COMPARISON OF YIELD AND QUALITY OF RED BEET ROOTS CULTIVATED USING CONVENTIONAL, INTEGRATED AND ORGANIC METHOD

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1 Journl of Horticulturl Reserch 2013, vol. 21(1): DOI: /johr COMPARISON OF YIELD AND QUALITY OF RED BEET ROOTS CULTIVATED USING CONVENTIONAL, INTEGRATED AND ORGANIC METHOD Ann A. SZOPIŃSKA 1*, Mri GAWĘDA 2 1 Rzeszów School of Engineering nd Economics, Miłocińsk 40, Rzeszów, Polnd 2 Deprtment of Vegetle nd Medicinl Plnts, University of Agriculture in Krkow l. 29 Listopd 54, Krków, Polnd Received: April 4, 2013; Accepted: July 2, 2013 ABSTRACT The experiment on different mens of cultivtion of red eet cv. Regulski Cylinder ws conducted in the yers , using conventionl, integrted, nd orgnic s. The gretest impct on totl nd commercil yield, the verge root weight, dry weight nd chemicl constituents content in the roots hd the seson. In the yers 2006 nd 2008, the highest totl nd mrketle yields of eet roots were otined y orgnic, ut in 2009 these prmeters were the lowest in orgniclly produced plnts. Totl yield ws correlted with men root weight. In the yers 2006 nd 2008, etnine content ws the lowest in orgniclly produced roots while in the yer 2009 it ws the highest. The low yield of mrketle roots nd the low nitrtes content were the only two prmeters, which distinguished orgniclly produced red eet roots throughout the yers of experiment. Key words: red eet, yielding, roots qulity, orgnic cultivtion, integrted cultivtion, conventionl cultivtion INTRODUCTION Red eet (Bet vulgris L.) is n importnt vegetle, which is on the fourth position in Polnd in terms of production nd consumption, fter cge, crrot, nd onion. Its cultivtion does not cuse ny prolems, nd good storility ensures vilility of fresh product yer round without the need of pplying expensive storge equipment. Red eets re lso widely used in food industry. This genertes frmers interest, including those specilising in sustinle technologies of production. For mny yers, orgnic products received unflgging interest of consumers ecuse of their pro helth properties, which re due to their high content of minerls, vitmins, nd pigments, i.e. compounds hving eneficil effect on humn orgnism (Szur et l. 2008, Zujko nd Witkowsk 2009, Hunter et l. 2011). For helth promoting ctivity of the red eets, the content of pigments in the roots is of specil importnce. These pigments elong to two groups: red-violet etcynins nd yellow etxntins. The etcynins include etnine nd isoetnine. Among etxntins, the min position is occupied y vulgxnthines (I nd II). Betcynins hve een recently included to the group of nturl plnt ntioxidnts (Ci et l. 2003). It ws demonstrted tht ll plnt products contining etcynins re chrcterised y high ntioxidtive potentil. Among them is the red eet, which ws recently included into the group of ten vegetles with the highest ntioxidtive potentil. Pigments of the red eets, especilly etnine, effectively inhiit lipid peroxidtion nd exhiit some nticrcinogenic, nticteril nd ntivirl ctivity (Knner et l. 2001). Red eets re the min source of etcynins, used in food industry s nturl dyes for food products (Szlty 2008). Different redness Corresponding uthor: e-mil: szopinsk@wsie.edu.pl

2 108 A.A. Szopińsk, M. Gwęd shdes of the root flesh re determined y the rtio of etcynins to etxntins, nd their reltive content depends on root size, vriety, wether conditions during cultivtion nd fertiliztion (Felczyński nd Elkner 2008). The negtive feture of red eets is high tendency to ccumulte nitrtes, which fter consumption my e converted in humn intestines to crcinogenic nitrosmines. The presence of nitrtes is consequence of excessive nitrogen fertiliztion (Moćko nd Wcłwek 2005), however their ccumultion my lso occur even if the proper grotechnique hs een pplied (Nrzyski, Gjewsk 1994). The study imed to determine the differences in the content of sic components determining qulity of red eet roots cultivted using orgnic, integrted nd conventionl s. Inconsistent results of numerous studies concerning qulity of orgnic products with reltion to products coming from other production systems justify the rightness of the undertken study. