Adoption of Improved Rice Varieties among Small-Holder Farmers in South-Western Nigeria

Transcription

1 World Journl of Agriculturl Sciences (): 4-49, 005 ISSN IDOSI Pulictions, 005 Adoption of Improved Rice Vrieties mong Smll-Holder Frmers in South-Western Nigeri J.O. Sk, V.O. Okoruw, B.O. Lwl nd S. Ajijol Institute of Agriculturl Reserch nd Trining, Ofemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 509, Moor Plnttion, Idn, Nigeri Deprtment of Agriculturl Economics, University of Idn, Idn, Nigeri Astrct: The reserch exmines the sttus of doption of improved rice vrieties mong smll holder frmers in South-west Nigeri with view to sses the impct of technology trnsfer on rice production in the region. A totl of 57 rice frmers selected through multi-stge smpling technique were interviewed using structured questionnires. The results show tht frmers hve responded pprecily to intervention progrmme tht promote the use of the improved rice vrieties with n doption rte of 68.7%. The men yield of improved rice vrieties (.60 t h ) ws significntly higher thn the yield of the locl vrieties (.54 t h ) with yield dvntge of 38.7%. Also ITA 50 nd Ofd were the most prominent improved nd locl vrieties, respectively. However, the men yield (.586 t h ) for pddy rice in the re is still considerly low indicting tht the improved rice technology is yet to hve n pprecile impct on the level of productivity. However, the improved rice technology ws estimted to hve led to 9.4% proportionl production increse in rice production in the re. Frm size, frequency of extension contct nd the yield rting of the improved rice vrieties re the significnt fctors influencing oth the decision of frmers to dopt the improved rice vrieties nd intensity of use (p 0.0). Key words: Adoption improved rice vrieties South-western Nigeri INTRODUCTION technology trnsfer. All these fctors no dout go long wy in defining the potentil of country for Rice is the stple food in mny countries of Afric expnded rice production. nd constitutes mjor prt of the diet in mny others. Nigeri, though nturlly endowed hs not een During the pst three decdes the crop hs seen stedy le to produce enough rice for the domestic need of increse in demnd nd its growing importnce is evident her teming popultion nd the gp etween demnd given its importnt plce in the strtegic food security nd domestic supply hs further een widened y plnning policies of mny countries []. decdes of growing importnce of the commodity The chllenges fced y countries s regrds rice mong households cross the length nd reth of production however differs from one country to the the country. This hs culminted in sitution wherey other in terms of popultion, the preference ttched to domestic supply hd een complemented with enormous the commodity in the list of household menu, nturl rice import in consequence of which Nigeri hs emerged endowment for expnded production nd the s mjor importer of rice [4]. productivity of the rice frms [] quoting [3] opined tht The considertion of the lnce of trde glolly, nnul rice production needs to increse impliction (in the midst of undnt potentil for from 586 million metric tones in 00 to 756 million expnded rice production) of the enormous rice import metric tones y 030. Sources of such increse re then hd in the lst two decdes resulted in trde policy identified s including; increse in crege under high inititive of vrious regimes, culminting in import yielding vrieties; develop hyrid rice nd super rice; restrictions s strtegy for encourging domestic evolve more pproprite nd efficient crop, soil, wter, production. Recently is the increse in import triff on nutrient mngement technologies nd ccelerte rice, which is expected to generte revenue to e used Corresponding Author: J.O. Sk, Institute of Agriculturl Reserch nd Trining, Ofemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 509, Moor Plnttion, Idn, Nigeri 4

