Unit 2: The Structure and function of Organisms. Section 4: DNA and Cell Cycle

Transcription

1 Unit 2: The Structure and function of Organisms Section 4: Cell Cycle

2 Essential Question: Questions: - Vocabulary DNA RNA Mitosis Meiosis Homozygous Heterozygous Gene Chromosome Write these down NOW!

3 Questions: Essential Question: What makes up our DNA? DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - genetic material in the chromatin of the nucleus that carries information about an organism from one generation to the next. Rosalind Franklin discovered that the DNA molecule looks like a twisted ladder, which is made up of units called nucleotides. James Watson and Francis Crick determined that each nucleotide is made of 3 components: a 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group which make up the sides of the ladder, and a nitrogen base which makeup the rung of the ladder. DNA has four kinds of nitrogen bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Watson and Crick discovered that A always pairs with T, and G always with C.

4 DNA Structure and History Overview Video Questions: Essential Question: What makes up our DNA? DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - genetic material in the chromatin of the nucleus that carries information about an organism from one generation to the next. Rosalind Franklin discovered that the DNA molecule looks like a double helix, which is made up of units called nucleotides. James Watson and Francis Crick determined that each nucleotide is made of 3 components: a 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group which make up the sides of the ladder, and a nitrogen base which makeup the rung of the ladder. DNA has four kinds of nitrogen bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Watson and Crick discovered that A always pairs with T, and G always with C.

5 68 Questions: 69 Essential Question: What is the difference between DNA, chromatin, a gene, and a chromosome? DNA is a VERY VERY large bio-molecule. When the cell is in its normal stage of life, DNA is found unwound in the nucleus. At this stage the genetic material is called chromatin. When the cell is getting ready to go through cell division (Mitosis/Meiosis) it coils tightly into several chromosomes so the DNA is more easily transported. (long string vs bundled string) DNA is important because all of the characteristics /traits that you have are affected by the DNA (A s, T s, C s and G s) that you have in each of your cells. Sections of DNA are called genes, genes control characteristics/traits like eye color, hair color, and whether you can digest milk. Genes are changed into small molecules called RNA in a process known as transcription. This process gives genetic instructions to ribosomes in cells to make specific proteins that determine traits. DNA = Chromatin = Chromosome = Gene Whole - unwound - wound - small section

6 68 Genetic Material Creation You Pick - Make one of the following using information from pages and T-shirt design (with pic and slogan) 2 - Comic / Cartoon 3- Poem (at least 6 lines) Questions: Essential Question: What is the difference between a gene, and a chromosome? 69 DNA is a VERY VERY large bio-molecule. When the cell is in its normal stage of life it is found unwound in the nucleus. At this stage the genetic material is called chromatin. When the cell is getting ready to go through cell division (Mitosis/Meiosis) it coils tightly into several chromosomes so the DNA is more easily transported. (long string vs bundled string) DNA is important because all of the characteristics/traits that you have are affected by the DNA (A s, T s, C s and G s) that you have in each of your cells. Sections of DNA are called genes, genes control characteristics/traits like eye color, hair color, and whether you can digest milk. Genes are changed into small molecules called RNA in a process known as transcription. This process gives genetic instructions to ribosomes in cells to make specific proteins that determine traits. DNA = Chromatin = Chromosome - Gene Whole - unwound - wound - small section

7 70 Questions: Essential Question: What is RNA and how is it different from DNA? 71 Genes give the instructions to create proteins which are made in ribosomes. DNA is only in the nucleus so it needs a messenger to bring its instructions to the ribosome. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is sent to synthesize (make) the protein. RNA is a nucleic acid, made of nucleotides, similar to DNA. RNA contains a different kind of sugar, called ribose, and the base uracil (U) replaces the thymine (T) found in DNA. RNA is also a single strand molecule. There are three types of RNA that do different jobs involved in protein synthesis: Messenger RNA (mrna) carries the instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Ribosomal RNA (rrna) becomes part of the ribosome, which is the site of protein synthesis, Transfer RNA (trna) brings an amino acid to the ribosome so it can be added to a growing chain during protein synthesis.