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three s of red eet Regulski Cylinder cultivtion were investigted: orgnic, integrted nd conventionl, during the yers 2006, 2008, nd All the experiments were performed in Wiśniow, Podkrpckie Voivodship, on rown cidic soils with humus content rnging from 2.38 to 2.41%. The tretment using orgnic ws conducted on certified field. Integrted nd conventionl tretments were locted on neighouring fields in order to minimise vrition resulting from different soil nd climtic conditions. Red eets were sowed in the third yer fter mnure ppliction. Pottoes cultivted on mnure were used s the forecrop in the first yer nd cerels with cover crop of legumes for utumn tillge in the second yer. Additionl supplementing fertilistion ws pplied in the spring, sing on results of soil nlysis. In conventionl nd integrted s it ws done in form of minerl fertilisers (nitrte, grnulr superphosphte nd potssium slt) while in orgnic in form of liquid mnure nd certified fertilisers (phosphte rock powder). The nutrients in the soil were mintined t the following levels: N - 70 mg dm -3, P - 60 mg dm -3, K mg dm -3, Mg - 60 mg dm -3, C mg dm -3. The cultivtion of red eets, irrespective of the pplied, ws conducted on low ridges with one-row sowing. At stge of 2-4 true leves, the thinning every 4-6 cm ws pplied. In orgnic cultivtion, mechnicl weed control ws pplied. Before sowing, the seeds were dressed with soft sop. No pesticides controlling diseses were pplied during the cultivtion. Beet seeds for sowing in integrted nd conventionl technologies were primed with Thirm 75%. The weed control ws sed on products pproved for use in red eet cultivtions. The first tretment with Lencil 80% ws crried out on rodlef weeds 3 dys fter the sowing. The second tretment ws performed on monocot weeds using Fluzifop-P-utyl 150 g dm -3. The other weeding tretments in integrted were conducted mechniclly while in the conventionl, n dditionl ppliction of hericide Quizlofop-Pethyl 5% ws used. In oth integrted nd conventionl s of cultivtion, tretment ginst Cercospor eticol with Mnkoze 75% ws pplied t the first true lef stge. No other plnt protection tretment ws used in oth s. Directly fter hrvesting, the roots weight, length, nd dimeter were mesured long with the nlysis of the dry mtter content using ovendrying t temperture 65 C s well s solule sugrs content with nthrone (Yemm nd Wills 1954), nitrtes content using spectrophotometric (PN-92/A-75112) nd the content of scoric cid using iodte (Smotus et l. 1982). The pigments of red eets - etnine nd vulgxnthine - were determined ccording to Nilsson (1970). In the presented study, ech experimentl oject (cultivtion ), ws replicted four times, where the repliction ws 200 m 2 plot. Otined results were worked out with Sttistic 8 softwre, using nlysis of vrince nd NIR t significnce level of p=0.05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Temperture nd precipittion during the 3 yers of the experiment vried significntly (T-

3 Red eet roots cultivted using conventionl, integrted nd orgnic 109 le 1). The yer 2006 ws the coldest, ut with the highest temperture in July nd Septemer, s compred to other yers. The men temperture ws the highest in 2008 nd reltively uniform during the whole seson, without low or high extremes. The yer 2006 hd the lowest totl precipittion, with especilly dry July ut wet August. In My, July nd Septemer of 2008 precipittion ws undnt. The seson 2009 ws most riny, especilly in My, June nd July. The totl nd mrketle yields vried significntly etween yers (Tle 2). In the yers 2006 nd 2008, the totl nd mrketle yields of orgniclly produced red eets were higher thn those produced y conventionl. In the yer 2009 in turn, the totl nd mrketle yields of orgniclly produced roots were the lowest when compred to the yields of conventionlly produced red eets. Otined results show strong impct of conditions during vegettive seson on the yield. When nlysing men yields from the three yers of cultivtion, no significnt influence of cultivtion on the yield ws noted. Mrketle yield of the red eet roots cultivted in orgnic system constituted 88, 74 nd 71% of the totl yield in the susequent yers in comprison to 83, 100 nd 93% in conventionlly grown roots. Higher yield of orgniclly produced red eets in the yers 2006 nd 2008 ws reported lso y Felczyński nd Elkner (2008). On the contrry, Mäder et l. (1993) reported tht yields of orgniclly produced vegetles were y out 25% lower thn of those produced conventionlly. Yields of orgniclly grown cge, crrot, onion, tomtoes, spinch nd pes lower y 47-88% compred to integrted production, were reported