2 World J. Agric. Sci., (): 4-49, 005 in funding expnded rice production progrmmes of the Susequently, 5 locks nd 0 villges were rndomly Nigerin government. selected per zone for the reserch. Finlly, 5 rice frmers However, continuous gp etween supply nd rndomly selected from the list otined from the demnd for rice hs een projected in the country [5]. villge hed were interviewed with the id of structured Bsed on projected verge nnul growth rte of 3. questionnires. Interviewers were selected from mong nd 6.9% in demnd nd domestic supply, respectively, the griculturl extension gents in ech cell to which the gp is expected to ese off y the yer 00 ssuming ech of the selected villges fll with the ssistnce of sustntil success in the intensive strtegies lined the Zonl Extension Officer (ZEO). out for expnded production. However, totl of 57 of the dministered Prominent mong these strtegies is the effort of questionnires certified s contining enough reserch system t the development nd susequent informtion within the scope of the reserch were relese of improved technologies notly high yielding nlysed for the reserch. The distriution cross the nd disese resistnt rice vrieties certified suitle for ADP zones is s shown elow. the vrious gro ecologicl zones of the country. Stte ADP zones Numer of respondent Reports from the reserch institutes (sed on Ogun Stte Aeokut zone 39 their on-sttion nd on-frm trils) however indicte Ikenne 4 tht the technologies should led to sustntil yield Osun Stte Ife/Ijes 4 increse. Iwo 35 This however depends on sustined pprecile Totl 57 doption of the technologies t the frm level. However, Anlyticl tools included simple descriptive sttistics rurl socil scientists hve long mintined tht doption like frequency distriution, mens nd percentges, of improved technology nd mrket integrtion re while doption index ws estimted for ech of the predicted on the differentil possession of economic prominent rice vrieties gown in the re nd resources like lnd, lour nd cpitl [6]. Added to this consequently for locl nd improve rice vrieties in re other numerous socioeconomic nd institutionl the zone. fctors longside the physicl ttriute of the technology Adoption index were computed for individul itself. Studies in innovtion dissemintion [7-9] hve frmer following Philip et l. [9] wherey doption underscored the importnce of periodic ssessment of index (B v) is given y: level of doption of innovtions s mens of ssessing n for necessry djustment, the efficiency of institutionl R i i= coordintion for the dissemintion of new innovtions Bv = n nd the extent to which cceptnce of new innovtion is R T i= limited y oth physicl ttriute of the technology nd Where: the socioeconomic constrints. B v = The doption rte for rice vriety v, This reserch therefore exmined the sttus of R i = Lnd re grown to rice vriety v y frmer I doption of improved rice vrieties nd its contriution to R T = Totl lnd re grown to rice y frmer I rice production in the South-western zone of the country. I = (.n) Attention ws lso pid to the identifiction of the determinnts of doption of improved rice vrieties in the Similrly, proportionl chnge in production due to reserch re. doption of improved rice vriety in the reserch re ws determined s done y Ogunsumi et l. [0]. The MATERIALS AND METHODS Proportionl Production Increse (PPI) is thus given y: The smpling frme for present study consists of frmers growing rice under vrious cropping systems in the South-western zone of Nigeri. A multi-stge smpling technique ws used to select totl of 00 rice frmers from two of the rice producing sttes of South-western Nigeri nmely Ogun nd Osun Sttes. The survey ws conducted etween Octoer nd Decemer, 00. Two ADP zones noted for extensive rice production were selected from ech of the sttes for this reserch. Y PPI = B Y Where: PPI = Proportionl Production Increse Y = Chnge in Yield (i.e. Men Yield for Improve Vrieties - Men Yield for locl vrieties) Y = Men Yield for Rice in the re regrdless of vriety B = Adoption Index for improved vrieties vm vm 43

