig. Aalytical substatiatio as computers is related to the fact that miig labor productivity per worker depeds o the volume of work or that of the supplied equipmet, but is subject to a practical umber of atural factors; ad therefore there are a umber of expeses that icrease the cost structure dimiishig results. More tha the price of productio, where the reports are plaed ad stadardized data result i phase calculatio, the quality of 1750 kcal/kg STAS deotes this ideal situatio where quality meets plaed productio STAS. I fact, the geo-miig Motru Basi leads to large oscillatios of quality coal extracted, attractig price adjustmets o reveue implicatios dowward. The ifluece miig productio has, based o profitability, led to great utility practice that ivolves cost-pricevolume activity correlatio aalysis workload. Price-cost-volume activity correlatio workload through the equilibrium poit highlights the ifluece of modificatio costs (that is, variable ad fixed costs), the price of productio ad volume of dissolutio of beefit. As defied i the literature, equilibrium is the poit at which the proceeds of productio sold fully cover variable costs ad fixed costs for the period resultig i o beefit or loss.

4 190 Costața Iacob et al. / Procedia Ecoomics ad Fiace 8 ( 2014 ) I miig, the aalysis of the equilibrium poit should be made by takig ito accout the radom parameter, "quality'' used for this purpose as see i the liear equatios: y ax (1) y' bx C B (2) where: y = total icome; a = correspodig uit cost of productio quality STAS; = quality parameter equal to 1 at STAS; x = physical volume of productio; y' = total expeditures; b = variable costs per uit of product; C = fixed costs of period; B = et beefit. The system of the equatios is built o the model of reveue ad expeses. Give the defiitio of equilibrium, that beefit plaed at this level is zero, for which a x bx c (3) where: c x a b (4) Equatio (4) is the equilibrium expressio. The parameter 0 is determied by the quality of productio, leadig to price correctios uit productio, which ca be expressed by the relatio: ' a or 1 (5) a where a' is the productio uit price if the quality is differet from 1750 kcal / kg. It follows therefore that the equilibrium ca get the followig expressio: C C Pe a b a' b (6) Usig data from the geeral budget of costs at the eterprise level, we draw some coclusios which are summarized i Table 1. Table 1. Calculatig breakeve by quality*. Qualit y Kcal/tc c λ Productio price recalculated Productio quatity Physics Recalculated (useful) Uit cost per to of useful Pe (thousad tos) The ormal level Expediture at Pe (thousads ro) Margial cost Pe (thousad tos ) Plaed level Expediture at Pe (thousads ro) Margial cost

5 Costața Iacob et al. / Procedia Ecoomics ad Fiace 8 ( 2014 ) / / / / / Leged: Pe Equilibrium. Source: Author. *data is about real. It is therefore apparet that quality decreases uder reducig productio cost per to of coal (physical); or i other words, it icreases the uit cost per to of useful substaces. Regardless of this issue, the compay should correlate various degrees of physical quality or quatity to provide at least expeses ad ot get lost, expressed through the equilibrium quatity. Give that λ<1, the equilibrium is above the aual extractio limit. This makes extractio process gets worse as a result of atural factors of evirometal actio. Uder these coditios the ecoomic uit caot fit i the ormal or plaed cosumptio due to the emergece of additioal expeses. Materialized ad livig labor ad additioal ivestmets are reflected i depreciatio costs specifically ad this gives rise to margial cost which establishes that restrictio, the desire to achieve a higher productio ad cocomitat reductio i costs may ot exceed importace i miig safety issue. Extractio of reduced quality coal eergy is ot specific oly to Motru Miig Basi, but is geeral for all miig fields, eve those that extract coal. For example, Mitia built o coal thermal power, its thermal power decreased from kcal / kg i 1999 to kcal / kg i While ligite cosumed i power plats progressively icreased from 3,524 millio tos i 1999 to 5,985,000 t.e.p. i 2008; domestic productio of eergy has remaied virtually costat at a value of about 27 to 28,000,000 t.e.p. I this cotext, a icrease i the ecoomy is depedet o imported primary eergy from 21.5% i 1999 to 27.2% i 2008, with a peak of 31.9% i 2007, the year precedig the oset of the ecoomic crisis. There is, therefore, the questio: how do we optimize beefit uder such circumstaces? Aswer ca be give i mathematical expressio based o maximum beefit determied system of equatios set. Kowig that the beefit is the differece betwee icome ad expediture o the system of equatios previously give, we ca obtai the followig relatioship: ad hece: B a x bx c x( a b) c (7) max B max[ x( a b) c] (8) with the followig restrictios: 1 a ,132,809 b 1,157, ,654 c 148,191 x 0 (9)