y Fjelkner-Modig et l. (2000). It is generlly elieved tht yields in orgnic griculture re 10-40% lower for prticulr species when compred to the conventionl one. The more intense the conventionl griculture nd the higher its efficiency is, the greter is the difference (Kuś 2003). In Polnd, considerly smll differences in yielding of plnts from orgnic nd conventionl cultivtion re due to reltively extensive technology used in trditionl frms, with low mounts of fertilisers nd pesticides pplied (Krsowicz 1996). Mrketle red eet roots from orgnic cultivtion hd lower men weight in 2009 compred to the roots coming from conventionl cultivtion ut higher thn those produced ccording to integrted technology in the yer 2006 (Tle 3). Significntly lower men weight of red eet roots cultivted using orgnic is consistent with the results otined y Mäder et l. (1993). The roots of red eets cultivted using different s did not differ in terms of dry mtter content, while significnt differences etween yers of cultivtion were noted (Tle 4). The lowest content of dry mtter in ll the tretments ws noted in the yer 2008, which ws proly due to undnt precipittion in Septemer. Lck of differences in dry mtter content in roots of red eet produced in vrious technologies ws reported y Sikor et l. (2010) nd Mäder et l. (1993) nd y Zrzyńsk nd Goliszewski (2006) for pottoes. Also Fjelkner-Modig et l. (2000) did not find ny differences in dry mtter content in onions produced y orgnic nd integrted, ut they otined higher dry mtter content in orgniclly cultivted pes, pottoes, crrots nd tomtoes, while for cge the highest content of dry mtter ws noted in integrted production. Rossi et l. (2008) demonstrted tht dry mtter content in tomtoes coming from orgnic production ws higher compred to these produced conventionlly. The content of nitrtes in the roots vried depending on cultivtion used nd yer of cultivtion. The lowest content ws found in the roots coming from orgnic cultivtion, while the highest in the roots from conventionl one. The roots from integrted cultivtion did not differ from the roots produced conventionlly in terms of the trit discussed. Kosson et l. (2011) reported similr findings. Worthington (2001) concluded tht nitrte s content in orgnic products is on verge 15.1% lower s compred with trditionlly produced ones. Zrzyńsk nd Goliszewski (2006) confirmed such reltionship for pottoes produced y orgnic nd integrted s. Compring the nitrte s content in white nd red cges, pottoes, lettuce, eets, prsley, crrots, celery, nd Chinese cge from conventionl nd orgnic cultivtion Remiłkowsk et l. (2012) concluded

4 110 A.A. Szopińsk, M. Gwęd Tle 1. Averge monthly ir temperture nd precipittion t the experimentl site Yer of cultivtion April My June July August Septemer Annul men Temperture ( C) Precipittion (mm) Tle 2. Red eet yield depending on cultivtion Method of production Totl yield (kg 10-2 h -1 ) Men for Conventionl * ns** Integrted ns Orgnic /s Annul men Mrketle yield (kg 10-2 h -1 ) (% of totl yield) Men for ns (83) (100) (93) (92) ns (81) (99) (93) (89) ns (88) (74) (71) (78) (84) (86) (87) Mens mrked with the sme letter within s of cultivtion nd sesons do not differ significntly - insignificnt difference Tle 3. Prmeters of red eet roots depending on cultivtion Method of production Conventionl Integrted Orgnic Annul men Men weight of mrketle root (g) Root length (cm) Root dimeter (cm) Men Men Men for the for the for the * ** c c , for explntions see Tle 2.

5 Red eet roots cultivted using conventionl, integrted nd orgnic 111 Tle 4. Content of dry mtter nd nitrtes in roots of red eet depending on cultivtion Dry mtter content (% FM) Nitrte content in juice (mg dm -3 ) Method of Men for Men for production Conventionl * ns** ns ns 2827 ns 2815 Integrted ns ns ns 2770 ns 2595 Orgnic ns ns ns 2275 ns 1618 Annul men , ** for explntions see Tle 2. Tle 5. Content of sugrs nd scoric cid in roots of red eet depending on cultivtion Solule sugrs (% FM) Ascoric cid (mg%) Method Men for Men for Conventionl 8.28 ns** 6.98 ns 7.43 * 7.57 ns c 7.83 Integrted 8.51 ns 6.76 ns ns Orgnic 8.16 ns 7.61 ns ns Annul men , for explntions see Tle 2. Tle 6. Content of pigments on roots of red eet depending on cultivtion Method Conventionl Integrted Orgnic Annul men Betnine (% FM) c Men for the Vulgxnthine (% FM) Men for the Rtio of etnine to vulgxnthine Men for the , for explntions see Tle 2. tht it ws