3 World J. Agric. Sci., (): 4-49, 005 A model ws lso specified to identify the frmer, frm nd vriety specific vriles tht influence the proility of doption nd intensity of use of improved rice vrieties y rice frmers in the zone. The Logit regression model ws specified to identify fctors tht influence the proility of doption of improved rice vrieties mong frmers. The model ws specified s: ( α+βx ij ) However, to provide the loss of informtion s regrds the intensity of use of improved vrieties, nother model ws specified to determine fctors influencing the intensity of use of improved rice vrieties fter frmers might hve mde the choice of doption of the technology. The model is lso specified s: B = f(x, X,..X,Ui) ivm 3 e Pj = ( α+βx) Where: ij + e B ivm = Adoption rte for improved rice vrieties for This is trnsformed into the logistic regression model frmer I nd ssumes nd 0 for the logistic y liner function of explntory vriles: model nd proportion of lnd re grown to improved vriety for the liner regression model Logit (P j) = + Xij X j = Socio-economic, institutionl nd gronomic fctors s shown in Tle Where: U i = Disturnce term P i = Adoption decision of frmer I ssuming inry form of () for doption nd (0) for non doption Hence, the logistic model ws pplied to ll the X ij = jth predetermined (covrites) household or frmers (oth dopters nd non dopters) to identify technology ttriutes fctors influencing the frmers decision to dopt or not = Constnt term of the regression eqution to e to dopt the improved rice vrieties, while the liner estimted regression ws pplied only to dopters to identify = Prmeters to e estimted fctors tht influences the intensity of use fter frmers Tle : Socio-economic chrcteristics of respondents Vriles Adopters Non dopters Totl Chi - squre Age rnge Less thn 0 yers 00 (00.0) 00 (00.0) 00 (00.0) 0.95 (0.006)* - 40 yers (4.0) 0 (06.4) 3 (.4) 4-60 yers 58 (36.9) (07.6) 70 (44.6) Aove 60 yers 5 (33.) 03 (0.9) 55 (35.0) Men ge Eduction Illiterte 3 (08.3) 7 (0.8) 30 (9.) (0.000)* Educted 9 (75.8) 08 (05.) 7 (80.9) Sex Mle 6 (73.9) 4 (5.3) 40 (89.).436 (0.3) Femle 6 (0.) 0 (00.6) 7 (0.8) Memership of ssocition Yes 00 (87.0) 5 (3.0) 5 (73.).663 (0.03) No 3 (76.) 0 (3.8) 4 (6.8) Type of rice grown Uplnd 0 (65.0) 6 (0.) 8 (75.) 0.84 (0.594) Lowlnd 9 (.) 04 (0.6) 3 (4.7) Uplnd nd Lowlnd 00 (00.0) 07 (06.) 07 (04.5) Irrigted Lowlnd 04 (0.6) 0 (03.7) 05 (03.) Irrigted Uplnd nd Lowlnd 03 (0.3) 0 (03.7) 04 (0.5) Cropping Systems Sole 70 (44.6) 7 (0.8) 87 (55.4) (0.853) Mixed 8 (7.8) 03 (0.9) 3 (9.8) Rely 06 (03.8) 0 (00.6) 07 (04.5) Sole nd Mixed 3 (4.7) 09 (05.7) 3 (0.4) Source of holdings Inheritnce 89 (56.7) 3 (08.3) 0 (65.0) (0.03)* Rented 9 (8.5) (07.6) 4 (6.) Gift 04 (0.5) 00 (00.0) 04 (0.5) Purchsed 0 (06.4) 00 (00.0) 0 (06.4) Source: Field survey 00, Figure in prenthesis re percentges, * Significnt t p

4 World J. Agric. Sci., (): 4-49, 005 might hve decided to or dopted the improved rice This includes those who dopted oth sole nd mixed vrieties. cropping, while rely cropping (4.5%) is reltively A pir-wise comprison of yield vlues given y the unpopulr in rice production mong the frmers. frmers for oth locl nd improved vrieties ws done for ech of the prominent rice vrieties when grown with nd Lnd holdings nd lloction: Acquisition of frmlnd without fertilizer s otined using t-sttistic. mong rice frmers hd not devited from the ge-long trend s most of the frmers (65%) cquired their frmlnd RESULTS AND DISCUSSION through inheritnce while 6.