Energy situation in Astana

Transcription

1 Energy situation in Astana Background Study Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty 2016

2 Contents List of abbreviations 3 1. Green energy in Kazakhstan, development trends 4 2. General trends in energy consumption in Astana 6 3. The present and future (planned) policy of the city authorities in connection with global climate change and renewable energy use 7 4. Development trends of the energy sector in Astana on the threshold of EXPO References 13 Appendix 1 14 Appendix 2 15 Appendix 3 16 Appendix 4 17 Appendix 5 18 Appendix 6 18 Appendix 7 19 Appendix 8 20 Appendix 9 20 Appendix Appendix Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

3 List of abbreviations GDP - Gross Domestic Product; IMF - International Monetary Fund RK - Republic of Kazakhstan; ths. - thousand; mln. - million; bln. - billion; kwh - kilowatts per hour; toe - tonnes of oil equivalent; Gcal - gigacalories; Gcal / h - gigacalories per hour; MW - megawatts; GW - gigawatt; GHG - greenhouse gases; ETS - Emissions Trading System; CHP - combined heat and power plants; SDPP - state district power plants; UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; INDC - Intended Nationally Determined Contributions CO2 - carbon dioxide. RES renewable energy sources Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

4 1. Green energy in Kazakhstan, development trends The changes in environment under the influence of economic activities, as well as the global climate change, raise the question of preserving the environment, while energy security requires new and innovative solutions. The adopted Strategy Kazakhstan 2050: A New Political Course of the Established State ( Strategy 2050 ) sets clear guidelines for building a sustainable and efficient economic model based on the country s transition to a green development path. On this way, the national energy efficiency standards, relevant international standards, as well as the legal framework for regulation and promotion of energy efficient technologies implementation are developed and introduced in the country [1]. May 30, 2013 the Concept for transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to green economy has been approved by the decree of the President [2]. This concept is expected to help Kazakhstan make a transition to Green Economy. Due to the high energy intensity of the country (twice the average level of countries as Germany, United Kingdom) (see Appendix 1), the introduction of renewable energy sources (RES) into the energy balance of the Republic seems to be one of the most effective ways to reduce emissions of pollutants, and to compensate the rising energy shortage in the country as well. It is also important to note that another reason for the high energy intensity of GDP is substantial losses in electricity transmission and inefficient use of heat and electricity, which need to be improved. Kazakhstan s energy sector is dominated by coal, with significant deterioration of equipment, and with the lack of required reserves to meet the rising energy demands. As for the IMF forecasts energy intensity of GDP will increase, which in turn depends on the trends in GDP and energy consumption patterns. Therefore, the main task set in the concept is to reduce the energy intensity of GDP by 25% by 2030 and by 50% by 2050 [2]. Kazakhstan s energy sector requires energy efficiency measures, the implementation of which is reasonable due to its cost-effectiveness, reduction of capital costs, as well as minimizing impact on the environment. Energy efficiency measures will contribute to increases in energy consumption by 2.3% per year by 2030 and 1.2% in 2050, while reducing the energy intensity of GDP by 50% compared to 2010 base level [2]. Growing energy demand and decommissioning of old and worn-out power plants will require significant Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

5 construction of new power generation capacity in Kazakhstan: GW by 2030 (corresponding to about 60% of 2012 installed capacity) and GW by 2050, not including renewable energy sources [2]. On this view the concept for transition to green economy provides comprehensive scenarios for the development of the energy sector, where the three main scenarios are considered (see Appendix 2 and Appendix 3). According to the goals and objectives of the concept the share of alternative sources for power generation in 2020 will be not less than 3%, by % to %. The share of gas-fired power plants in 2020, 2030, 2050 will amount to 20%, 25%, 30% respectively. Gasification of Almaty and Karaganda regions in 2020 and gasification of Northern and Eastern regions by 2030 are also planned. Additionally the government plans to reduce the level of carbon dioxide emissions in the power sector by 2020 to the level of 2012; by 2030 to 15%; and in 2050 to 40% of reduction [2]. Moreover, the concept provides different approaches for implementation of energy saving and energy efficiency measures in areas such as housing and utilities, heating system, industry and transport sector. The government provides an opportunity to upgrade the heating systems, industrial facilities and buildings through grants, loans, tax breaks in the form of financial support, and also to revise tariffs for heat for greater autonomy of the heating system. Within the concept of the transition to a green economy it is offered to implement the holding of regular energy audits and setting goals to reduce energy intensity of production in the industry and update on energy consumption standards for new equipment. On the technical side the reduction of energy consumption needs upgrades of technologies and the creation of the necessary financial conditions. In addition, for energy efficiency in transport sector the concept offers six main areas of work, including transition into clean fuel (gas, electricity) or a high-quality fuel; the development of alternative modes of transport; and improvements in traffic management systems. Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