higher y % on verge in conventionlly produced vegetles thn in those coming from orgnic cultivtion. In our experiment, the highest differences in nitrte s content were etween yers of cultivtion. They were high in 2006 nd 2009, which coincides with high temperture nd low precipittion in Septemer. Drought increses the nitrte s content y inhiiting their reduction in plnt tissues. An impct of cultivtion, climtic conditions, nd genotype on nitrtes content in roots of red eets ws discussed y Mäder et l. (1993). Severl uthors reported influence of the form nd mount of fertilizer used, wether conditions, soil type, cultivtion nd genetic fctors (Michlik nd Grzeelus 1995, Rożek 2000, Felczyński nd Elkner 2008). Felczyński nd Elkner (2008) reported tht t lower levels of mnure fertiliztion n dditionl

6 112 A.A. Szopińsk, M. Gwęd fertiliztion with minerl nitrogen incresed the level of nitrtes in eet roots. Szur et l. (2008) noted lower level of nitrtes in red eets in cooler summers, when fertilizers with reduced forms of nitrogen (NH 4 + ) nd fertilizers contining nitrifiction inhiitors (CULTAN ) were used. Soil ph is of ig importnce for the ccumultion of nitrtes in plnts. Mintennce of ph level t is one of the fctors necessry to reduce NO 3 - content in vegetles (Sdy 2000). Usully, high ccumultion of nitrtes in red eet roots coming from integrted nd conventionl cultivtion cn e explined oth y excessive nitrogen uptke from the pplied minerl fertilizers nd y lower rnge of soil ph. The solule sugrs content in orgniclly produced roots ws significntly higher thn in roots coming from the other systems only in 2009 (Tle 5). The lck of differences in sugrs content in roots of red eets originting from different cultivtion technologies ws lso noted y Mäder et l. (1993), Sikor et l. (2010) nd Kzimierczk et l. (2011). Hllmnn (2012) showed n increse in the totl content of sugrs nd in higher sugr to orgnic cids rtio in orgnic tomtoes when compred to these produced conventionlly. Remiłkowsk et l. (2012) confirmed higher content of totl sugrs in orgnic fruits nd vegetles, including crrots, eets, pottoes, spinch, kle, cherries, lck currnts nd pples, which contriutes to n increse in the technologicl nd sensory qulity (tste) of orgnic products. It is due to the sustinle mngement sed on orgnic fertilizers, which re decomposed slowly y soil microorgnisms nd re grdully eing mde ville for uptke y plnts. Higher levels of esily ville nitrogen in the conventionl crops led to the incresed synthesis of mino cids nd proteins, which inhiits the synthesis of cron-rech compounds, including crohydrtes (Worthington 2001). Ascoric cid content depended significntly on nd yer of cultivtion (Tle 5). In ech yer, the lowest mounts were noted in roots coming from orgnic production, while in roots from conventionl cultivtion its level ws the highest in ech yer of the study. Higher content of scoric cid ws noted in yers 2008 nd 2009, s compred to yer Reports on effect of the cultivtion on vitmin content re inconclusive. The lower content of vitmin C in the roots originting from orgnic cultivtion s compred to roots from conventionl cultivtion ws noted y Sikor et l. (2010), wheres Worthington (2001) reported tht vitmin C content ws on verge 27% higher in orgniclly grown vegetles when compred to conventionl ones, with the exception of crrots. On the other hnd, Kzimierczk et l. (2011) nd Mäder et l. (1993) found no difference in vitmin C content in the red eet roots from different cropping systems nd the sme ws oserved y Fjelkner-Modig et l. (2000) in cge, onion, pes nd tomtoes cultivted using orgnic nd integrted s. Hunter (2011) showed n increse in vitmin C content in orgniclly grown crrots nd pottoes. Higher level of scoric cid in orgnic pottoes nd tomtoes ws oserved y Solrsk et l. (2010); however there were no differences in cse of crrots, red eets nd leek. Brndt et l. (2011) compred the results of severl studies nd concluded tht there is tendency to higher levels of vitmin C in orgnic products. The lowest content of etnine ws determined in orgniclly produced eet roots in the yers 2006 nd 2008, ut in 2009 the orgnic roots hd the highest content of this compound (Tle 6). The content of the vulgxnthine did not depend on the cultivtion or the yer of cultivtion. The only difference concerning higher content of this compound in conventionlly grown eet root ws recorded in The rtio of etnine to vulgxnthine rnged from 2.40 to 4.32, nd ws significntly higher in orgnic eets only in Higher etnine to vulgxnthine rtio in flesh of orgnic red eets s compred to red eets coming from other cultivtions ws oserved y Felczyński nd Elkner (2008). They otined the highest content of etnine nd the highest rtio of etnine to vulgxnthine using low doses of fertiliser (N-60, P 2 O 5-30, K 2 O-70 kg h -1 ), chieving concurrently high mrketle yields of well-coloured roots. Kosson et l. (2011) confirmed the higher content of etnine in