% nd 6.4% cquired their lnd through rent nd purchse respectively. However, Tle shows the socio-economic chrcteristics of more dopters of improved rice vrieties cquired their frmers in reltion to their choice of use of improved rice lnd through inheritnce (57%) thn non dopters vrieties. The results indicted tht ge, eduction, source (Tle ). of lnd holding hve significnt reltionship with Generlly, verge lnd re put to cultivtion y the doption of improved vrieties mong the frmers while frmers ws estimted t.4 h out of which n verge sex, choice of production nd cropping systems were of.6 h ws put to rice cultivtion. In ddition, dopters found to hve no significnt reltionship with frmers of improved rice vrieties were found to put more lnd doption of improved rice vrieties. re (.6 h) to rice production thn non dopters (0.3 h). Specificlly, the verge ge of the frmers ws 53 Also, non dopters cultivted lrger frm size to locl yers with 0.4% (3) een etween to 40 yers of ge vrieties (.4 h) thn dopters (.0), while the verge while none ws elow yers of ge. Also dopters of lnd re grown to improved vrieties ws. h improved rice vrieties were younger in ge (4.8 yers) (Tle ). thn non dopters (53.9 yers). Similrly, the mjority of the educted frmers (93.7%) Adoption of improved rice vrieties: The estimted re dopters while the mjority of the illiterte frmers doption level of the different rice vrieties identified y (53.7%) re non-dopters. Generlly however, out the frmers is shown in Tle 3. The result shows tht 80.9% of the respondents re literte. sustntil proportion of lnd re grown to rice ws The survey lso reveled tht improved rice vrieties cultivted with improved rice vrieties with n doption were widely dopted y lrger proportion of mle rte of 68.7% while the doption rte for locl vrieties (8.9%) nd femle frmers (94.%). Aout 73% of the ws estimted s 3.3%. frmers elong to one form of ssocition or other; The improved rice vrieties grown y the frmers however, improved rice vrieties were predominntly included ITA 50, WAB 89, ITA 35, WITA 4, ITA grown y oth memers of ssocitions (87%) nd non 35, ITA 3, ITA 8, ITA 360, WAB 450.P3, memers (76.%). WAB nd WITA, while the locl vrieties consisted of Ofd, Eleef, Iles, Ode-omi, Benue Production systems: The production systems dopted locl, Akure locl nd Mokw. ITA 50, WAB 89, y frmers in rice production is lso shown in Tle 3. ITA 35 nd WITA 4 re the prominent improved rice The Mjority (75.%) of the frmers engged in rin vrieties while Ofd, Eleef, Iles nd Ode-omi re the fed uplnd rice production followed y rin fed lowlnd locl vrieties commonly grown y the frmers in order (4.7%). Rice ws commonly grown s sole crop (55.4%). of importnce. Tle : Lnd lloction in rice production Totl lnd Are cultivted Percentge Averge frm size Stte N re (h) to rice (h) cultivted to rice grown to rice (h) Osun Ogun Totl Lnd lloction y dopters nd non dopters (h) Lnd Alloction Adopters Non dopters Totl Men rice lnd re Men re to locl vrieties.0.4. Men re to improved vr Source: Field survey 00 45

5 World J. Agric. Sci., (): 4-49, 005 Tle 3: Adoption index for locl rice vrieties cultivted Osun Ogun Totl Adoption Adoption Adoption Vriety Lnd re coefficient Lnd re coefficient Lnd re coefficient Locl Ofd Iles Mokw Akure Benue Ode-Omi Eleef (OS6) Totl Improved FARO FARO FARO ITA ITA ITA ITA ITA WAB WITA WITA WITA Totl Source: Field survey 00 Tle 4: Averge yield of prominent rice vrieties Locl vrieties Improved vrieties Vrieties N Fertilizer N W. Fert. Vriety N Fertilizer N W. Fert. Ofd 3.40 (0.7) 37.9 (0.09) ITA (0.074) 5.58 (0.4) Eleef c.09 (0.055) WAB 89 9 d.60 (0.08) - - Iles e 0.66 (0.008) ITA 35 f.890 (0.85) 4 f.79 (0.7) Ode-omi g (0.035) WITA 4 09 fh.35 (0.8) (0.7) (0.0) (0.04) 9.59 (0.06) Men (0.007) Men 6.60 (0.006) Source: Field survey 00, * Figure in prenthesis re stndrd errors, * Yield vlues with different superscripts cross columns nd rows re significntly different (p = 0.05), Fertilizer = Grown with fertilizer, W. Fert = Grown without fertilizer Among the improved vrieties, ITA 50 ws the most yield of ofd grown with or without fertilizer (.40 nd prominent with n estimted doption rte of 49.5%.9 t h, respectively) were significntly higher thn followed distntly y ITA 35 nd WAB 89, ech with the men yield of ll other locl vrieties except Eleef doption rte of 4.