6 192 Costața Iacob et al. / Procedia Ecoomics ad Fiace 8 ( 2014 ) Practically, however, λ is a radom idepedet variable where ucotrollable restrictio caot be verified, ad x caot take values greater tha 7.8 millio tos, due to restrictios o aual extractio coefficiet ad margial cost. So the questio remais for other parameters: (i) a = output price; (ii) b = variable costs per uit; (iii) c = total fixed costs. As kow from literature, price is a compoet of the ecoomic mechaism, oe of the mai ecoomic ad fiacial factors, the level ad mode of settlemet which depeds o other factors: beefit, credit, fiacial system, budget, ivestmets, etc. Give the price-effect chai coal as primary eergy source, the price of electricity ad how it is formed, coal price caot grow aytime ad ayway, because i most cases it does ot cover the cost of its productio. The state must subsidize coal extractio ad also for ligite miig, eve if it is low. Most times, egotiatig prices have o solid foudatio; they deped o the ability of egotiators, hece we support the applicatio of the theory of margial utility. I essece, it is the type of margial pricig for this brach of the atioal ecoomy or the price of optimum type - a variat of the margial price. I our coutry, there has bee some experiece i this field sice This makes researchers to emphasize o the relocatio of the priciple of margial prices give the full rage of fuels - upper ad lower; i other words, liquid ad solid. This orietatio was justified at that time whe it came to protectig liquid fuels for chemical developmet. I the preset circumstaces whe it comes to widespread use of coal eergy, it is ecessary to protect this resource ad which is cosidered as heavy; yet it has a limited character ad sooer or later it will ru out. It is therefore ecessary for optimal combiatio of the immediate iterests of future members of the society. Most advatageous solutio would be pricig based o the average cost of types of fuel calorie, so the formula ca be customized based o the followig relatioship: c call C1Q1 C2Q2... CQ Q Q... Q Ci Qi i1 Q i1 i i (10) where: c call = average cost of a ligite calorie; C = physical uit cost of coal produced by mies i society / atioal compay; Q = physical quatity extracted for each ligite miig; = quality expressed i amout of calories obtaied from each miig; i = miig takig ito accout the eed for the cost ad trasportatio costs. I these circumstaces, the physical uit of price starvig is determied by the relatio: Pcall ccall (11) Price determiatio methodology elimiates this drawback by coditios created takig ito accout all fuels leadig to substatial costs ot recovered i the coal idustry. Certaily o such price is able to cover all the costs of the last compaies workig uder the least efficiecy. Usually, however, these uits are those that achieve a high quality productio ad less umerous tha those which produce a iferior quality but less costly tha the first. I these circumstaces the cost will be adjusted but ot the first compay evetually; thereby stimulatig coal extractio ad use of iferior products.

7 Costața Iacob et al. / Procedia Ecoomics ad Fiace 8 ( 2014 ) Will the coal idustry wi through higher prices? Of course, they will lose customers which will icrease productio costs ad simultaeously decrease beefits. I this cotext, some compesatory chages i the profit are required which may lead to a more balaced distributio of et icome. There should be judicious placig of coal prices by category (athracite, coal, ligite, etc). A reassessmet is required with scietific productio costs ad striget measures that lead to effective cost reductio i the idustry. I this cotext, tracig operative variable ad fixed costs we believe is importat i terms of price ad that should be the focus of each idividual compay doig extractio. Coclusio Cosiderig the research problems it was observed that there is a certai perceptio about busiesses to act ad react, make decisios ad apply differet systems to those of Wester coutries, which are ofte difficult to describe. This suggests that specific maagemet tools are similar but ot applied practically. Buildig o the kowledge ad use of price-cost correlatio workload by compaies specific istrumet calculatio method of direct-costig, ad adaptig it accordig to the parameter, "quality" shows that accoutig iformatio systems ad formal maagemet are similar i differet coutries, but their associated maagemet practices ca lead to visible differeces from coutry to coutry. I coclusio, globalizatio of accoutig ad maagemet cotrol will be possible oly whe cultural differeces betwee Europea ad o-europea coutries disappear. This requires movig from accumulatio studies to developig itercultural studies sythesis. We are hittig the road ad the road is still very log. Refereces Bouqui, H., Comptabilité de gestio, 4 e éditio, Paris, Ed.Ecoomica, p.8. Iacob, C., Iflueţa factorilor socio-culturali asupra practicilor cotabilităţii de gestiue, Simpozio ştiiţific, Bucureşti, Romaia. Iacob, C., Ioescu, I., Cotabilitate de gestiue, Editura AIUS, Craiova, p. 5. Goethe, J.W., Wilhelm Meisters, Lehrjahre. Richard, J., Compatibilités et practiques comptables, Dalloz. Johso, T., Kapla, R., Rise ad Fall of Maagemet Accoutig, Maagemet Accoutig, IMA, Jauary, p