7 Red eet roots cultivted using conventionl, integrted nd orgnic 113 orgnic eet roots when compred to conventionl ones nd showed tht its level depends on wether conditions t the time of plnting, fertiliztion nd plnt genotype. The results otined in our experiment show tht yield, dry mtter nd solule sugrs content of red eet roots produced in orgnic, integrted nd trditionl technology do not differ significntly. However, orgniclly grown red eets hd smller root dimeter nd length, which resulted in smller shre of mrketle roots when compred to red eets produced using conventionl. They were lso chrcterised y lower level of nitrtes nd scoric cid nd y higher etnine to vulgxnthine rtio (in one yer only) when compred to red eets coming from integrted nd conventionl production. REFERENCES Ci Y., Sun M., Corke H Antioxidntctivity of etlins from plnts of the Amrnthcee. J. Agri. Food Chem. 51: Brndt K., Leifert C., Snderson R., Sel C.J Agroecosystem mngement nd nutritionl qulity of plnt foods: The cse of orgnic fruit nd vegetles. Cr. Rev. Plnt Sci., 30: Felczyński K., Elkner K Effect of long-term orgnic nd minerl fertiliztion on the yield nd qulity of red eet (Bet vulgris L.). Veget. Crops Res. Bull. 68: DOI: /v Fjelkner-Modig S., Bengtsson H., Stegmrk R., nd Nyström S The influence of orgnic nd integrted production on nutritionl, sensory nd griculturl spects of vegetle rw mterils for food production. Act Agric. Scnd., Sect B, Soil Plnt Sci. 50: Hllmnn E The influence of orgnic nd conventionl cultivtion systems on the nutritionl vlue nd content of ioctive compounds in selected tomto types. J. Sci. Food Agric. 92: Hunter D., Foster M., McArthur J. O., Ojh R., Petocz P., Smmn S Evlution of the micronutrient composition of plnt foods produced y orgnic nd conventionl griculturl s. Cr. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 51: Knner J., Hrel S., Grnit R Betlins new clss of ctionized ntioxidnts. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49: Kzimierczk R., Hellmmm E., Treščinsk V., Remiłkowsk E Estimtion of the nutritive vlue of two red eet (Bet vulgris) vrieties from orgnic nd conventionl cultivtion. Journl of Reserch nd Applictions in Agriculturl Engineering 56 (3): Kosson R., Elkner K., Szfirowsk A Qulity of fresh nd processed red eet from orgnic nd conventionl cultivtion. Veget. Crops Res. Bull. 75: DOI: /v Krsowicz S Anlysis nd ssessment of ecologicl integrted nd trditionl griculturl holdings on the re of north-estern Polnd on the ckground of nturl nd economicorgnistionl conditions. IUNG Pułwy, ser. H: 11. [in Polish with English strct] Kuś J Yielding of selected crops in different crop production systems. Zesz. Nuk. AR w Krkowie 399 (89): Mäder P., Pfiffner L., Niggli U., Blzer U., BAlzer F., Besson J-M., Plocherger, Velimirov A. nd Boltzmnn L Effect of three frming systems (io-dynmic, io-orgnic, conventionl) on yield nd qulity of eetroot (Bet vulgris L. vr. esculent L.) in seven yer crop rottion. Act Hort. 339: Michlik B., Grzeelus D Betnine nd nitrte contents in tle eet cultivrs s function of growth period nd mnner of nitrogen fertiliztion. Act Hort Moćko A., Wcłwek W Assessment of hevy metls nd nitrtes (III) nd (V) content in selected vegetle species from llotment grdens in Ozimek city. Bromt. Chem. Toksykol. 38 (1): [in Polish with English strct] Nrzyski M., Gjewsk R Content of nitrtes nd nitrites in fruits nd vegetles nd some other food products. Roczn. PZH, 45(3): [in Polish with English summry] Nilsson T Studies into the pigments in eetroot (Bet vulgris L. ssp. vulgris vr. rur L.). Lntrukshögsk Ann. 36: PN-92/A Owoce, wrzyw i ich przetwory. Ozncznie zwrtości zotnów i zotynów. Rossi F., Godni F., Bertuzzi T., Trevisn M., Ferrri F. nd Gtti S Helth promoting sustnces nd hevy metl content in tomtoes grown with different frming techniques. Eur. J. Nutr. 47:

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