%. Similrly, Ofd rice ws the most while the yield of WAB 89 grown without fertilizer prominent locl rice vriety with n doption rte of 4.4% (.6 t h ) ws significntly higher thn the yield of followed y Iles nd Mokw. However, there is mrked ll other improved vrieties grown with or without vrition in the spred of the locl nd improved vrieties fertilizer. There is however no significnt difference in s more rice vrieties (oth locl nd improved) re eing the yield of ITA 50, when grown with or without grown y rice frmers in Ogun Stte thn in Osun Stte. fertilizer. In terms of yield, the prominent improved vrieties WAB 89, WITA 4 nd ITA 35 nd ITA 50 Yield differentil mong rice vrieties: Pir-wise ppered most promising. comprism of the yield (pddy) of the prominent rice Given yield differentil of t h etween vrieties indicted tht the men yield of improved rice improved nd locl rice vrieties nd with n doption vrieties (.60 t h ) ws significntly higher thn the coefficient of 0.687, the improved rice vriety technology men yield of the locl vrieties (.54 t h ) mounting could e sid to hve contriuted n estimted to 38.7% yield dvntge (Tle 4). Also, the men Proportionl Production Increse (PPI) of 9.4% sed on 46

6 World J. Agric. Sci., (): 4-49, 005 Tle 5: Description of vriles included in the regression model Vrile (X j) Description of vriles/covrites FERTUSE Use of fertilizer (Used =, Not used = 0) PIP Prticiption in intervention progrmme: Prticiption =, Non prticiption = 0 RICECULT Lnd re cultivted to rice (h) DROUTOLE Tolernce rting reltive to locl vriety (Higher = 3, Similr =, Lover = ) PROCESIN Processing qulity reltive to locl vriety (Higher = 3, Similr =, Lower = ) DSERATIN Disese resistnce rting reltive to locl vriety (Higher = 3, Similr =, Lover = ) YLDRATIN Yield rting reltive to locl vriety (Higher = 3, Similr =, Lover = ) EDUCATIO Level of eduction Illiterte = 0, Adult eduction =, primry school =, Secondry = 3, Post secondry = 4 EXTFREQ Frequency of Extension Contct: Not t ll = o, occsionlly =, qurterly =, fortnightly = 3 monthly = 4, weekly = 5 ALTINCOM Avilility of non-frm sources of income: Yes =, No = 0 ASOSMEM Memership of frmers ssocition: Yes =, No = 0 CREDIT Access to credit fcilities: Yes =, No = 0 INFOSOS Numer of sources of informtion on rice production identified y frmer AGE Age of frmer in yers Tle 6: Log likelihood (Logit model) estimte of intensity of doption of improved rice vrieties Covrites Std. error Sig. t Wld (Constnt) -7.87* FERTUSE PIP RICECULT 3.57* DROUTOLE PROCESIN DSERATIN YLDRATIN.489** EDUCATIO EXTFREQ 0.996** ALTINCOM ASOSMEM CREDIT INFOSOS AGE **Significnt t: p 0.05, *Significnt t p Log of likelihood function = = * Adjusted R = Overll Correct predictions = 9.% Adopters (n = 30) = 95.3% Non Adopters (n = 7) = 75.0% Tle 7: Determinnts of level of doption of improved rice vrieties Vriles Coefficient ( ) Bet Coeff. t-sttistic Sig. t (Constnt) FERTUSE PIP 0.097** RICECULT 0.03** DROUTOLE PROCESIN 0.048* DSERATIN YLDRATIN 0.0*** EDUCATIO 0.035** EXTFREQ 0.0* ALTINCOM 0.079* ASOSMEM 0.3** CREDIT INFOSOS AGE -0.00* Adjusted R = 0.737, F = 8.6 *** Significnt t: p 0.0, ** p 0.05, *Significnt t p 0.0 the ground tht the verge yield for rice mong the frmers regrdless of vriety plnted ws estimted s.586 t h. Fctors determining doption of improved rice vrieties: The regression nlysis shows the level nd direction of influence of certin socio-economic nd institutionl fctors; nd the physicl potentils of the improved vrieties on frmers decision to dopt improved rice vrieties nd intensity of use of improved vrieties. The description of the fctors is shown in Tle 5. The results of the Logit likelihood regression model (Tle 6) indicted tht the overll predictive power of the model (9.