6 2. General trends in energy consumption in Astana For the last few years after assigning the status of the capital to Astana, the number of the population in the city has doubled. In 2015 the population of the capital amounted to 872 thousand people, and in 2020, according to the forecasts, the number of inhabitants of the city will reach 1.2 million people. Together with that, per capita income of the population increased from to tenge, or 8 times during the period 2001 to In addition, according to the Department of Statistics of Astana city, for the period from 1998 to 2014 the gross regional product increased 70 times (from 60 bln. to 4200 bln. tenge), and its share in the national volume grew from 3.7% to 11.1%. In turn, the number of industrial enterprises in the city has increased during the same period from 310 to 550, and 40% of the total housing stock of the city was built after 2000 [3]. All this indicates the rapid and intense growth and development of the capital of Kazakhstan. Population growth, the growth of its wealth and standard of living, growth in manufacturing, trade, construction and other sectors of the economy of Astana, which in turn located in the area with severe weather and climatic conditions (with absolute minimum -51,60С below), reflected in increase of energy consumption and energy intensity of gross regional product of the city. Thus, from 2010 to 2014 energy intensity of gross regional product of the capital of Kazakhstan in real terms increased from 0.09 to 0.16 tons of oil equivalent per thousand US dollars, or more than twice (see Appendix 4). It should be mentioned that this growth was followed by a slight decrease in energy consumption from 2011 to 2013, which was associated with the introduction of energy saving technologies and relatively warm weather conditions in However, in 2014 due to the adverse weather conditions and the outrun growth rate of energy consumption over the rate of energy saving technologies implementation the energy intensity of the city has increased dramatically. From 2010 to 2014 the electricity consumption increased from billion kwh up to billion kwh, or by 11%, while heat consumption increased from 4267 thousand Gcal up to 5504 thousand Gcal, or by 29% (see Appendix 5). In general, the reviewed period demonstrates a stable growth in energy consumption in the city (with the exception of 2013 with a significant reduction in energy con- Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

7 sumption, probably due to relatively warm climatic conditions [3].) Growth in energy consumption and production in Astana ensured through the use of various fuels, including coal, petrol, gas oil, fuel oil, liquefied propane and butane gas, shale oil and bitumen, stove fuel. The changes in the volume of fuel consumption from 2010 to 2014 were disproportionate to the changes in energy consumption. For this period the volume of coal consumption grew by 27%, from 2592 thousand up to 3283 thousand tons, the volume of consumption of gasoline and gas oil have decreased by 25%, from 570 thousand to 429 thousand tons and by 19% from 461 thousand to 374 thousand tons respectively (see Appendix 6), while the consumption of fuel oil dropped by 86% from 184 thousand to 25 thousand tons, and petroleum bitumen fell by 81% from 62 thousand to 12 thousand tons, the consumption of liquefied gases (propane and butane) increased by 50 % from 30 thousand to 45 thousand tons and home heating oil increased by 200% from 5 thousand to 15 thousand tons respectively (see Appendix 7, Appendix 8 and Appendix 9). Thus, the present energy consumption values in Astana due to the rapid development of the city illustrate a significant growth. In this connection, the energy intensity of the economy of the city has also increased, resulting in the increase of the share of the cheapest fuel, like coal, which accounts for over 75% of the total volume of fuel consumed in the city, without share of RES in the city energy balance. 3. The present and future (planned) policy of the city authorities in connection with global climate change and renewable energy use Kazakhstan, being one of the largest producers of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) per capita (see Appendix 10), began to make efforts to reduce them, using the mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol - Emissions Trading System (ETS). Since 2013, the Republic introduced a quota and emissions trading system, which requires monitoring, reporting and verification of GHG emissions (the so-called MRV system). In order to control emissions a number of legislative acts, including amendments to the Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan have been Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

