Gene Eukaryotic Codons Transcription Nucleotides

Transcription

1 Warm-Up: Fill in the blanks with this word bank: Nucleus Three Amino acids Deoxyribose nucleic acid Gene Eukaryotic Codons Transcription Nucleotides Protein Ribosomes Translation

2 Check your answers: 1. DNA stands for. Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid 2. DNA is contained within a Eukaryotic cell s. Nucleus 3. DNA is composed of Nucleotides that come in four different types, C, G, T, and A. 4. A section of DNA that codes for a certain trait is called a. Gene 5. Each gene contains the genetic information to create one. Protein

3 Check your answers: 6. Genetic instructions in the DNA are changed to mrna during Transcription in the nucleus. 7. The instructions from mrna are brought to Ribosomes in the cytoplasm to synthesize proteins. 8. mrna and trna work together at ribosomes to turn Amino Acids into proteins. 9. The process of changing mrna instructions into proteins is called. Translation 10. Life s diversity is possible because RNA uses groups of 3 nucleotides. These groups are called. Codons

4 Organism DNA Practice Problem: The proportions of the bases are consistent within a species; however they do vary between species. Using the base-pair rules (%C = %G and %A = % T), complete the following table to show the percentage of each type of base in the five different organisms. Percentage of each type of base Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Human Cow Wheat 27

5 Organism DNA Practice Problem: The proportions of the bases are consistent within a species; however they do vary between species. Using the base-pair rules (%C = %G and %A = % T), complete the following table to show the percentage of each type of base in the five different organisms. Percentage of each type of base Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Human Cow Wheat

6

7 DNA Replication 1. DNA replication is the process that creates two identical sets of DNA from one original set of DNA 2. DNA has to replicated because all cells come from cells that already exist, so DNA has to be created from previous existing DNA also. To make sure both new cells have DNA, a second set of DNA has to be made.

8 DNA Replication 3. DNA has to go through a few steps to be copied. 1. DNA is straightened and unzipped by an enzyme 2. This creates two template strands that free nucleotide bases can pair with 3. More enzymes connect the new base pairs into a strand and close up the new DNA DNA has to be unzipped before replication so that new nucleotide bases can pair with each template strand

9

10

11

12 4. The darker blue is the original DNA, the light blue are new nucleotides. Look at how each new daughter DNA is half old and half new.

13 DNA Replication 5. DNA is important since it makes cells work correctly. To limit mistakes, DNA replication is a semi-conservative process. Because DNA starts with two strands, by splitting it in half and then adding new nucleotides to each strand, the chances of a mistake are limited.

14 DNA Replication Questions 1. Examine the model. Number the steps below in order to describe the replication of DNA in a cell. Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form. Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break. Strands of DNA separate. Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA.

15 DNA Replication Questions 1. Examine the model. Number the steps below in order to describe the replication of DNA in a cell. 4 Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form. 1 Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break. 2 Strands of DNA separate. 3 Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA.

16 DNA Replication Questions 2. Locate the DNA helicase on Model 2. a. What type of biological molecule is DNA helicase? Helicase is an enzyme b. What is the role of DNA helicase in the replication of DNA? Helicase splits the original DNA so it can replicate 3. What rule is used to join the free nucleotides to the exposed bases of the DNA? Adenine will always bind with thymine and cytosine will always bind with guanine.

17 DNA Replication Questions 4. This type of replication is called semiconservative replication. Considering the meaning of these words (semi half; conserve to keep), explain why DNA replication is called semiconservative. Each new daughter DNA kept half of the original DNA, while half of it is new.

18 Mutations Changes to DNA

19

20 Mutations 1. Changes to DNA are called mutations change the DNA changes the mrna may change protein may change trait mrna DNA TACGCACATTTACGTACG AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGC protein aa aa aa aa aa aa aa trait

21 Mutations Changes to DNA are called mutations change the DNA changes the mrna may change protein may change trait mrna DNA TACGCACATTTACGTACG AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGC protein aa aa aa aa aa aa aa trait

22 Types of mutations Changes to the letters (A,C,T,G bases) in the DNA point mutation change to ONE letter (base) in the DNA may cause change to protein, may not frameshift mutation addition of a new letter (base) in the DNA sequence deletion of a letter (base) in the DNA both of these shift the DNA so it changes how the codons are read big changes to protein!

23 An example of types of mutations in words

24

25 Use this chart to help you answer the questions on the back:

26 The first couple have been done as examples:

27 A U G U G G A A C C G C U G C U G A Start Trp Asn Arg Cys Stop

28 A U G U A G A A C C G C U G C U G A Start, Stop Yes Point Mutation A U G C U A G A A C C G C U G C U G A Start, Leu, Glu, Pro, Leu, Leu, Yes Frameshift Mutation

29 After you finish the worksheet, check your answers with the answer key up front. Once you check your answers, click to the next slide.

30 Socrative Quiz Time Get a Chromebook, go to Socrative, click student login and type in room number Type in your name in the order Last name, First name The quiz is open notes, and you can take it up to two (2) times Finish the Protein Synthesis Webquest when you finish.