EFFECTS OF HOT AND COLD WATER PRE- TREATMENTS ON EMERGENCE OF ACACIA SENEGAL SEEDS IN THE NURSERY.

Transcription

1 EFFECTS OF HOT AND COLD WATER PRE- TREATMENTS ON EMERGENCE OF ACACIA SENEGAL SEEDS IN THE NURSERY. *Usman, A., Stannde, O.A., Mbaya, Y.P and Musa, Y Department f Frestry and Wildlife, Faculty f Agriculture, University f Maiduguri. P.M.B Maiduguri. Brm State. Abstract An experiment was carried ut t check e effect f tw pre germinatin treatments n e emergence f seeds f acacia senegal at e Department f Frestry and Wildlife, University f Maiduguri nursery. The treatments used were immersin f e seeds in cld water (at rm temperature) fr, and 4 hurs and ht water at C fr, and minutes. The research seeks t find e best pre germinatin time t be used fr each f e tw pre- treatments used in e experiment. Cmpletely randmized design (CRD) f analysis f variance (ANOVA) was used in analysis f btained data fr each f e treatments. Results frm is study indicate n significant difference in e number f seeds at emerged frm e cld water treatment (á =.), while treatment wi ht water shwed significant differences amng e treatment times (á =.). Treatment f a. senegal seeds wi ht water fr minutes gave e highest number f emerged seeds (mean,.) which significantly differed wi e untreated cntrl (Mean, 4.). This study erefre, recmmends treating seeds f a. senegal fr minutes in ht water as e best time fr ht water pre treatment. Alugh ere exists n significant difference in e values fr e cld water pre treatment, hur pre treatment gave e highest mean f. and can erefre be favred abve e er treatments. Keywrds: Pre- germinatin treatments, emergence, acacia senegal, Cmpletely randmized design INTRODUCTION Acacia senegal is a tree cmmnly called gum Arabic. It is widely fund in e sudan- sahelian znes f Africa latitude nr and abve. It is widely spread in e dry savannas f trpical Africa and extends t e red sea and eastern India. It is a spiny tree five t six meters tall wi a flagrant creamy white flwers- brne in spikes -cm lng. Acacia senegal grws in areas wi rainfall as lw as - mm per annum (Okr and Omer, ). It is a multipurpse tree which is eclgically knwn t increase sil fertility by its active rt ndules at fix atmspheric nitrgen (Anny and Yung, ). It is als used in e reductin f desertificatin and als enhances sil misture cnservatin as well as reductin f ersin. Od and Oleghe, () psited at ese advantages make it necessary t use gum Arabic in affrestatin prgrams in e Sudan and Sahel regins. Ecnmically, gum Arabic is used extensively in pharmaceutical preparatins, inks, pttery, pigments, water clrs, wax plishes and liquid gum. It is als used fr dressing fabrics, giving luster t silk and crepe. It is used fr ickening clrs and mrdant in calic printing (Fakya et al.,, Hazell and Nrtn, ). Gum Arabic is als a surce f fdder t livestck such as gat, sheep and cattle in e semi arid regins due t e palatability f its leaves. Pande et al.,, attributed e decline in e stands f gum Arabic t e cutting dwn f e trees by herdsmen and ver grazing by livestck. Acacia senegal is highly valued fr its gum which are dried gum exudates frm its branches and stems (FAO, ). In Nigeria JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN FORESTRY, WILDLIFE AND ENVIRONMENT. VOLUME NO. SEPTEMBER,

2 EFFECTS OF HOT AND COLD WATER PRE- TREATMENTS ON EMERGENCE OF ACACIA SENEGAL SEEDS IN THE NURSERY. gum Arabic is classified int grade (acacia senegal), grade (acacia seyal) and grade (Cmbretum, and er surces). Of e different acacia species existing wrldwide A. senegal and A. seyal are e mst explited fr gum purpses. The imprtance f gum Arabic has made it necessary t incrprate e specie in agr frestry practices as well as cmmercial farming f e crp. The prpagatin f is imprtant tree is hwever, hindered by e drmancy exhibited by its seeds. Drmancy is defined as e inability f viable seeds t germinate under apprpriate cnditins. Seed drmancy can be f different types at include physical, mechanical, chemical, and mrphlgical and embry drmancy. Od and Oleghe ( ) reprted at envirnmental changes can affect seed emergence and grw. Different meds have been used by schlars in breaking seed drmancy, ese meds include ht water (FAO, ), sulphuric acid (Od and Oleghe,), cld water (Dran et al, ) e.t.c. The use f ht water is e mst cmmn med f breaking drmancy in Brn state, Nigeria (Od and Oleghe,), alugh, Dran et al () reprted e use f cld water. This study erefre, seeks t find e best treatment time fr seeds f gum Arabic fr b cld and ht water s at farmers can use e identified times fr any f e tw treatments (cld r ht water) fr plantatin establishment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Site The study was carried ut at e Department f Frestry and Wildlife nursery, University f Maiduguri Brn state, Nigeria. The area lies wiin latitude t E and lngitude and N. The area is ht and dry fr a greater part f e year wi temperature ranging frm C t C (minimum) and C t 4 C (maximum). The vegetatin typically cnsists f mainly grasses wi few drught resistant trees. The seasns are divided int dry, rainy and e harmattan seasns. The rainy seasn is nrmally frm June t September wi relative humidity f 4%. Rainfall ranges frm mm annually and evapratin f mm per year (BOSG, ). SEED COLLECTION AND POT PREPARATION The seeds were cllected at e Department f Frestry and Wildlife acacia senegal plantatin lcated ppsite e vice chancellrs ffice. Bug sizeable seeds wiut visible signs f infestatin were selected ut f e ttal seeds cllected. Plyene bags were filled wi tp sil, and watered fr a perid f ree days t keep e planting medium mist fr subsequent planting. Viability Test The seeds cllected fr e experiment were subjected t viability test t rid em f seeds at were nt viable. The test invlved immersing e seeds int water in a cntainer; e seeds at were bserved t flat were immediately remved as ey were cnsidered nt viable. The viable seeds were en immediately dried fr furer tests. Seed Swing and Weed Cntrl Swing f seeds was carried ut n e f Nvember between 4 and pm. Tw seeds were swn fr each plyene pt; e JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN FORESTRY, WILDLIFE AND ENVIRONMENT. VOLUME NO. SEPTEMBER,