8 introduced. In this connection the plant activities, which annual emissions exceed the equivalent of 20 thousand tons of CO2, are prohibited without the quotas for emissions, they should reduce emissions in accordance with the National plan for allocation of quotas and may participate in emissions trading [4]. According to the National plan for allocation of quotas more than 60% of all quotas on GHG emissions are dedicated to the energy sector of Kazakhstan. At the same time, the quotas for emissions from coal-fired power plants account for a large share of the energy sector quotas [5]. This is due to the fact that more than 70% of electricity in Kazakhstan is produced in coal-fired thermal power plants (see Appendix 11), where the volume of GHG emissions from the combustion of 1 ton of Kazakh coal (ash content up to 38%, in comparison ash content in Russian coal is 7-20%) is higher than the emissions produced from the combustion of an equivalent ton of different fuel. Moreover, the equipment at the coal CHP with the worn condition has a low efficiency. Therefore, the reduction of GHG emissions in Kazakhstan will be mainly achieved by improving the energy sector: modernization of power plants, switching to cleaner energy sources, as well as the implementation of measures for energy efficiency and energy saving. December 12, 2015 Parties to the UNFCCC adopted the Paris Agreement, according to which the obligation of all countries to reduce GHG emissions shall be established on the basis of INDC (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions). In its INDC Kazakhstan declared unconditional target to reduce GHG emissions by 15% and conditional target of 25% by 2030 from 1990 levels [6]. To achieve the goal it is planned to develop ETS and mechanisms for the modernization of the energy sector. Indeed, the ratification of the agreement and compliance with the objectives would provide the country with an opportunity to attract investments in low-carbon development, technology transfer, and etc. For the implementation and control of energy saving and energy efficiency process, the Government of Kazakhstan adopted a law On energy saving and energy efficiency [7]. In accordance with the requirements of law, construction projects, consuming energy and water resources, must obligatorily use energy-saving materials, install the metering instruments for energy and water resources, and set up automated heat control systems. The law regulates the content of information on the class and characteristics of energy efficiency in technical documentation and the label of electric power consuming devices, prohibits the sale and use of incandescent lamps with an output of 25 watts and above, conducting energy audits by the subjects of the State Energy registry at least once in every five years. In addition, it considers the state support in the implementation of educational activities and conducting scientific and research works, funding for designing and development of methodological and normative base, disposal of mercury-containing energy-saving lamps, Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

9 and assistance to owners of residential buildings (apartment buildings), funding for measures aimed at ensuring energy savings and energy efficiency [7]. In addition, the country established the State Energy Registry, formation and maintenance of which is conducted by the National Institute of Electricity development and Energy Saving. The main objectives of the Institute are: the formation and maintenance of the registry, the formation and maintenance of energy efficiency maps, assessment and analysis of the effectiveness of energy saving and energy efficiency, analysis on energy resources consumption, analytical study on the energy intensity of GDP, analysis of the specific costs and energy consumption standards, analysis on audit conclusions [8]. In order to encourage the development of renewable energy sources the law On supporting the use of renewable energy sources has been adopted in Kazakhstan [9]. The law provides state regulation in the field of support for use of renewable energy for electricity and (or) heat production, includes the establishment of fixed tariffs for renewable energy sources, creates the conditions for training of Kazakh personnel and for conducting scientific research. In accordance with the law, the State creates also favorable conditions for the construction and operation of facilities for the use of renewable energy, provides investment preferences, creates conditions for effective integration of the facilities for the use of renewable energy into the power grid, heating system and market of electricity and heat, contributes to the implementation of international obligations of the Republic of Kazakhstan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the state sets fixed rates valid for fifteen years for each type of renewable energy and annually indexed to inflation. Additionally, the Program for the modernization of housing and communal services of the Republic of Kazakhstan for was approved for the modernization of municipal infrastructure [10]. Due to the high level of wear of heat supply networks, there is a high loss of heat. In addition, the heat and electricity system is equipped by an extremely low level of metering devices, which does not allow appropriate determining the level of actual amount of heat and electricity consumption. Thus, within the framework of the modernization program, the following activities are planned: conducting certification (energy audit) of apartment buildings, development of a new funding mechanism for the repair costs reimbursement, assessment of the technical condition of engineering networks and reconstruction of electricity, heat and gas supply systems, as well as creation of information-analytical system for monitoring and control of housing and utilities infrastructure. Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

