Productive performance of indigenous and HF crossbred dairy cows in Gondar, Ethiopia

Transcription

1 Veterinry World, EISSN: Aville t RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Productive performnce of indigenous nd HF crossred diry cows in Gondr, Eiopi doi: /vetworld How to cite is rticle: Kumr N, Eshetie A, Areh T nd Yizengw HA (2014) Productive performnce of indigenous nd HF crossred diry cows in Gondr, Eiopi, Veterinry World 7(3): Introduction Nirj Kumr, Alemyehu Eshetie, Areh Tesfye nd Hilelule Aleme Yizengw College of Veterinry Medicine, Mekelle University, P.O.Box-231, Mekelle, Eiopi Corresponding uor: Nirj Kumr, emil: nirjjh1925@yhoo.com, Tel: Received: , Revised: , Accepted: , Pulished online: out 4.06 illion litres, is only trnsltes to n verge dily milk production/cow of 1.86 litres/dy [6]. Some improvement is lso reported in e per cpit consumption of milk nd estimted it t 19.2 kg [7]. Furer, e nnul rte of increse in milk yield (estimted to e 1.2%) lgs ehind e increment in humn popultion (estimted to e out 2.7% per nnum) [8] nd is resulted in lrge supply demnd gp for fresh milk [9]. To meet e ever-incresing demnd for milk nd milk products, genetic improve- ment of e indigenous cttle hs een proposed s one of e options. Genetic improvement of e indigenous cttle, siclly focusing on crossreeding, hs een prcticed in mny developing countries. In Eiopi, crossred cttle which re minly cross of zeu wi Holstein- Friesin cttle hve een used for milk production for decdes. An ccurte evlution of e performnce of crossreds s well s indigenous cows is criticl to e development of pproprite reeding strtegies. The success of diry production in generl nd crossreeding progrmmes in prticulr needs to e monitored regulrly y ssessing e productive performnce under e existing mngement system. However, informtion is limited out e productive performnce of diry cows in smllholder urn nd peri-urn diry frms in e tropics, prticulrly in Eiopi [10]. Lcttion period (LL), lcttion milk yield (LMY) s well s pek milk yield (PMY) of milch nimls re e importnt Eiopi is elieved to hve e lrgest livestock popultion in Afric, nd diry production is n importnt component of livestock frming in Eiopi. The country hs out 27 reeds of cttle [1]. The totl cttle popultion for e country is estimted to e out million. Out of is totl cttle popultion, e femle cttle constitute out percent [2]. The huge nd diverse cttle popultion, vried nd fvorle gro-ecology for dirying, incresing demnd for diry products in urn nd peri-urn res, long- stnding culture of diry products consumption, nd fvorle policies re indictors of e importnce nd potentil of dirying in e country [3]. However, productivity of diry nimls in generl is limited. Aout percent of e totl cttle in e country re locl reeds [2] nd eir production potentil is very low. In 2009, e verge cow milk production ws estimted to e only 1.54 litres/cow/dy [4], nd e per cpit milk consumption ws only out 16 kg/yer, which is much lower n Africn nd world per cpit verges of 27 kg/yer nd 100 kg/yer, respectively [5]. Alough little improvement is noted in recent report indicted t e totl production of cow milk is Astrct Aim: To study e mgnitude of vrition in lcttion leng (LL), lcttion milk yield (LMY) nd pek-yield (PY)due to genetic nd non-genetic cses in indigenous nd crossred cttle rered under privte diry unit in nd round Gondr, Eiopi. Mterils nd Meods: The study ws conducted on 411 milch nimls from 86 diry frmers comprising of 172 indigenous nd 239 Holstein-Friesin (HF) crossred cows. These cows were mintined under frmer's mngement system in nd round Gondr (Eiopi) nd were nlyzed y Lest squres nlysis to study e mgnitude of vrition in eir LL, LMY nd PY due to genetic nd some non-genetic fctors. Result: The overll Lest squres mens for LL, LMY nd PY were estimted to e dys, litres nd litres respectively. Genetic group nd lcttion order hd significnt effect (P0.01) on LL, LMY nd PY. Seson of clving hd significnt effect (P0.01) on LMY nd PY ut its effect on LL ws non-significnt. Effect of