Biomass and Your Community: Where are the Opportunities?

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1 Biomass and Your Community: Where are the Opportunities? Ian McDonald, Applied Research Coordinator Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs

2 Some Facts!

3 Regional Global Energy Consumption (kgoe/a) Asia (excluding Middle East) Europe North Am erica Developed C ountries High Inc om e Countries Middle Inc om e Countries

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5 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 CO2 Emissions (tons/a) China United States[8] European U nion[9] Russia In d ia Japan Germany United Kingdom C anada South Korea Italy[10] Ira n M exico South Africa France[11] Saudi Arabia A u s tra lia Brazil Spain Indonesia Ukraine

6 World Consumption of Primary Energy Sources TW Energy Oil Gas Coal Hydroelectric Nuclear Geothermal, wind, solar, wood Source

7 Arable Land Per Capita (ha 2005) Australia: Kazakhstan: Canada: Niger: Russia: Argentina: Ukraine: Guyana: United States: Afghanistan: Lithuania: Belarus: Paraguay: Central African Sudan: Mongolia: Latvia: Turkmenistan: Zambia: Finland: Denmark: France: Ireland: Mexico: Germany: United Kingdom: China: Japan: #1 # 2 # 3 # 4 # 5 # 6 # 7 # 8 # 9 # 10 # 11 # 12 # 13 # 14 # 15 # 16 # 17 # 18 # 19 # 26 # 27 # 46 # 50 # 64 # 106 # 137 # 144 # 172

8 Forest Acres Per Capita ('000 ha per 1000 people) Canada: Australia: Russia: Finland: Sweden: Norway: New Zealand: United States: Argentina: Mexico: Austria: France: Japan: Ireland: China: Germany: India: United Kingdom: # 4 # 5 # 9 # 15 # 23 # 29 # 30 # 44 # 54 # 68 # 80 # 102 # 115 # 125 # 130 # 133 # 162 # 164

9 Canada s Green Advantage Canada in the World: 7% land area 7% of river discharge 10% forests 0.5% people Every year, Canada s biosphere takes up and releases 10 to 20 times the CO 2 produced through fossil fuel combustion.

10 What is Biomass?

11 What is Biomass? The end result of solar capture and storage in an organic material The stored material can be utilized at our discretion to produce energy and products

12 What are the technologies? Mother Nature Windy Light WIND Generator Mother Nature SOLAR Calmer Power Dark Mother Nature Feedstock, Management & Technologies Biomass BIOMASS CO 2 Solar Collector Mother Nature Heat or Power Conversion Technologies Heat, Power, Fuels, Chemicals, Materials Hot GEO- THERMAL Cold Heat Exchanger Heat/Cold, Power Adapted from David B. Layzell, Biocap

13 What are the technologies? 24/7 Range of feedstock's Ag and Forest Mgmt and Innovation Multiple Conversion Technologies Multiple End Product Opportunities Mother Nature Feedstock, Management & Technologies Biomass BIOMASS CO 2 Conversion Technologies Heat, Power, Fuels, Chemicals, Materials Adapted from David B. Layzell, Biocap

14 Canada s Green Advantage - Estimates of Biomass Energy Potential Mt dry biomass / yr 750 Canada s Bioenergy Potential Municipal Wastes Agriculture Forestry Canada s Total Energy Use (2003) ~ 10.5 EJ/yr USA Bioenergy Target (1.216 B tonne) EJ/yr Cdn Forestry & Agriculture Harvest Residue 4 Crops 0 Roundwood Statistics Canada + est. residuals Love, 1980 Robinson, 1987 Hoogwijk et al, 2005 BIOCAP 2006 US USDOE & USDA 0

15 Supply Potential of Biomass

16 Where is it going to come from? Sources of Biomass

17 Canada Land Inventory Capability Classes for Agriculture Class 1 & 2 Lands

18 Canada Land Inventory Capability Classes for Agriculture Class 3 Lands

19 Canada Land Inventory Capability Classes for Agriculture Class 4 Lands

20 Canada Land Inventory Capability Classes for Agriculture Class 5 & 6 Lands

21 Canada Land Inventory Capability Classes for Agriculture Class 7 Lands

22 Canada Land Inventory Capability Classes for Agriculture Class 7 Lands

23 Crop Residues and Forages Sources of Biomass

24 Estimates of Crop Residue Volumes Based on 2008 Harvest Numbers Corn Soybean Wheat Forages Area (million ac) Yield (*bu/ac or **mt/ac) 156* 43* 80* 2.5** Dry Matter (mt/ac) Harvest Moisture (%) Harvest Index (%) Residue Yield (0% mt/ac) Total Residue (million mt) = 9.73 mmt = 14.9 mmt

25 Estimates of Accessible Residue Volumes Based on 2008 Harvest Numbers Corn Soybean Wheat Forages Residue Yield (0% mt/ac) Total Residue (million mt) Practically Available (%) Sustainably Available (mt)???? Estimates of residue volumes that can be practically removed How much can be sustainably removed from the landscape?