10 4. Development trends of the energy sector in Astana on the threshold of EXPO-2017 Heat and electricity in Astana are provided at the expense of centralized sources - power plants CHP-1 and CHP- 2 (on coal and fuel oil), as well as decentralized sources. Current conditions of CHP-1 energy production and supply systems require major reconstruction (in operation since 1961), while CHP-2 (in operation since 1985) provides its own heating zone and connecting line C1 (CHP-2 - CHP-1) and covers a basic heat load of the CHP-1 heating zone. Hot water supply in centralized heating zone of Astana in summer mode is provided only by CHP-2. The length of transmission system and heat supply networks is km. In the current CHP-1 and CHP-2 cover only 80% of the city s heat demand and 50% of electric energy demand. The remaining part of the city energy demand is used from external suppliers, including Ekibastuz SDPP [11]. In order to meet the growing needs of the city population the projects for the reconstruction of CHP -1 with the projected increase in the available thermal power station, and with the replacement of old equipment, as well as the reconstruction of CHP -2 with increasing the heat output of up to 400 Gcal / h is in force. In addition, the activities such as the introduction of automated control system, existing ash dump remediation and replacement of existing equipment will be conducted on CHP-1 and CHP-2. Indeed, to ensure the growing energy demand of the city, as well as to create favorable conditions to attract foreign investment in the development of the capital, a new coal based CHP-3 is under construction since 2010 and planned to start operating by The installed capacity of the project: electric MW and heat Gcal / h. Thus, the projected launch of CHP -3 would cover about 80% of the city s energy demand [11]. The individual heat sources of Astana are presented by municipal and industrial boilers and heating furnaces. Utility boilers of individual objects located in the area of district heating could be taken out of service with the expansion and reconstruction of power plants and construction of heating networks. The largest number of these boiler plants use diesel fuel - 78%, coal - 21%, fuel oil - 1%. Some industrial enterprises for the needs of heating use the electric boiler installations. However, most industrial boilers are not working at full capacity. Therefore, the construction of individual heat sources in the presence of a developed district heating system can be justified. For the development of the electricity supply system, construction of new substations, recon- Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

11 struction of 63 distribution points and transformer stations, laying of cable lines with total length of 7.9 km. are planned in These objects would allow increasing the reliability of the city s energy supply and connect new customers, including such important objects as the EXPO-2017 and a new railway station [11]. On the threshold of the EXPO and in the framework of the Integrated energy saving plan of Astana city for a series of energy saving measures was implemented in Astana. The main objectives of the Integrated Plan are reduction of primary fuel consumption in production of electricity and heat, reduction in electricity, heat and water consumption, reduction of energy losses, reduction of peak electrical loads, reduction in transmission and distribution of heat and electricity [12]. Energy efficiency of district heating systems requires an increase particularly in the final heat energy consumption sector (buildings). In this regard, the development and testing of organizational and financial models were carried out for the implementation of energy efficiency in buildings. The long-term goal of the project was the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from the municipal heat supply systems. As a part of the development several pilot projects for apartment buildings in Astana were held for heat consumption reduction, resulting in the energy efficiency, as well as a pilot project for the building of school 15, where the modernization of heating system was carried out and resulted in heat savings [13]. Due to the main programs on energy saving in Astana designed for the period up to 2015, in the nearest future it is planned to analyze and evaluate the implemented measures carried out in the framework of Integrated Energy Saving Plan of Astana city for , and Astana city development program for Based on the indicators of the programs efficiency, new targeted programs on energy saving for the city of Astana will be developed taking into consideration the key programs at the national level, including the program Energy saving , the program of electricity development by 2030, strategic plan of the Ministry of Energy to , and the Concept for transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to «Green Economy». In the framework of the project New transportation system in Astana the scale modernization of the city route network was held in 2015: number of bus routes increased from 52 up to 63 units, four transport hubs were organized, 6 express and 12 suburban routes to 16 destinations launched. The analysis of passenger transport in Astana, conducted by international consultants of TYPSA revealed that until 2017 the demand in buses will be 1328 units. In connection with this, the project «City Bus» was developed to upgrade buses. Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

