Assessment of Groundwater Resources in the South Platte Basin, CO

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1 Assessment of Groundwater Resources in the South Platte Basin, CO Christopher J. Ruybal, Terri S. Hogue, John E. McCray Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, CO November 18, 2015 Session 48: Sustainability of Water and Petroleum Production 1

2 Motivation 2

3 Niobrara, DJ Basin: Water Stress and Energy 100% of wells hydraulically fractured are in extremely high water stress areas Dense development of hydraulic fracturing in Weld County Groundwater depletion challenges in area CERES Report Ceres.com 3

4 Overarching Goal Evaluate the potential impacts of oil and gas production on groundwater resources within the South Platte Basin (CO) when faced with climate change, land use change, and other increasing consumptive uses (i.e. agricultural, urban), and management plans that can impact the availability of groundwater resources. Projected water supply gap is estimated to reach 500,000 acre-feet per year by /20 rule for Colorado water 4

5 Initial Research Questions What regional aquifer stresses exist within the South Platte river system? To what degree can advanced satellite data be used to understand groundwater stress and regional variability within the South Platte Basin? i.e. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites (GRACE) What are the key factors influencing regional groundwater variability (climate, urban, agriculture, oil and gas, etc.)? 5

6 Study Area: South Platte Basin (SPB) French word plate meaning flat Area ~ 24,000 mi 2 70% of state population lives in this basin ǂ 80% of the state s economy and tax base ǂ South Platte River is a workhorse water used multiple times ɫ Seven of top Ten agricultural counties are in the SPB ǂ Rapid development of natural gas and oil in northern part of SPB ǂ South Platte Basin Implementation Plan (2015) ɫ Jones, P. A., & Cech, T. V. (2009) 6

7 Principal Aquifers Denver Basin Aquifer System Dawson Denver Arapahoe Laramie-Fox Hills South Platte Alluvial Aquifer Colorado Geological Survey: Ground Water Atlas of Colorado 7

8 Distribution of Well Data Total wells: 9,726 94% of wells have only one measurement Data lacks temporal continuity and incomplete spatial coverage 8,408 wells have no aquifer specification 8

9 Subset of wells with aquifer specification Dawson: 54 Denver: 80 Arapahoe: 165 Laramie-Fox Hills: 64 SP Alluvial: 178 9

10 Denver Aquifer: Water Levels/Artesian Head Denver 10

11 Arapahoe Aquifer: Water Levels/Artesian Head Arapahoe 11

12 Laramie-Fox Hills Aquifer: Water Levels/Artesian Head Laramie-Fox Hills 12

13 Denver Basin Aquifers Depth to Water Level (ft bgs) Denver Dawson Aquifer N= wells/mi 2 Denver Aquifer N= wells/mi 2 Arapahoe Aquifer N= wells/mi 2 Laramie-Fox Hills Aquifer N= wells/mi 2 13

14 Well Temporal Coverage: Laramie-Fox Most wells are irregularly sampled leading to large data gaps and incomplete datasets 14

15 GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) Twin satellites launched March 2002 Change in gravity determined by relative distance between satellites Monthly time variable gravity (changes in mass, i.e. surface water, snow, soil moisture, groundwater storage) Level 3 output: Total Water Storage Anomaly grace.jpl.nasa.go 15

16 GRACE Strengths Provide big picture Monthly estimates of total water storage (TWS) Used to track water in hydrologic cycle Good for regions where data is not readily available Another tool in the toolbox Might be useful because of the limitations in well data Limitations Coarse resolution (Spherical harmonic:1 degree grid) and applied scale (>150,000 km 2 ) Does not provide information about water quality or density Does not observe direction of water movement Does not distinguish between confined/unconfined aquifers 16

17 GRACE Groundwater Methods Vertically Integrated Total Water Storage (TWS) Soil Moisture (SM) NLDAS, GLDAS Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) SNODAS Surface Water (SW) Reservoir Storage Groundwater storage (GW) Total water storage TWS = GW + SM + SWE + SW Groundwater storage anomaly GW = TWS - SM - SWE - SW 17

18 TWS Seasonal Anomaly: Grid pixels show seasonal pattern Highest variability over the mountains 18

19 U.S. Drought Monitor and GRACE 19

20 TWS Seasonal Removal Average Long Term TWS Loss: km 3 /yr (2,432 AF) TWS units are in cm, but are converted to a volume by using the area that the anomaly is observed 20

21 Groundwater Storage Anomalies Seasonal signal similar to TWS 21

22 Groundwater Storage Anomalies Pixel 2 (Greeley) Long term rate of depletion: km 3 /yr rate of depletion: 0.02 km 3 /yr Pixel 5 (Denver) Long term rate of depletion: km 3 /yr rate of depletion: km 3 /yr 22

23 Groundwater Storage Anomalies Pixel 2 (Greeley) Long term rate of depletion: km 3 /yr rate of depletion: 0.02 km 3 /yr Pixel 5 (Denver) Long term rate of depletion: km 3 /yr rate of depletion: km 3 /yr Banta et al. (2011) & Konikow, L. F. (2013) report depletion rates in Denver Basin Aquifers for : Denver Basin Bedrock Aquifers: km 3 /yr Total confined and unconfined: km 3 /yr 23

24 Concluding Remarks The general long-term trend in groundwater levels in the Denver Basin aquifer system is decreasing. Water levels in the Arapaho aquifer show some of the largest declines centered between Denver and Castle Rock. GRACE captures the seasonal variability in terrestrial water storage, climate variability, and resembles the drought signal. Initial analysis for shows faster groundwater storage depletion rates for the GRACE pixel over Greeley than the pixel over the Denver Basin aquifer system. Why? Is this due to higher oil and gas or agricultural activity? Early results indicate that GRACE may be useful for managing and understanding groundwater resources over the South Platte Basin and can help supplement missing water level data. 24

25 Questions? For more information: Acknowledgments Reagan Waskom and the Colorado Water Institute Colorado Water Institute FY15 Student Research Award- 2015CO312B ConocoPhillips Center for a Sustainable WE 2 ST at the Colorado School of Mines The opinions expressed are those of the speaker. Findings, opinions, and conclusions in this presentation do not represent and should not be construed to represent any ConocoPhillips determination or policy. 25

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