loction of herd ws significnt (P0.05) on LMY nd PY while its effect on LL ws non-significnt. Vritions in ll e trits due to herd size nd frming system were sttisticlly non-significnt. Conclusion: Productive performnce of diry cows in is study ws found to e lesser n e optimum vlues desirle for profitle milk production. Keywords: crossred cows, indigenous, lcttion leng, lcttion milk yield, pek milk yield. Copyright: The uors. This rticle is n open ccess rticle licensed under e terms of e Cretive Commons Attriution License ( which permits unrestricted use, distriution nd reproduction in ny medium, provided e work is properly cited. Veterinry World, EISSN:

2 Aville t production prmeters of eir economic wor. Thus, Lest squres nµlysis [13] for which e following e present investigtion ws undertken to study e memticl model ws utilized: effect of genetic nd non-genetic fctors on LL, + + HS + + Y ijklmnp= G i Z j + F k S m P n e ijklmnp LMY nd PY in indigenous s well s crossred Where, cttle mintined in smll diry units under Y ijklmnp = e vlue of p individul under i genetic frmer's mngement locted in nd round group, j zone, k frming system, 1 herd size, m Gondr (Eiopi). seson of clving nd n prity. µ = e popultion men. Mterils nd Meods G i = e effect of i genetic group (i=1, 2) Study re: The study ws conducted in nd 10 km Z j = e effect of j loction herd (j=1, 2) round Gondr city, Amhr Ntionl Regionl Stte, F k = e effect of k frming system (k=1, 2) locted in e norwestern prt of Eiopi. Study re Hs 1 = e effect of l herd size (1=1, 2, 3) is locted etween 700 nd 778kms norwest of e S m = e effect of m seson of clving (m=1, 2, 3) cpitl, Addis A. The study zone is locted º etween geogrphicl coordintes 12.3º to nor P n = e effect of n prity (n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5) ltitudes nd 35.5º to 38.3º est longitudes nd e e ijklmnp = e rndom error ssocited wi individul ltitude rnges from 550 to 4620 meters ove se level which is rndomly nd independently distriuted wi 2 in western lowlnd nd in nor Semen Mountin, men zero nd vrince?. respectively. The verge nnul rin fll vries from The sttisticl significnce of vrious effects ws 880mm to 1772 mm, which is chrcterized y tested y F test. Wheres, e F vlue ws monomodl type of distriution. The men nnul significnt, e Duncn's Multiple Rnge (DMR) Test minimum nd mximum tempertures re 10ºC in e modified y Krmer [14] ws utilized for pir wise highlnd nd 44.5ºC in e lowlnd [11]. comprison of e Lest squre mens t 5 nd 1 percent level of proility. Study popultion nd smpling procedure: A totl of 411 milch nimls comprising of 172 indigenous nd Results 239 HF crossred cows from 86 smllholder diry Lcttion leng: The overll Lest squres mens for frmers in nd round Gondr city of Eiopi were LL in indigenous nd HF crossred cows included in included in is study. Frmers were interviewed is study were estimted to e dys rndomly wi scheduled questionnire which ws (Tle-2). Genetic group hd significnt (P<0.01) minly sed on e productive performnce inform- influence on LL, its contriution to e totl vrition in tion of Indigenous nd HF crossred diry cows. The e trit eing % (Tle-1). The HF crossred questionnire ws developed in ccordnce wi e cows hd significntly higher verge LL ojectives of e study nd ws designed in simple ( dys) n t of indigenous diry mnner to get ccurte informtion from e diry frm cows ( dys). The effect of zone, herdowners. Ech respondent ws given rief description size nd seson of clving on LL ws sttisticlly not out e nture nd purpose of e study. significnt (Tle-1). Lcttion order (prity) effect The entire study re ws divided into two zones contriuted significntly (P 0.01) to e totl vrition viz. urn which constitute e city re nd peri-urn in LL nd e mgnitude of contriution eing 6.14 % constitute in rdius of out 10 km round e city. (Tle-1). The men LL ws longer in e four The privte diry units were grouped into ree groups clvers ( dys) followed y ird sed on e numer of milch nimls ey possessed ( dys), second ( dys), first nd delineted s herds of sizes