12 The project includes three phases: 1) , 358 units of buses brand IVECO Citelis were purchased. In addition the project «Wi-Fi Bus Astana» also were equipped in the buses with free wireless internet access; 2) in 2016, 250 units of buses planned to be introduced; 3) 350 units of buses are planned to be supplied in Astana until Project «Bus Lane»: in 2015 extra lanes for public transport priority were dedicated on 6 city streets, which resulted in increased average speed of buses to 12-15%. In January 2016 a new version of mobile application «Astra Bus» had been launched, it provides information on the actual city routes and router. Light Rail Transport (LRT) is planned to be implemented into the transport system of Astana. The first phase of the LRT introduction, with length of 22.4 km, will connect the international airport with the international exhibition EXPO-2017, complex Abu Dhabi Plaza and New Train Station of the city. The system includes a trestle road, 18 modern stations, 19 units of mobile trains and 1 depot, technical transport speed of 40 km / h, passenger traffic - 83 thousand people a day. Start of construction is planned for In addition, it is planned to introduce a new format of school transport «Astana School Bus», which will be implemented on a specialized transport, and to launch a city taxi service Astana City Taxi. City taxi will create a highly competitive environment, which in turn will result in the improvement of the services quality. In addition, it is planned to develop a mobile app for quick call a taxi and school buses [14]. In addition, Astana Bike project has been developed and implemented in Astana for emissions reduction, with an aim to create alternatives for cars and public transport, and to offer accessible bicycles as a transport for short distances. This would make a significant contribution into the improvement of ecological situation in the city (reduction of CO2 emissions and noise) and also facilitate decreasing of car traffic and the load on the road network. The project has many advantages and benefits, among which it is worth noting that the bikes do not require connection of urban communications - power is generated from the built-in solar panels [15]. Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

13 References 1. Strategy Kazakhstan-2050 : New political course of the established state, Astana, Akorda, 2012; 2. Concept for transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to «Green Economy», Astana, 2013; 3. Official website of the Committee on Statistics, Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan: 4. Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (with amendments as of ); 9. The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan On Supporting the Use of Renewable Energy Sources (with amendments as of ); 10. The Program of modernization housing and communal of the Republic of Kazakhstan for , approved by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on April 30, 2011, 473; 11. Official website of JSC «Astana Energy»: Official website of Akimat of Astana: 5. National allocation plan for greenhouse gas emission quotas for , and National allocation plan for greenhouse gas emission quotas for ; 6. Official website of the Secretariat of the UNFCCC: 7. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan On energy saving and energy efficiency (with amendments as of ); 8. Official website of JSC Institute of Electricity development and Energy : UNDP / GEF project Removing barriers to energy efficiency in municipal heat and hot water supply, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 2010; 14. Official website of LLP «Astana LRT»: Official website of the Committee for sport and physical education, Ministry of Culture and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan: uploads/2014/07/astana_bike_final_ light-1.pdf Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

14 Appendix 01 List of countries with high and low energy intensity of GDP (2014) (tonnes of oil equivalent per US $ 1,000 in 2005 prices) Countries Energy intensity of GDP 1 Russia 0,34 2 Uzbekistan 0,33 3 Ukraine 0,32 4 South Africa 0,25 5 Iran 0,23 6 Taiwan 0,22 7 Kazakhstan 0,22 8 China 0,20 9 Canada 0,19 10 South Korea 0,17 11 Japan 0,11 12 Germany 0,11 13 Argentina 0,11 14 Indonesia 0,10 15 Portugal 0,10 16 Egypt 0,10 17 Spain 0,09 18 Italy 0,09 19 United Kingdom 0,08 20 Columbia 0,06 Top 10 countries with high energy intensity of GDP Top 10 countries with low energy intensity of GDP Source: Global Energy Statistical Yearbook << Page 4 Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

