(Very) Basic Molecular Biology
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1 (Very) Basic Molecular Biology
2 (Very) Basic Molecular Biology Each human cell has 46 chromosomes --double-helix DNA molecule
3 (Very) Basic Molecular Biology Each human cell has 46 chromosomes --double-helix DNA molecule
4 (Very) Basic Molecular Biology Each human cell has 46 chromosomes --double-helix DNA molecule
5 (Very) Basic Molecular Biology Each human cell has 46 chromosomes --double-helix DNA molecule
6 (Very) Basic Molecular Biology Each human cell has 46 chromosomes --double-helix DNA molecule --composed of pairs of nucleotides (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine)
7 (Very) Basic Molecular Biology Each human cell has 46 chromosomes --double-helix DNA molecule --composed of pairs of nucleotides (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) A C G A T G C T
8 (Very) Basic Molecular Biology
9 (Very) Basic Molecular Biology Chromosomes are divided into 50, ,000 genes
10 (Very) Basic Molecular Biology Gene 1 Chromosomes are divided into 50, ,000 genes Gene 2
11 (Very) Basic Molecular Biology Gene 1 Chromosomes are divided into 50, ,000 genes, each of which codes for a particular protein Gene 2
12 (Very) Basic Molecular Biology Gene 1 Chromosomes are divided into 50, ,000 genes, each of which codes for a particular protein Gene 2 Protein A
13 (Very) Basic Molecular Biology Gene 1 Chromosomes are divided into 50, ,000 genes, each of which codes for a particular protein, using an alphabet of 20 amino acids Gene 2 Protein A
14 Biotechnological procedures include: Exposing organisms to mutation-producing stresses and selecting for desirable variations Determining the gene that produces a particular protein Recombinant DNA Genetic Testing
15 Biotechnological procedures include: Exposing organisms to mutation-producing stresses and selecting for desirable variations Determining the gene that produces a particular protein Recombinant DNA Genetic Testing
16
17 Chrysanthemum Gamma radiation, producing peach chrysanthemum
18
19 Biotechnological procedures include: Exposing organisms to mutation-producing stresses and selecting for desirable variations Determining the gene that produces a particular protein Recombinant DNA Genetic Testing
20 Biotechnological procedures include: Exposing organisms to mutation-producing stresses and selecting for desirable variations Determining the gene that produces a particular protein Recombinant DNA Genetic Testing
21 Redundancy Nucleotides are read in groups of 3 pairs, called codons e.g., AAT, CGA, TGA Each codon codes for a particular amino acid Because there are 64 codons and only 20 amino acids, many acids can be produced by more than one codon Result: you cannot infer the structure of a gene from the sequence of amino acids in the protein it produces
22 Redundancy Source: Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell
23 Using probes to mitigate redundancy Source: Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell
24 Biotechnological procedures include: Exposing organisms to mutation-producing stresses and selecting for desirable variations Determining the gene that produces a particular protein Recombinant DNA Genetic Testing
25 Biotechnological procedures include: Exposing organisms to mutation-producing stresses and selecting for desirable variations Determining the gene that produces a particular protein Recombinant DNA Genetic Testing
26 Cutting DNA Source: Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell
27 Sticky Ends Source: Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell
28 Biotechnological procedures include: Exposing organisms to mutation-producing stresses and selecting for desirable variations Determining the gene that produces a particular protein Recombinant DNA Genetic Testing
29 Biotechnological procedures include: Exposing organisms to mutation-producing stresses and selecting for desirable variations Determining the gene that produces a particular protein Recombinant DNA Genetic Testing (a) Better for eating (b) Susceptible to human diseases for testing (c) Factories for hormones useful to people (d) Perform socially useful functions (e) (perhaps) generate organs suitable for transplantation
30 Biotechnological procedures include: Exposing organisms to mutation-producing stresses and selecting for desirable variations Determining the gene that produces a particular protein Recombinant DNA Genetic Testing
31 Biotechnological procedures include: Exposing organisms to mutation-producing stresses and selecting for desirable variations Determining the gene that produces a particular protein Recombinant DNA Genetic Testing
32
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