Notch1 (forward: 5 -TGCCTGTGCACACCATTCTGC-3, reverse: Notch2 (forward: 5 -ATGCACCATGACATCGTTCG-3, reverse:

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1 Supplementary Information Supplementary Methods. RT-PCR. For mouse ES cells, the primers used were: Notch1 (forward: 5 -TGCCTGTGCACACCATTCTGC-3, reverse: 5 -CAATCAGAGATGTTGGAATGC-3 ) 1, Notch2 (forward: 5 -ATGCACCATGACATCGTTCG-3, reverse: 5 -GATAGAGTCACTGAGCTCTCG-3 ) 1, Notch3 (forward: 5 -TTGGTCTGCTCAATCCTGTAGC-3, reverse: 5 -TGGCATTGGTAGCAGTTGCTG-3 ) 1, Notch4 (forward: 5 -AAGCGACACGTACGAGTCTGG-3, reverse: 5 -ATAGTTGCCAGCTACTTGTGG-3 ) 1, Hes1 (forward: 5 -TCTACACCAGCAACAGTGG-3, reverse: 5 -TCAAACATCTTTGGCATCAC-3 ) 1, Hes5 (forward: 5 -AAGTGACTTCTGCGAAGTTCC-3, reverse: 5 -AAGGCCATGTGGACCTTGAGG-3 ) 1, Hey1 (forward: 5 -TCGAGAAGCGCCGACGAGACCGA-3, reverse: 5 -CAGCAGAGGGTGTGCGATGTGTGGGT-3 ) 2, gnat1 (forward: 5 -GAGCTTAACATGCGACGTGA-3, reverse: 5 -GCTGCTGTAGGTCCAAGAGG-3 ), pde6b (forward: 5 -CATGAATGGCAAAGATGTCG-3, reverse: 5 -GTGTTCGTGGGCCTGAGTAT-3 ), pde6c (forward: 5 -GAGGTCCTTGCTGTGGTCAT-3, reverse: 5 -CCTTGTGAAACTGTCGCTCA-3 ), cnga1 (forward: 5 -GAGCAAGGCCGATGATAAAA-3, reverse:

2 5 -TCACTAGCAGCCCTTGTTCC-3 ), sag (forward: 5 -GTCCTCACCCAACTCCAAGA-3, reverse: 5 -GTTGTTGGTCACGGTCACAG-3 ), arr3 (forward: 5 -GTCCTTGTTGACCCCGAGTA-3, reverse: 5 -CTGCACTTTCCGTACAACCA-3 ), grk1 (forward: 5 -CTGCATCAGAGACGCATTGT-3, reverse: 5 -TCTCCAACAGCTGCTCACAG-3 ) pdc (forward: 5 - CACACAGGACCCAAAGGAGT-3, reverse: 5 -TCTGCTCCTTCTCGATGGTT-3 ), rdh12 (forward: 5 -GGCCAATCTGCTCTTCACTC-3, reverse: 5 -TGAAAAGGCTCTGGTCTTCG-3 ) rbp3 (forward: 5 -TTCCCTCCCCAGAAGTCTTT-3, reverse: 5 -GGATGGCTACGCTCTTCTTG-3 ), rp1h (forward: 5 -CGAAGCCTTTCTGCAGTACC-3, reverse: 5 -AGGGAATCAGTCTGGGGTCT-3 ), rpgrip1 (forward: 5 -CAGACTACCGACAGCGATGA-3, reverse: 5 -TTGGTTTCCTCAGGGACATC-3 ). For human ES cells, the primers used were as follows: transducin alpha1 (Guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha 1 subunit (GNAT1)) (forward: 5 -CATCGAGACGCAGTTCTCCT-3, reverse: 5 -AGTAGCGGTGGTTGCAGATG-3 ), phosducin (PDC) (forward: 5 -TCAAAGGAACGAGTCAGCAG-3, reverse: 5 -CTGCTGCAAGGCATGTTAAA-3 ), phosphodiesterase 6b (PDE6b) (forward: 5 -CAGTGATGAACACCGACACC-3,