15 Appendix 02 Electricity development scenarios Scenario description Factors BAU Green (expensive gas) Green (cheap gas) Energy efficienty Gas price Reduction by 45% vs. Frozen scenario Maintaining current low gas prices Reduction by 50% vs. Frozen scenario High: 300 USD/thsd m3 Low: 150 USD/thsd m3 30% electricity Share of RES and generation alternative sources 1 by 2050 Generation development trajectory (installed apacity Coal generation Gas generation Considerable growth until 2050 (to -19 GW) Switching CHPs to gas in major cities and comissioning of new capacities to balance RES 50% electricity generation by 2050 Moderate growth until 2050 (to -15 GW) Maintaining until 2030 (-11 GW), reducing due to decommissioning of ageing capacities after 2030 Same as in BAU Same as in BAU, and replacement of coal plants after 2030 Nuclear In all scenarios: Construction of 1.5 GW by 2030 and 2 GW by 2050 RES In all scenarios: Commissioning of 4.6 GW wind and 0,5 GW solar capacities by : Hydro, wind, solar, nuclear Source: Concept for transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to «Green Economy», Astana, 2013 << Page 5 Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

16 Appendix 03 The total installed capacity on the scenarios Installed capacity by scenario GW Solar Wind Nuclear Hydro Gas Oil Current situation BAU Green (expensive gas) Green (cheap gas) , , , Total investments 1 USD bin * Despite a considerable share of RES by 2050 in Green scenario, total investments are similar to BAU scenario due to reduction of CPAPEX on RES 1 Including investments inenergy efficiency, retrofitting of existing capacity, construction of new capacity, infrastructure (range depending on evolution of CAPEX on traditional and renewable resources) Source : DIW electrical power demand and supply model << Page 5 Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

17 Appendix 04 The energy intensity of the gross regional product of Astana Tons of oil equivalent (toe) per thousand USD. In 2000 year prices 0,2 0,18 0,19 0,16 0,14 0,12 0,10 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 0,09 0,06 0,04 0, Source: Committee of Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan << Page 6 Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

18 Appendix 05 Energy consumption in Astana << Page 6 Appendix Electricity energy, million kwh Heat energy, ths. gigacalorie Source: Committee of Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Consumption of basic fuels in Astana, Thousand tons << Page Coal Petrol Gas oils Source: Committee of Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

19 Appendix 07 Consumption of other fuels in Astana Thousand tons Heating oil Stove fuel Liquified propane and butane Shale bitumen Source: Committee of Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan << Page 7 Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

20 Appendix 08 Structure of consumption of various fuels in Astana in ,7% 11,8% 0,1% 0,8% 1,6% Coal Petrol Gas oils 14,6% Heating oil Stove fuel 66,4% Shale bitumen Liquified propane and butane Source: Committee of Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Appendix 09 Structure of consumption of various fuels in Astana in ,6% 0,4% 1,1% 0,3% 8,9% Coal 10,2% Petrol Gas oils Heating oil Stove fuel 78,5% Shale bitumen Liquified propane and butane Source: Committee of Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan << Page 7 Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

21 Appendix 10 Top 20 countries with the largest CO2 emissions in 2013 (metric tons per capita) Country CO2 emissions (metric ton per capita) 1 Qatar 44 2 Trinidad and Tobago 37 3 Kuwait 28 4 Brunei Darussalam 24 5 Aruba 24 6 Luxembourg 21 7 United Arab Emirates 20 8 Oman 20 9 Saudi Arabia Bahrain United States Australia Kazakhstan New Caledonia Canada Estonia Russian Federation Greenland Turkmenistan Korea, Rep. 12 Source: World Bank Data, 2013 << Page 7 Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty

22 Appendix 11 The structure of fuel consumption in Kazakhstan in 2014 Thousand tons 8% 23% Crude oil Coal Gas Natural gas 69% Source: Committee of Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan << Page 8 Zhanna Babagaliyeva Almaty