26 Competing Uses of Crop Residues! Livestock bedding Livestock feed Livestock pasture Mushroom production Ginsing, strawberry, other vegetables Building Materials MAINTAINING SOIL HEALTH! Need to leave X % residue in the field

27 Volumes Available Implications Sustainably Available Soil Organic Matter Levels Soil Erosion Protection Cost and Depletion of Nutrients Long term productivity Practically Available Cost And Logistics of Harvest / Storage / Transport / Processing Competing Uses Of Crop Residues / Biomass

28 Soil Organic Carbon Considerations Conventional Tillage McKauge, OMAFRA, 2007

29 Corn Stover Available Under Notill

30 Harvesting Crop Residues How much can be sustainably removed without significantly degrading: Iowa State University Photo Soil quality Water quality

31 Cost of Nutrients Crop Yield N, P, K Nutrient Value in Corn Residue 150 bu/acre grain corn crop Actual residue removal of 3276 lbs/acre Nutrient Prices Residue Value ($/acre) Residue Value ($/tonne) Total N,P,K Residue Value $0.78/lb $0.94/lb $0.67/lb $37.03/tonne Stewart and McDonald, OMAFRA, 2008

32 Harvest and Storage Harvest Wheat, Soybean Baling ($8/bale) + move ($2/bale) = $27.55/mt Corn Cut/Windrow ($15/ac), bale ($8/bale), move ($2/bale) = $32.38/mt Storage All crops 4.00/ mt Total Corn $ 36.38/mt + $ = $ 73.41/tonne

33 Purpose Grown Crops Sources of Biomass

34 Energy Value of Non Traditional Crops Substrate Yield (t/ac) Type Biology Corn stover (omafra) R Ann Soybean Straw (omafra) R Ann Wheat Straw (omafra) R Ann Hay (omafra) WP Per Sweet Sorghum (aerc) WP Ann Pearl Millet (aerc) 3-6 WP Ann Hemp (ont hemp alliance) 1-5 WP Bie Switch Grass (reap) 3-5 WP Per Miscanthus (univ illinois) 9-12 WP Per Prairie Cordgrass (scijou) WP Per Big Bluestem (ny) 2.5 WP Per Willow (biomass energy) WP WoodPer Hybrid Poplar (biomass energy) WP WoodPer aerc = agriculture environmental renewal canada

35 Expected Biofuel Yields Crop Crop Yield Biofuel EtOH or oil/bu EtOH or oil yield/ac Corn 150 bu/a EtOH 2.8 gal 420 gal Corn + Stover 150 bu/a 3.5 ton EtOH 2.8 gal 72 gal/ton gal Switchgrass 8 ton/a EtOH 72 gal/ton 576 gal Soybean 40 bu/a Diesel 1.5 gal 62 gal Sunflower 50 bu/a Diesel 1.5 gal 77 gal Canola 42 bu/a Diesel 2.9 gal 120 gal Kurt Thelen, Michigan State University

36 Solar Energy Collection and Fossil Fuel Energy Requirements of Ontario Crops/ha (Samson et al 2005) Energy (GJ) per hectare Rye Oats Canola Soybeans Barley Winter wheat Tame Hay Grain Corn Switchgrass Energy Content of Crop per Hectare less Fossil-Fuel Energy Consumption Fossil Energy Consumption per Hectare Production

37 Technology Impacts on Process Yields Adapted from Plank, Department Energy and Agritechnology, Germany, 2006

38 Energy Value of Non Traditional Crops Substrate Yield (t/ha) Methane Yield (m3/ha) Pass Car Transport (1000 km/ha) Cereal Straw timothy-clover forage clover alone jeruselum artichoke giant knotweed nettle Rhubarb Switchgrass 8-12 Miscanthus Grain Corn 8-10 Silage Corn US-DOE 2006, U of Illinois 2008, others

39 Why Yield Matters!

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45 Other Sources of Biomass

46 Food Processing Residues Location Type Volume (t) Essex/Kent Veggie and Fish 400,000 London Veggie 50,000 Niagara Region Grape Pumice 50,000 Windsor, Chatham, Sarnia, London, Port Colborne, Collingwood, Thunder Bay, Aylmer GTA, Hanover, Cambridge, Port Colborne Wet Corn Milling DDG s 600,000 Wheat Bran /Shorts 400,000 GTA, KW Meat Residues 400,000 GTA Veggie from retail and wholesale 400,000 Various Direct Air Flotation Residues 20,000 TOTAL 2.3 million tonnes

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48 Forestry Sources of Biomass

49 Possible Sources of Biomass Energy equiv.: 1 tonne dry biomass = ~3 barrels oil Slash Switchgrass Insect or Fire Salvage Unused allowable cut Plantation Thinnings From OMNR, D Deyoe Low Quality Willow: 6 year old plants, 3 years after cut From NRCan