%) nd explntory power (75.9%) re quite high, while the significnt (for = 0) is indictive of strength of the joint effect of the covrites on proility of doption mong smllholder rice frmers in the zone. The results lso shows tht the decision whether or not to cultivte improved rice vrieties is determined y the size of rice frm (RICECULT), yield rting of improved rice vrieties (YLDRATIN) nd frequency of extension contct (EXTFREQ) which hve significnt positive influence. Also, the Wld indicting the reltive contriution of individul vrile to proility of doption of improved rice vrieties shows tht the respective yield performnce of the (0.74) vrieties nd the frequency of extension contct (7.093) were the two most importnt fctors determining choice of cultivtion of improved rice vrieties mong the frmers. However, the liner regression nlysis (Tle 7) indicted tht fter frmer might hve decided to or dopted improved rice vriety, the intensity of use (doption rte) is significntly influenced positively in order of importnce y the yield rting of the improved rice vriety, frmers memership of ssocitions, size of rice frms, level of eductionl ttinment, frmers prticiption in intervention progrmmes, vilility of 47

7 World J. Agric. Sci., (): 4-49, 005 Tle 8: Sources of locl nd improved vrieties Locl vrieties Improved Osun Ogun Totl Osun Ogun Totl Sources f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) MANR ADP Locl mrket Fellow frmer WARDA Reserch Inst Frmers Assoc Specil Prog Input store Buying gent Totl Source: Field survey 00, f = Numer of respondents, = Ministry of Agriculture nd Rurl Development, = Agriculturl Development Project lterntive sources of income, processing qulity of the promote the cultivtion of improved rice vrieties in the rice vriety, ge of the frmers nd frequency of extension region with n doption rte of 67%. contct. These rther show tht more fctors determine However, the verge yield for the reserch re the continuous or incresed use of the improved rice (.60 t h ) hs indicted tht the improved rice vrieties thn the decision to dopt or not to dopt t the technology is yet to hve n pprecile impct on initil stge. productivity s the yield is still considerly low nd Other fctors like frmers use of fertilizer in rice not fr from the ntionl yield vlue of.50 t h for production, drought tolernce nd disese rting 996 [5, ]. It ws lso shown tht the improved ttriutes of the improved vrieties, ccess to credit vrieties tht hve etter yield potentil on frmers field fcility nd numer of sources of informtion were found (e.g. WAB 89, WITA 4 nd ITA 35) re yet to e to hve no significnt influence on intensity of use of pprecily dopted y the frmers despite their high improved vrieties. premium performnce even when grown without The f-sttistic however indicted tht ll the fertilizer. The reserch lso indicted the possiility of vriles jointly hve significnt influence on the hving n increse in yield potentil of the locl level of doption of improved rice vrieties. Also, 73.7% vrieties y the use of fertilizer input which hs een (R -vlue) of the vrition in the level of doption is demonstrted to e n importnt determinnt of level ccounted for y vritions in the explntory vriles. of yield of cerel crops especilly. It ws lso discovered tht the vrieties with the higher yield Sources of seed: Tle 8 indicted tht while the ADPs potentils were the ltest set of vrieties introduced to (6.8%) nd Ministry of Agriculture (4.8%) of the the frmers. respective sttes re the most importnt sources of Bering the prolem in distriution system for improved rice seeds, frmers otined the seed of the fertilizer in mind. It is glring tht n enhnced doption locl vrieties notly from locl mrkets (43.%) nd of the improved rice vrieties despite fertilizer shortge fellow frmers (3.5%). still hs the potentil of rising the productivity of the ntion s rice frms. Policy impliction nd recommendtion: The min im of The empiricl result lso indicted tht the choice present reserch is to nlyze the doption ehviour nd intensity of doption of improved rice vrieties re of smllholder rice frmers in South-western Nigeri jointly influenced y the size of rice frms, yield of through the determintion of the level of doption of improved rice vrieties nd frequency of extension vrious improved rice vrieties grown in the region nd contct. However, other fctors like prticiption in the identifiction of fctors tht determines the decision intervention progrmmes, processing qulity of the rice to dopt nd followed the y level of investment on vriety, level of eduction of frmers, vilility of improved rice technology. lterntive income, memership of frmers ssocition nd The reserch hs clerly shown tht frmers re ge were found to influence the level of use of the responding pprecily to intervention progrmmes tht improved rice vrieties. 48