3 reverse: 5 -ATTTGACCAGGTCCAGTTCG-3 ), PDE6c (forward: 5 -CTGAGGTGGCCTCTAGGTTG-3, reverse: 5 -GCTGGTGTGATGAAGCCTTAG-3 ), cgmp-gated channel alpha1 (CNGA1) (forward: 5 -GATCCCTCGGGAAACACATA-3, reverse: 5 -CGAGAGAACCGTAACAACCTGG-3 ), rhodopsin kinase (GRK1) (forward: 5 -GGACTGGTTCCTGGACTTCA-3, reverse: 5 -AAGCCAGGGTTCTCCTCATT-3 ), arrestin (S-antigen, SAG) (forward: 5 -GGTGTTGTCCTGGTTGATCC-3, reverse: 5 -TCAGCGTCTTGGTCAAAGTG-3 ), arrestin3 (ARR3) (forward: 5 -GGTGTTGTCCTGGTTGATCC-3, reverse: 5 -GTCACAGAACAGGGCAGGTT-3 ), retinol dehydrogenase 12 (RDH12) (forward: 5 -CTTCTCCCCCTTTGTCAAGA-3, reverse: 5 -CTTTAGGGTTGGCCTTCTCC-3 ), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (forward: 5 -GCCTCTAGGTTGCTGGATGT-3, reverse: 5 -GCTGGTGTGATGAAGCCTTAG-3 ). References 1. Kaneta, M. et al. A role for Pref-1 and HES-1 in thymocyte development. J. Immunol. 164, (2000). 2. Chen, L. & Al-Awqati, Q. Segmental expression of Notch and Hairy genes in nephrogenesis. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 288, F939-F952 (2005).

4 Supplementary Figure 1. ES-derived neural retinal progenitors were properly marked with fluorescence. (a-e) Immunostaining of SFEB/DLFA-treated Rx-GFP knocked-in ES cells on day 8. Rx+ cells (red, a) co-expressed GFP (green, b) and Pax6 (blue, c). Rx and GFP (d), and Rx and Pax6 (e) expression. Merged images of Scale bar, 20 µm. For anti-rx antibody production, cdna encoding an N-terminal portion of mouse Rx (residues ; mrx-n) were amplified with PCR, and subcloned into pgex-4t-3 (Amersham Biosciences). The fusion proteins were expressed in E. coli strain BL21 and purified with glutathione sepharose 4B (Amersham Biosciences) according to manufacturer s instructions. The rabbit antisera against mrx-n were obtained by immunizing rabbits with the purified GST-mRx-N, preadsorbed with GST-Sepharose, and affinity purified with the immunizing fusion protein bounded-sepharose column (Kitayama Labes).

5 Supplementary Figure 2. The γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT promotes the development of photoreceptor precursors by inhibiting Notch signaling. (a,b) After 2 days, the retinae were stained for Crx and TOTO-3. Retinae of E17.5 mice were treated with or without DAPT (10 µm) for 2-4 days under organ culture. Many Crx+ (green) photoreceptor precursors were seen in the DAPT-treated retina (a), while several Crx+ cells were seen in the untreated retina (b). GC: ganglion cell layer, NBL: neuroblastic layer, ONL: outer nuclear layer. (c) RT-PCR analysis of the retina treated with or without DAPT for 2 or 4 days. The Hes1 and Hes5 expressions were confirmed to decrease in the DAPT-treated retina.

6 Supplementary Figure 3. DAPT promotes the differentiation of FACS-purified retinal progenitors into Crx+ photoreceptor precursors. (a,b) The effect of DAPT treatment on the differentiation of FACS-purified ES-derived cells into Crx+ cells. (a) Culture scheme for the experiment. (b) The percentage of Crx+ aggregates in cells treated with or without DAPT (10 µm) on day 20. (c) Percentage of Crx+ cells in the FACS-purified cells treated with DAPT from day 10 on days 16, 18 and 20 (*P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, Tukey s test).

7 Supplementary Figure 4. DAPT treatment decreased the number of mitotic cells. (a-c) Crx+ cells were negative for Ki67 (a), BrdU (2h uptake) (b), and PCNA (c). (d,e) The sorted cells were treated with (triangles) or without (circles) DAPT and the percentage of Ki67+ (d) and BrdU+ (after 24h uptake) (e) cells on each differentiation day was determined. ***P < 0.001, Bonferroni test. (f) No difference was seen between the percentage of active caspase 3+ cells in the Ki67+ populations of the DAPT-treated and untreated cells on each differentiation day (NS, not significant, Bonferroni test). Scale bar, 20 µm.

8 Supplementary Figure 5. Differentiation of monkey ES cells into retinal cells. SFEB/DL treatment induces HPC-1+/Pax6+ amacrine cells (a), PKC+ bipolar cells (b) and Islet1/2+/Pax6+ ganglion cells (c) in monkey ES cultures.

9 Supplementary Figure 6. Ex vivo transplantation of mouse ES cell-derived retinal cells into the mouse retina. (a,b) Mouse ES cells were treated with SFEB/DLFA, purified with FACS and then treated with DAPT and retinoic acid/taurine/shh/afgf/bfgf. These cells were labeled FITC-labeling reagent and transplanted into the P8 mouse retina ex vivo. FITC+ cells present in the ONL expressed the photoreceptor marker rhodopsin (arrowhead), indicating that mouse ES cell-derived rhodopsin+ photoreceptors have the ability to integrate into the proper location of the retina. ONL: outer nuclear layer.

Supplementary Fig. S1. Schematic representation of mouse lines Pax6 fl/fl and mrx-cre used in this study. (A) To generate Pax6 fl/ fl

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