8 70 R N A Creation You Pick - Make one of the following using information from pages,69, and 71. Your creation must include something about RNA. It cannot be the same choice from the last output page. Questions: Essential Question: What is RNA and how is it different from DNA? Genes give the instructions to create proteins which are made in ribosomes. DNA is only in the nucleus so it needs a messenger to bring its instructions to the ribosome. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is sent to synthesize (make) the protein. RNA is a nucleic acid, made of nucleotides, similar to DNA. RNA contains a different kind of sugar, called ribose, and the base uracil (U) replaces the thymine (T) found in DNA. RNA is also a single strand molecule. There are three types of RNA that do different jobs involved in protein synthesis: T-shirt design (with pic and slogan) 2 - Comic / Cartoon 3- Poem (at least 6 lines) 71 - Messenger RNA (mrna) carries the instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Ribosomal RNA (rrna) becomes part of the ribosome, which is the site of protein synthesis, Transfer RNA (trna) brings an amino acid to the ribosome so it can be added to a growing chain during protein synthesis.

9 72 Questions: Essential Question: How are proteins made and how is DNA replicated? 73 Protein Synthesis is the process of protein making and can happen very quickly. A small protein ( amino acids) can be produced in a minute or less. 1- Transcription - a gene uncoils (with the help of the DNA polymerase enzyme) in the nucleus providing a pattern for RNA to be made. Using the DNA code, a smaller RNA is made using the nitrogen bases: Adenine, Uracil (instead of Thymine), Guanine, and Cytosine. 2- The mrna (with genetic code) and trna and rrna (with jobs) are sent to cytoplasm through small nuclear pores. The mrna carries the directions for the ribosome to make a protein. 3- A ribosome (made of protein and mrna surrounded by rrna) works to read the mrna (3 letters at a time) and make the protein chain. 4- Translation - A specific trna will carry a 1 of the 20 amino acids to the ribosome. The trna reads the mrna bases (A s, U s, C s, and G s) 3 letters at a time to place the correct amino acid on the protein chain and make the correct protein. This process will repeat over and over until the specific proteins are made. Some proteins are made up of 27,000 amino acids! 5- When protein synthesis is complete, the rrna and mrna separate and release the completed protein chain. The protein will then go on to do its job. DNA gives us the code for life making the proteins, proteins do the work for life and give us our traits. DNA replication - Occurs when the cell is preparing for cell division. 1- A DNA molecule unzips at the center of the nitrogen bases with the help of an enzyme (helicase). 2- The DNA bases are left exposed and unpaired. New nitrogen bases pair up with the exposed bases on the old strands. A s pair with T s, C s with G s. When all the nitrogen bases are all repaired again, two identical DNA strands are formed.

10 72 Protein Synthesis and Replication Diagram Questions: Essential Question: How are proteins made and how is DNA replicated? 73 Protein Synthesis is the process of protein making and can happen very quickly. A small protein ( amino acids) can be produced in a minute or less. 1- Transcription - a gene uncoils (with the help of the DNA polymerase enzyme) in the nucleus providing a pattern for RNA to be made. Using the DNA code, a smaller RNA is made using the nitrogen bases: Adenine, Uracil (instead of Thymine), Guanine, and Cytosine. 2- The mrna (with genetic code) and trna and mrna (with jobs) are sent to cytoplasm through small nuclear pores. The mrna carries the directions for the ribosome to make a protein. 3- A ribosome (made of protein and mrna surrounded by rrna) works to read the mrna (3 letters at a time) and make the protein chain. 4- Translation - A specific trna will carry a 1 of the 20 amino acids to the ribosome. The trna reads the mrna bases (A s, U s, C s, and G s) 3 letters at a time to place the correct amino acid on the protein chain and make the correct protein. This process will repeat over and over until the specific proteins are made. Some proteins are made up of 27,000 amino acids! 5- When protein synthesis is complete, the rrna and mrna separate and release the completed protein chain. The protein will then go on to do its job. DNA gives us the code for life making the proteins, proteins do the work for life and give us our traits. DNA replication - Occurs when the cell is reparing for cell division. 1- A DNA molecule unzips at the center of the nitrogen bases with the help of an enzyme (helicase). 2- The DNA bases are left exposed and unpaired. New nitrogen bases pair up with the exposed bases on the old strands. A s pair with T s, C s with G c. When all the nitrogen bases are all repaired again, two identical DNA strands are formed. Honors: Write a 5 sentence summary describing the diagram.

11 72 Protein Synthesis and Replication Diagram Essential Question: How are proteins made and how is DNA replicated? 73 Questions: Use the complete diagram to complete ALL parts on your diagram. Add color. STUDY the processes of replication and protein synthesis. Honors: Write a 5 sentence summary describing the diagram.