50 Sources of Biomass Other Manure Septage Biosolids Urban/rural landscape trimmings Residues from food service industry

51 What do we do with Biomass?

52 Experience From Elsewhere! A German Example!

53 Potential Biogas Yields Baking wastes Waste grease Canola cake, 15 % fat Waste bread Molasses Skimmed grease Food waste Corn silage, waxy stage, high-grain Grass silage, first cut Corn silage, dough stage, high-grain Green maize, dough stage Brewer`s grain silage Grass Fodder beets Silage from sugar beet leafs Potato peelings Whey Potato mash, fresh Liquid swine manure Liquid cattle manure m 3 *t Adapted from Plank, Department Energy and Agritechnology, Germany, 2006

54 Germany number of plants installed electric power [MW] ,750 on farm plants with 1,280 MW installed electrical production number of plants total installed electric power [MW]

55 3000+ plants total, 775 Biogas plants run on energy crops. - Crops are grown on set aside land as defined by the EU Acreage of energy crops for use in biogas production: ,000 ha (37,000ac) ,000 ha (222,400ac) ,000 ha (467,000 ac) mha projected Source: BLE

56 Germany - Economic Perspectives Installed power 650 MW MW Electricity from biogas Share of total electr. prod. 2,8 TWh/a 76 TWh/a 0.8 % 17 % Annual Turnover for Constructors Annual Turnover for Operators Effect on Employment CO 2 Emission Reduction* 650 Million EUR 7,600 Million EUR >360 Million EUR 11,100 Million EUR 8,000 85,000 4 Million t/a 103 Million t/a

57 Technically Usable Energy Potential (PJ*a -1 ) Overall: 753 Energy crops Manure and bedding Harvest residues Landfills Wastewater OMSW Industrial waste Landscape care 570 Up to 90 % from agricultural sources

58 A US Example! Experience From Elsewhere!

59 Show Me Energy Coop 470 producer coop $8M capitalization $50-70/t feedstock price $5-18/t delivery subsidy $ /t pellet price 150,000 t/yr $3M expansion to 2x capacity

60 Feedstocks Poor hay Crop residues Seed cleanings Show Me Energy Coop Dedicated forage crops (switchgrass, miscanthus, prairie cord grass, big blue stem, etc) Green Gunk! Total of 17 biomass types

61 Show Me Energy Coop

62 Show Me Energy Coop

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69 What About Ontario?

70 What About Ontario? Energy Electricity Heat Transport Fuels Bio Methane

71 Residential Space and Water Heating Energy Use in Ontario (2006) Water heating Space heating 250 Energy Use (PJ) Electricity Natural Gas Heating Oil Other Wood Reap Canada,

72 Commercial Energy Use in Ontario (2006) Energy Use (PJ) Electricity Natural Gas Light Fuel Oil/Kerosene Heavy Fuel Oil Steam Other Reap Canada,

73 Estimated Cost of Commercial Heating in Ontario in 2005/2006 $30,000 $25,000 Cost for 1000 GJ Heat Demand ($) $20,000 $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 $0 Heating Oil ($0.60/l) Natural Gas ($0.50/m3) Corn ($140/tonne) Switchgrass Pellets ($150/tonne) Milling Residue Pellets ($125/tonne) Fuel Source and Cost

74 WSG Pellet Burning Stoves

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76 BTU Equivalents to Corn 400,000 BTU s per bushel of corn: Corn for Burning Natural gas 11m 3 ($ m 3 ) $3.74 $5.28 bu equiv Furnace Oil 10.7L ($ /L) $ /bu equiv Cord Wood 60 lbs ($ /bush cord) $ /bu equiv Assumes equal heating efficiency and not accounting for furnace cost

77 What About Ontario? Bio Products Electricity Heat Transport Fuels

78 Biofibres: o Ontario Hemp Alliance o Stemergy o PSA composites, o Wellington polymer-flax, hemp for shingles o Bioauto council o Biocar (University of Guelph) o Queen s University- construction Biomaterials Bioplastics: o o o o Univ. of Guelph- Amar Mohanty Univ. of Toronto- Mohini Saini Queen s Univ.- Caroline Bailie Cargill (Nature works PLA), Harco- Natures plast Biochemicals- Enzymes, solvents, resins, paints, adhesives

79 The Questions? Harvest Fuel vs Food vs Feed Keeping land productive Maintenance of carbon levels Minimize damage such as compaction Flexibility for cropping decisions Minimizing Risk Pathogens, Heavy Metals Maximizing Harvest per Ha Minimizing Energy Use in Production and Harvest Reduced tillage, low cost planting and harvesting systems Reduce fertilization costs by utilizing byproducts (manure, effluent) Material Processing Storage, Handling, Processing, Drying Material Transportation keep close to the use

80 Key Questions that Remain? What is/are the utopian feedstock(s)? What conversion technology mix for Ontario? How do we maintain sustainable landscape? Where is the land that will supply the biomass feedstock for the bioeconomy? Does the economics work? Many, many others?

81 The End! Ian D. McDonald Applied Research Coordinator, Field Crops Unit OMAFRA Ag Development Branch Rm 407 Crop Science Building University of Guelph Guelph, On., N1G 2W ext