3 Usman et al swing dep was cm. There was n serius weed prblem as e experiment lasted, hwever, e few weeds at germinated wi e seeds were remved by hand pulling. Irrigatin The supply f misture is very essential fr e emergence and perfrmance f seeds f acacia senegal. Because e experiment was cnducted during e dry seasn cnstant watering f e plyene pts was carried ut rughut e duratin f e experiment. The pts were watered twice (mrning and evening) everyday. Experimental Design and Analysis The experimental layut was cmpletely randmized design wi equal replicatins at p=., is was taken as such because each f e treatments (ht and cld water) was analyzed independently t get e best treatment time fr each f e pre- treatments. The different meds f breaking drmancy applied were e recgnized surces f variatin in e experiment. Untreated seeds were taken as cntrl. Data cllected in e experiment were analyzed using e SPSS 4. statistical package, and significant differences are furer srted ut using e Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). Ht Water Pre- Treatment Fr cld water pre- treatment, e seeds were saked in cld water (at rm temperature) fr varying number f hurs. The saking times used were, hurs, hurs and 4 hurs. As in e ht water pre- treatments e seeds were kept in e pen t dry befre ey were taken fr planting. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fr Cld Water Pre- Treatment (at rm temperature) The results fr e germinatin f seeds using cld water pre- treatment is cntained in table. The results indicate at seeds treated fr and 4 hurs started t germinate at six days after swing, is was as reprted by Dran et al., (), while e seeds treated fr hurs began t germinate n e day. Subsequently, e number f seeds at germinated varied wi e different treatments used. The mean seeds germinated at days after swing fr e ree treatments were,. fr hurs,. fr hurs and 4.4 fr 4 hurs treatment. This shws higher germinatin rates fr and 4 hurs treatment which is abve e hurs and cntrl. Peak germinatin values were recrded fr all e treatments at days after swing, wi germinatin values f, 4,, and fr 4 hurs, hurs, hurs, and cntrl respectively. The germinatin rates Water was biled at C, e surce f heat subsequently, began t fall fr all e was subsequently remved. The seeds were treatments after reaching e peak values en immersed in e ht water in a ml beaker fr perids f, and minutes respectively. Upn remval frm e ht water e seeds were immediately kept in an pen place s at ey can be dried. (figure ). The result f e analysis f variance hwever, shws n significant difference in e germinatin f seeds using e ree duratins f expsure used in is experiment at α =.. Cld Water Pre- Treatment JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN FORESTRY, WILDLIFE AND ENVIRONMENT. VOLUME NO. SEPTEMBER,

4 EFFECTS OF HOT AND COLD WATER PRE- TREATMENTS ON EMERGENCE OF ACACIA SENEGAL SEEDS IN THE NURSERY. Table : Number f Seeds germinated wi cld -ater per-treatment Days After Swing Seeds Saking Perid (hurs) Cntrl hur hur 4 hur Mean The result f is experiment erefre, shws n statistical difference in e number f seeds germinated frm e abve pre- treatments, alugh ere exist sme differences in e mean germinatin. Pingali and Biswanger (4), reprted increase in e germinatin f seeds f acacia senegal by saking in water at rm temperature fr -4 hurs. Figure : Germinatin f A. senegal seeds in respnse t cld water treatment JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN FORESTRY, WILDLIFE AND ENVIRONMENT. VOLUME NO. SEPTEMBER,

