Plug Loads: Identifying opportunity in a quickly growing and oft neglected end-use. Phil Jordan PECI

Transcription

1 Plug Loads: Identifying opportunity in a quickly growing and oft neglected end-use Phil Jordan PECI

2 AIA Quality Assurance The Building Commissioning Association is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of the Completion for both AIA members and non-aia members are available upon request. This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. 2

3 Agenda Introduction & Context New Buildings Institute (NBI) Research & Findings PECI Office Case Study Conclusions & Q&A 3

4 Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson participants will be able to: Benchmark, measure, and monitor plug load performance in buildings Understand the components of a successful monitoring plan Identify available technologies and strategies for plug load monitoring and control Read About Learning Objectives Required for AIA Continuing Education Credit (copy and paste the following URL into your browser) : 4

5 Intro and Context 5

6 Intro & Context Total energy intensity in commercial buildings has been in decline 255 Commercial Primary Energy Consumption Intensity by Year kbtu/sf Source: 6

7 Intro & Context Plug loads are growing in absolute terms Source: Annual Energy Outlook 2010 with Projections to Page 59, Fig

8 Intro & Context What comprises plug loads? Computers Monitors Printers Multi-function devices Refrigerators Microwave ovens Coffee Machines Task lamps Paper shredders Pencil sharpeners Adding machines And on and on 8

9 Intro & Context What comprises plug loads? Whole Building Monitoring System Monitoring Subsystem Monitoring 9

10 Intro & Context Need for data Building designers, real estate personnel, and utilities need information to support their decisions Research addressing current plug load trends and performance is not comprehensive Results often presented through different metrics Level of data can range from quite specific (minute-by-minute) to only annual The perspective of how individual plug loads contribute to wholebuilding usage is not usually included 10

11 NBI Research & Findings 11

12 NBI Research & Findings EPD and Schedule Uses and Users: Uses: Energy Model Calibration Before/After Users: Energy Modelers Utility Analysts Researchers 12

13 NBI Research & Findings Summary Metrics Uses and Users: Name Occupied Power Density Weekday Power Density Sat/Sun/Hol Power Density Off Hours Ratio SSH Ratio Peak Demand Density Annualized Energy Unit W/SF W/SF W/SF Dim. Dim. W/SF kwh/sf Uses: Performance Tracking Classification Users Occupants Rating Systems Dashboard Vendors 13

14 NBI Research & Findings Summary Metrics Name Unit Definition Occupied Power Density Weekday Power Density Sat/Sun/Hol Power Density Off Hours Ratio SSH Ratio Peak Demand Density W/SF W/SF W/SF Dim. Dim. W/SF Average power per SF for non-holiday weekdays between 6AM 6PM Average power per SF for non-holiday weekdays in 24-hour day Average power per SF for weekends and holidays in 24-hour day Ratio of average power density for non-holiday weekdays between 6PM 6AM and the Occupied Power Density Ratio of SSH Power Density and Weekday Power Density Absolute maximum demand density (at smallest interval available) seen in period. Annualized Energy kwh/sf Average power per SF for non-holiday weekdays between 6AM 6PM in the period 14

15 NBI Research & Findings Summary Metrics Name Unit Min Max Median Average Occupied Power Density W/SF Weekday Power Density W/SF Sat/Sun/Hol Power Density W/SF Off Hours Ratio Dim. 40% 75% 55% 57% SSH Ratio Dim. 50% 100% 70% 71% Peak Demand Density W/SF Annualized Energy Preliminary Reference Values kwh/s F

16 NBI Research & Findings Continuing Work Additional Data: Device Office Space Whole Building Correlating aggregated plug load usage with occupancy Examining other space types/metrics Informing Competitions 16

17 PECI Office Case Study 17

18 PECI Office Case Study Main Objectives Assess PECI office plug load usage using methodology and metrics developed by NBI Employ device-level monitoring to achieve higher granularity of miscellaneous end-use Evaluate select plug load monitoring equipment 18

19 PECI Office Case Study What we already knew from the EMIS 19

20 PECI Office Case Study PECI EPD & Schedule PECI Plug Loads Energy Power Density & Schedule (EPD&S) Fraction of Maximum Power 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Weekday Saturday Sunday/Holiday Standard PECI workday Maximum Power 0.51 W/SF 10% 0% Hour of Day 20

21 PECI Office Case Study Summary Metrics Plug Load Metric Description PECI values Reference Values 1 Highest Median Lowest Weekday Power Density (W/SF) Occupied Power Density (W/SF) Peak Demand Density (W/SF) Summarizes performance for a typical workday over 24 hours Summarizes performance during the day (6AM to 6PM) Reflects the maximum plug load Overnight Ratio Weekend Power Density (W/SF) Weekend Ratio A percent comparison of night time performance versus daytime Summarizes performance for a typical weekend day or holiday over 24 hours Percent comparison of weekday versus weekend 59% 75% 55% 40% % 100% 70% 50% Annualized Energy Usage Density (kwh/sf) A projection of the annual energy usage per square foot based on the analysis period data 1 Reference values are taken from NBI research (not published)

22 PECI Office Case Study Monitoring Plan Recommended equipment groups 1 Personal workstations and private equipment 2 Conference room equipment 3 Shared office equipment 4 Kitchen and hospitality equipment 5 IT equipment 6 Other (miscellaneous equipment) Group equipment by similar use and load Limit the total load of the other equipment type Keep the number of equipment type categories to a minimum 22

23 PECI Office Case Study Monitoring Equipment Plug load monitoring and control devices: Considerations: Sensitivity Communications Installation Location Data format 23

24 PECI Office Case Study Results 33% 24

25 PECI Office Case Study Controls Opportunities: Computers 25

26 PECI Office Case Study Controls Opportunities: Printers 26

27 PECI Office Case Study Energy Competition kw Cup 27

28 Conclusions & Q&A 28

29 Conclusions Learning Objectives Recap Benchmark, measure, and monitor plug load performance in buildings Understand the components of a successful monitoring plan Identify available technologies and strategies for plug load monitoring and control 29

30 Q&A 30

31 Phil Jordan, Engineer PECI