Emission from Biomass Open Burning in the Mekong River Basin Sub-Region

Transcription

1 Emission from Biomass Open Burning in the Mekong River Basin Sub-Region Savitri Garivait, JGSEE TF HTAP on Emission Inventories and Projections October 18-20, 2006 Hotel Kunlun, Beijing, China 1

2 Biomass open burning ASEAN countries August /02/ /02/ /09/ /10/2549 2

3 Biomass open burning ASEAN countries Haze in Malaysia during Indonesian forest fire in1997 and in August

4 Biomass open burning ASEAN countries 4

5 Biomass burning ASEAN countries 5

6 Biomass burning ASEAN countries Currently, eight countries (out of 10) composed of Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam have signed the Agreement. 6

7 Biomass burning Mekong River Basin Sub-Region Estimation of Pollutants Emissions from Biomass Burning in the Mekong River Basin Sub-Region (since May 2004) Rationale Policy and Decision-Making Support System Biomass = Bio-energy Resource Emissions from biomass open burning = Baseline Biomass burning = Area source Overlooked and underestimated 7

8 Biomass burning Mekong River Basin Sub-Region Scope Study site: Thailand, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam Vegetation: Forest and Agricultural crops Pollutant of interest: CO and PM (PM10&PM2.5 including BC/OC) Base year 2002 Chiang Mai Suphan Buri Khon Kaen 8

9 Biomass Burning in the MRBSR Countries. Paddy Field Burning in Thailand Agricultural Waste Burning in Vietnam in Thailand Garbage Burning in Cambodia 9 Agricultural Waste Burning in Vietnam

10 Biomass burning Mekong River Basin Sub-Region Objectives To develop a database of emissions representative of the MRBSR To develop a guideline for estimating the emissions based on experimental observation data To initiate a capacity building on air quality modeling and monitoring using the developed database for the scientists of the region. 10

11 Methodology of Estimating Emissions from Biomass Burning Amount of a specific gaseous species released to the atmosphere (g): Emission = M EF Amount of biomass burned (g): M = A B E F where: A = area burned (m 2 ) B = biomass loading in dry condition (kg/m 2 ) E = burning efficiency or fraction burned in field F = fraction oxidized; EF = Emission factor (g (species) per kg (dry matter)) 11

12 Methodology of Estimating Emissions from Biomass Burning Landuse Map Satellite Data + Thailand Laos + Cambodia Vietnam DMSP-OLS (ANDES) MODIS (Terra, Aqua) TPM Concentration (Mg)

13 Data Collection Data Collection Methods Data Type Literature Remote Sensing Questionnaire (Agri. Practice, Farmer Need Field Survey/ Lab Landuse Area burned (A) Biomass loading (B) Burning efficiency or fraction burned in field (E) () Fraction oxidized (F) () Emission factor (EF) 13

14 Examples of uncertainties Remote Sensing Jan 2, 2002 Jan 28, 2002 Fires occurred in the same area on two different days 14

15 Examples of uncertainties Field Surveys Paddy field burning Suphan Buri (7 July 2005) CO (p p m ) :12:0 0 13:14:5 3 13:17:4 6 13:20:3 13:23:3 13:26: Time (hh:mm:ss) 13:29:1 7 13:32:1 0 CO 13:35:0 2 PM10(μg/m 3 ) PM :12:00 13:19:12 13:26:24 13:33:36 Time (hh:mm:ss) Spectrum Aethalometer Data : Sugarcane burning EC, UVPM Equivalent, (ng/m3) UV Blue Green Yellow Red IR1 ('BC') IR2 400,000 Aethalometer Serial No. 607: , , , , , ,000 50, :48 AM 5:16 AM 5:45 AM 6:14 AM 6:43 AM 7:12 AM Tuesday 24 Jan 06 15

16 Examples of uncertainties Biomass Load Unit: kg/m 2 Crop type Our study Others Source Tropical Forest Brown and Gaston (1996) IPPC (1996) Thai Royal Forest Dept. (2005) Agricultural Residue Scholes et al. (1996) Rice Paddy OEPP, Thailand (1990) Maize OEPP, Thailand (1990) Sugar Cane OEPP, Thailand (1990) 16

17 Examples of uncertainties Burning efficiency Crop type This study Others Source Tropical Forest Levine (2000) Agricultural Residue Scholes et al. (1996) OEPP, Thailand (1990) Rice Paddy OEPP, Thailand (1990) Maize OEPP, Thailand (1990) Sugar Cane OEPP, Thailand (1990) 17

18 Examples of uncertainties Emission Factor Unit: gram of species per kilogram dry matter Crop type CO TPM PM2.5 Source Tropical Forest 104 ± ± 1.5 Andreae and Merlet (2001) Agricultural Residue 92 ± Andreae and Merlet (2001) 18

19 Emission Map of CO in 2002 Grid cell = 1 x 1 Total Emissions = Tg CO Streets et al., Biomass burning in Asia: Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17(4), 1099, doi: /2003gb002040, Grid cell = 12 km x 12 km Total Emissions = 0.99 Tg CO 19

20 Monthly variation of CO in

21 Conclusions & Perspectives Current works: Focus on 3 major economic crops in Thailand: Rice, Sugarcane and Maize Questionnaires/Interviews Future steps: Carbon balance Emission Inventory Adjustment Use of determined EF to prepare emission maps and input into AQ models Capacity building/knowledge transfer to scientists and policy makers in the MRBSR 21

22 Suggestions needed Where are the largest weaknesses/uncertainties? The purpose of Emission Inventory How can we improve the quality of the assessment? Pollutants of interest Tracer of Agricultural Waste Burning Possible data sources? How to involve local researchers/scientists/experts to the EI? 22