12 74 The Steps of Mitosis Questions: Essential Question: What steps are involved in the process of cell division? 76 Mitosis - makes new cells as part of growth, to repair damaged tissues, or for asexual reproduction. Each parent cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. Interphase: Resting Phase, toward the end of interphase the other organelles will replicate.dna will begin condensing. Prophase: Centrioles move to opposite ends of cell while extending and attaching spindle fibers to the centromeres. Chromatids (2 identical chromosomes) become visible and the nuclear membrane starts to break down. Metaphase: Centrioles move chromatids to the cell middle with the spindle fibers. Anaphase: Spindle fibers shorten and the chromatids are pulled (into chromosomes) and moves to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase:Cell elongates and starts pinching together at the center. Chromosomes begin to uncoil and nuclear membrane begings to reappear. Cytokinesis:Animal cells phospholipid bilyer pinches together to make to new identica cells. In plant cells a cell plate will divide the cell in 2.

13 74 The Steps of Mitosis For each step of Mitosis: 1- Draw and label the important organelles. 2 - Label the steps name. 3- Briefly describe what is going on in the step. Questions: Essential Question: What steps are involved in the process of cell division? 76 Mitosis - makes new cells as part of growth, to repair damaged tissues, or for asexual reproduction. Each parent cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. Interphase: Resting Phase, toward the end of interphase the other organelles will replicate.dna will begin condensing. Prophase: Centrioles move to opposite ends of cell while extending and attaching spindle fibers to the centromeres. Chromatids (2 identical chromosomes) become visible and the nuclear membrane starts to break down. Metaphase: Centrioles move chromatids to the cell middle with the spindle fibers. Anaphase: Spindle fibers shorten and the chromatids are pulled (into chromosomes) and moves to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase:Cell elongates and starts pinching together at the center. Chromosomes begin to uncoil and nuclear membrane begins to reappear. Cytokinesis:Animal cells phospholipid bilayer pinches together to make to new identical cells. In plant cells a cell plate will divide the cell in 2.

14 77 Meiosis Activity Essential Question: How are reproductive cells made? 78 Questions: Click here for Meiosis Reading PDF

15 77 Meiosis Activity Essential Question: How are reproductive cells made? 78

16 77 Vocabulary Vocabulary Definition Essential Question: How are reproductive cells made? Drawing/ Comic/ Cartoon Genetics Cross Pollination Allele Click here to read full text Dominant Recessive Homozygous Heterozygous Punnett Square 78

17 Meiosis/Mitosis comparison and explanation video

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20 A CRIME HAS BEEN COMMITTED! Police Log Time/Date: 7:24 am, 3/2/17 Location: Kailua Intermediate School, Room 218 Witnesses: Hydro Let-us, Mo Del Tulip. Witnesses are uncooperative. evidence collected from scene instead. Must rely on Description of Crime: Mrs. Watson reported a burglary of room 218 early this morning. Black beans were left scattered and Mr. Dog was reportedly assaulted in a fearless yet unsuccessful attempt to thwart the robbery. Valuable rulers were stolen from scene. Victim is expected to make a full recovery at this time but has short-term amnesia and therefore cannot be a witness. Mrs. Watson hopes to recover the rulers as, due to their scarcity, they were the most valuable items in the classroom. Evidence: DNA found at crime scene, black beans Suspects: Banana Bob, Strawberry Dave

21 Your Suspects. Banana Bob Strawberry Dave

22 Suspect Statements Strawberry Dave Banana Bob I was frolicking in the strawberry fields all night. I was alone. I always frolick alone. Everyone knows that. Do I like black beans? I mean, yeah, who doesn t? My parents own a black bean farm but I haven t been there in ages, I promise. I would never commit a crime though. I m a good strawberry! I was alone at home all night studying science because I love it so, so much! Yes, I do like black beans. I had some for dinner last night. Why do you ask? I would never commit such a crime. You have to believe me!

23 You examined your crime scene, you have your suspects, you took their statements...now to the lab to extract the DNA!

24 Now that we have extracted the DNA.what do we do with it?

25 Gel Electrophoresis

26 DNA Profiles of the Suspects DNA Profile from Crime Scene Unk n now ana ry r wbe Ban Stra

27 And the perpetrator is Strawberry Dave!