5 Usman et al Fr Ht Water Pre- Treatment The result fr e ht water pre- treatment shws seeds frm all e treatment duratins shwed first germinatin ccurring at days after swing, wi minutes expsed seeds having e highest number f seeds n e fif day (table ). Seeds treated fr minutes and e cntrl reached peak value f germinated seeds n e day after swing, while minutes, and minutes reached e peak value n e day wi and seeds emerging respectively, (figure ). The mean f germinated seeds btained fr e varius pre treatments were, 4.,.,. and.4 fr cntrl, minutes, minutes and minutes respectively (table ). The result f e analysis f variance indicates significant difference in e emergence f seeds pretreated wi ht water at e ree different times at á=.. Table : Number f Seeds germinated wi ht water pre- treatment Days After Swing Seeds Saking Perid (mins) Cntrl mins mins mins Mean JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN FORESTRY, WILDLIFE AND ENVIRONMENT. VOLUME NO. SEPTEMBER,

6 EFFECTS OF HOT AND COLD WATER PRE- TREATMENTS ON EMERGENCE OF ACACIA SENEGAL SEEDS IN THE NURSERY. The Duncan multiple range test cnducted shwed significant difference between e cntrl and minutes pre treatment, while e and minutes pre treatment are nt significantly different frm each er (table ). Figure : Germinatin f A. senegal seeds in respnse t ht water treatment Table : Fllw up test fr ht water pre- treatment Ht water treatments Cntrl minutes minutes minutes Mean b 4.±. ab.±. a.±4.4 ab.4±. The result f is experiment shws minutes treatment f seeds wi ht water as e best pre treatment prcedure as it is statistically different frm e cntrl and slightly varies wi e and minutes. Sanyang et.al., () als reprted minutes treatment f acacia Senegal seeds as giving e shrtest time f germinatin and % emergence. Stantn and Yung () and Edwin () als reprted higher emergence rate f seeds f gum Arabic frm treatment wi ht water. Cnclusin The results btained in is experiment has shwn at fr cld water pre treatment ere exist n significant difference in e germinatin f seeds fr e expsed times, alugh expsure fr hurs gave e highest mean germinatin f.. This time f expsure can erefre be recmmended where cld water pre treatment is e desired means f breaking seed drmancy. Fr ht water pre treatment expsure fr minutes which gave e highest mean germinatin value f. is e mst desired pre treatment. This gives e best recmmended time f expsure f acacia senegal seedlings fr ht water treatment when at is e desired med f breaking seed drmancy. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN FORESTRY, WILDLIFE AND ENVIRONMENT. VOLUME NO. SEPTEMBER,

7 Usman et al REFERENCES Anny, Y.. Agrfrestry fr Sil Cnservatin. Internatinal Cuncil fr Research in Agr frestry, U.K. BOSG,. Brn State Gvernment, Ministry f Infrmatin, Hme Affairs and Culture Diary. Pp. Dran, J.C., Turnbull, J.W., Bland, D.J., Gunn, B.Y.. Handbk n Dry Zne Acacias. A guide fr cllecting, extracting, cleaning and string e seeds and fr treatment t prmte germinatin f dry zne acacias, FAO, Rme Italy. Pp - Fakya, E.O., D.K. Oj and O.B Oyesla,. Categrizatin f Farmers in Relatin t use sustainable land management practices in Ond State. ASSET Jurnal Series A, : -. FAO. Arabic Gum, FAO Fd and Nutritin. Fd and Agriculture Organizatin f e United Natins, Rme, 4: -. FAO. Handbk n Dry Zne Acacias. Fd and Agriculture Organizatin f e United Natins, Rme. Pp - Hazell,P.B.R. and P.D Nrtn,. Maematical Prgramming fr Ecnmic Analysis in Agriculture. Maximillian Publicatin. New Yrk. Od, P.E and Oleghe, P.E.. The Prductin and Management f Gum Arabic in e Sudan and Sahelian Znes f Brn State, Nigeria. Jurnal f Arid Agriculture. () 4- Okr, C.,. Gum Arabic Prductin and Marketing in Nigeria. The NESG Agricultural Summit, - Oleghe, P.E., Akinnifesi, F.K.,. Gum Yield f Acacia senegal as affected by sil water ptential and seasn f tapping. Nitrgen fixing trees research reprt. Omer, S.A.,.Sme Aspects f Sci- Ecnmic and Envirnmental Change in Simsim Area. The case f Sudanese- Canadian prject Pande, M.B., P.M., Talpada, J.S., Patel and P.C Shukla,. Nte n nutritive value f babul (acacia niltica L.) seeds (extracted). Indian Jurnal f Animal Science, (): - Pingali, A.A. and T.K. Biswanger, 4. Sustainable prductin systems in arid savanna znes. Jurnal f Develpment studies, 4: Sanyang,S.E., Kabura, B.H and Huang, W.C,. Effects f Sme Seed Preteratments n Emergence f Acacia senegal (L.). Wrld Jurnal f Agricultural Sciences. 4(): -. Stantn, M. and T. Yung,. Thrny Relatinships. Natural Histry, (): - JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN FORESTRY, WILDLIFE AND ENVIRONMENT. VOLUME NO. SEPTEMBER,