8 World J. Agric. Sci., (): 4-49, 005 This thus underscores the importnce of institutionl 3. FAO., 000. Agriculture towrds 05/30 Technicl support tht would provide for incresed individul Interim Report, April, 000, Rome. frmer s or group prticiption in intervention progrmme 4. Spore, 003. Rice: Yields nd eulogies. Spore. tht promote the cultivtion of improved rice vrieties for Informtion for griculturl development in ACP sustined doption. countries, No. 05, 003, pp: 3. Such intervention progrmmes, trgeted t younger 5. F.M.A. nd N.R., 997. Niger: Ntionl Agriculturl frmers ecuse of the indirect influence of ge on Reserch Strtegy Pln: Bukr Shi, doption should include on-frm nd demonstrtion Admu Aliyu nd J.S. Bkshi, (Eds.). Deprtment trils, griculturl shows nd promotionl ctivities for of Agriculturl Sciences, Federl Ministry of improved rice vrieties while more efforts should e Agriculture nd Nturl Resources, Auj, Nigeri, given towrds ensuring wider nd effective coverge pp: for extension services. This my e in the form of 6. Erugh, J., 999. Agriculturl intensifiction in recruitment of more extension stff complemented with Ugnd: Progress or environmentl involution: In regulr routine trining to updte their technicl skill. Africn Crop Science Proceedings, 4: Although, input stores nd frmers ssocition pper to 7. Dynth Jh, Hojjti Behjt nd Vosti Stephen, e closer to frmers in terms of input supply, the 99. The Use of Improved Agriculturl Technology distriution of the sources of rice seed did not indicte in Estern Province. In: Adopting Improved Frm tht these opportunities re een well explored. Efforts Technology. A reserch of Smll Holder Frmers in should therefore e mde to further strengthen these Estern Province, Zmi. Celis, R., J.T. Milimo nd chnnels for regulr nd timely supply of improved seeds S. Wnmli (Eds.) IFPRI., pp: to frmers. 8. Mg-Semglwe, Z., nd H. Folmer, 000. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Household doption ehviour of improved soil conservtion: the cse of the north Pre nd west Usmr Mountins of Tnzni. Lnd Use Policy, The uthors wish to cknowledge the immense 7: contriution of Alh. R.A. Slwu (The Director, 9. Philips, D., M. Msngw nd B. Philip, 000. Humn Resources Development Centre, OGADEP) nd Adoption of mize nd relted technologies in Mr. S. Popol (The Deputy Director, Technicl Services, the north-west Zone of Nigeri. Moor J. Agric. Res., OSADEP) for their immense contriution in the selection : of reserch re nd respondents. 0. Ogunsumi, L.O., J.O. Sk, C.A. Afolmi, D.K. Ojo nd E.O. Fkoy, 003. Effect of downy mildew REFERENCES resistnce mize technology of frmers yield nd income in downy mildew endemic re of Nigeri.. Normn, J.C. nd E. Otoo, 00. Sustinle rice ASSET Series A (003) 3: 55-. production for food security. Proceedings of the 0th. Missri, S.M., A.A. Idowu nd M.M. Ukwungu, Session of the Interntionl Rice Commission, 996. Rice: Importnce nd Present Level of Bngkok, Thilnd, 3-6 July 00. Interntionl Development nd Mjor Bottlenecks. In: Rice Commission. Adedipe, N.O., J.S. Bkshi nd A. Aliyu (Eds.). Roy, R.N. nd R.V. Misr, 00. Economic nd Proceedings of the Workshop on the Ntionl environmentl impct of improved nitrogen Agriculturl Reserch Strtegy Pln nd Extension mngement in Asin rice-frming systems. Services/Input Delivery, Auj. NARP. Deprtment Proceedings of the 0th Session of the Interntionl of Agriculturl Sciences, FMA&NR Auj, Rice Commission, Bngkok, Thilnd, 3-6 July Nigeri, pp: Interntionl Rice Commission. 49