up to 3, 4-6 nd 7 nd ( dys) nd fif ( dys) ove. To study e influence of seson of clving on clvers (Tle-2). The frming system did not hve ny different economic trits, e yer ws divided into significnt influence on LL. ree sesons viz. Hot-dry (Mrch-June), Hot-humid Lcttion milk yield: (July-Octoer) nd Cold (Novemer-Ferury). The overll Lest squres mens Performnce records of milch nimls in first to fif for LMY in indigenous nd HF crossreed cows, lcttion were only included. On e sis of e included in is study were estimted to e frming system dopted y e frmers, e units were dys (Tle-2). Genetic group hd significnt clssified into two types i.e. household exclusive (P<0.01) influence on LMY, its contriution to e totl prcticing niml husndry nd ose prcticing vrition in e trit eing 91.81%. HF crossred cows niml husndry integrted wi crop-production. hd e significntly higher verge LMY ( Lcttion leng (LL), lcttion milk yield (LMY) nd litres) n t of indigenous cows ( pek yield (PY) were e economic trits tken s e litres). Vrition in zone hd lso significnt mesures of production efficiency in is study. Strtified (P0.05) influence LMY (Tle-1). The urn zone of rndom smpling wi proportionl lloction [12] ws study re hd significntly higher verge LMY dopted for selection of respondent units. ( litres) n t of peri-urn zone ( litres). The effect of herd-size on LMY Sttisticl nlysis: Dt collected were sujected to ws sttisticlly not significnt (Tle-1). Veterinry World, EISSN:

3 Aville t Tle-1. Lest squre nlysis of vrince showing effects of genetic nd non-genetic fctors on lcttion leng, lcttion milk yield nd pek yield of nimls in nd round Gondr (Eiopi). Sources of vrition d.f. Lcttion leng Lcttion milk yield Pek yield M.S.S. (R ) M.S.S. (R ) M.S.S. (R ) Genetic group ** (57.23) ** (91.81) ** (85.21) Zone (0.77) * (0.21) 3.34* (0.23) Herd-size (0.58) (0.14) 1.66 (0.17) Seson of clving (0.62) ** (1.91) 17.87** (1.48) Lcttion order ** (6.14) ** (4.11) 37.75** (7.02) Frming system (0.02) (0.03) 0.02 (0.00) Residul (34.64) (1.79) 0.59 (5.89) 2 ** P < 0.01, * P < Figure mentioned in prenesis indictes R vlue. d.f.: degree of freedom, M.S.S.: men sum of squres Tle-2. Lest squre mens lcttion leng, lcttion milk yield nd pek yield under genetic nd non-genetic fctors in nimls in nd round Gondr (Eiopi). Sources of vrition Lcttion leng Lcttion milk yield Pek yield (dys) Men+S.E (litres) Men+ S.E (litres) Men+ S.E Overll men Genetic Groups Indigenous cow HF crossred Zones Urn Peri-urn Herd-sizes (Up to 3 ) nimls (4-6) nimls (7 & ove) nimls Sesons of clving Mr. June July Oct Nov. Fe Prities st nd rd Frming systems Only niml husndry Mixed frming Vlues superscripted y similr letter were not significntly different from ech oer. Sesons of clving hd significnt (P<0.01) HF crossred cows hd e significntly higher PY influence on LMY, its contriution to e totl vrition ( litres) n t of indigenous cows (2.54 in e trit eing 1.91%. The cows clved during July litres). Vrition in zone hd lso significnt Oct ( litres) hd significntly higher (P<0.05) influence on PY (Tle-1). The urn zone of LMY n ose clved during Nov-Fe ( study re hd significntly higher verge PY ( litres) nd Mr-June ( litres) litres) n t of peri-urn zone ( Prity effect contriuted significntly (P0.01) to e litres). Herd size did not influence PY significntly totl vrition in LMY, e mgnitudes of contriutions (Tle-1). Sesons of clving nd lcttion order hd eing 4.11% (Tle-1). The ird ( litres) significnt (P0.01) influence on PY. The cow clved nd four clvers ( litres) hd signifi- during July-Oct ( litres) hd significntly cntly higher LMY n fif ( litres), higher PY n ose clved during Nov.-Fe. (6.63+ second ( litres) nd first ( litres) nd Mr-June ( litres). The ird litres) clvers. There ws n incresing trend in ( litres) nd four clvers ( litres) LMY from first to ird prity, en ere ws hd significntly higher PY n fif ( decrese in LMY from four to fif prity. The frming system did not hve ny significnt influence litres), second ( litres) nd first ( on LMY. litres) clvers. The frming system did not hve ny significnt influence on PY. Pek yield: The overll Lest squres mens for PY in Discussion e present study ws litres. Genetic group hd significnt (P<0.01) influence on PY, its contri- The estimted vlue for LL ws lower n e ution to e totl vrition in e trit eing 85.21%. stndrd lcttion vlue (305 dys) desirle for Veterinry World, EISSN:

4 Aville t profitle milk production. Averge LL for indigenous 45 to 90 dys in milk nd slowly lose production over cttle ws considered to e six mons in Eiopi [2]. time until dry-off. Effect of genetic group ws lso Effect of genetic group ws lso reported to hve reported to e significnt on PY y oer uors [19, significnt effect on LL y mny uors [15-19]. The 27]. The trend recorded in is study ws in ccordnce men LL of crossred cows in is study ws smller wi e expecttion ecuse Friesin crossred cows n e men 350 dys reported in locl crossred re e highest milk producers in e world nd e diry cows in Arsi region in Eiopi [20]; dys indigenous cows were mostly non-descript hving e reported in crossred cows in Nor Show zone, lowest potency to produce milk mong e nimls of Eiopi [21] nd 11.7 mons in Centrl Highlnd of different genetic-grdes. The findings were in corroo- Eiopi [22]. Lower LL vlues were recorded s 9.13 rtion wi e finding of oer uors [28, 29]. In one ±1.99 mons reported in Zeu X Holstein-Friesin study, PY ws reported to e from 7.0 kg to 12.7 kg in Crossred Diry Cows in Jimm Town, Oromi, two reed crosses involving Born nd Horro wi Eiopi [23]; 10.1 mons in smllholder diry system vrious levels of Holstein-Friesin in ree loctions in Bhirdr Zuri nd Mech Woreds, Norern (Bko, Dere Zeit nd Holett) in Eiopi [27]. Higher Eiopi [24] nd 8.63 mons in Yerer wtershed proportion of crossred cows over indigenous cows in Adlie wored, Oromi region, Eiopi [25]. Feed urn re my e e plusile explntion of higher vilility nd differences in e mngement prctices PY in urn re. in different gro-ecologicl systems re likely e No significnt influence of herd size on PY ws importnt contriutory fctors for e oserved lso reported in indigenous nd crossred cows [19]. vrition in LL. However, in oer study, is effect ws found to e Zone, herd size nd sesons of clving hd no significnt in e crossred cows [26]. Such vrition significnt influence on LL. Influence of sesons of my e due to vrition in smple size, size of e herds, clving on LL ws lso reported to e non significnt in nd genetic constitutions of e experimentl nimls Arsi nd Zeu reeds of cows nd its crosses wi nd/or gro-climtic condition of e experimentl re Jersey nd Holstein-Friesin in Arsi region of Eiopi in different studies. [16] nd indigenous s well s crossred cows in Indi Significntly higher PY ws recorded during [19]. An incresing trend ws oserved in LL from first clving occurred in July-Oct. Avilility of fodder due to four prity, en significnt decrese in e fif to rin is e most plusile explntion for difference prity. Influence of prity on LL ws in greement wi of PY wi oer seson. The trend of vrition in PY mny works in Eiopi nd tropics [16, 19]. due to prity ws similr to t for LMY s ese two Effect of genetic group ws lso reported to e trits re supposed to e positively correlted trits. significnt on LMY y mny reserchers [15, 16, 19]. The trend of vrition in PY recorded in is study ws The findings indicted t for reltively higher milk in greement wi e findings of oer uors [18, production in e gro-socio-eco-system prevlent in 19]. nd round Gondr, HF crossred cow is superior over indigenous cow for higher milk production. Higher Conclusion proportion of crossred cows over indigenous cows in The diry sector of e study re is chrcterized urn re my e e plusile explntion of higher y poor genetic potentil of indigenous cows. HF LMY in urn re. Significntly higher LMY in nimls crossred cows hve reltively etter productive clved during July-Oct might e due to vilility of performnces. This clls for plnned technicl nd qulity green fodder in undnt quntity in study re institutionl intervention for improved support services i.e. first 3-4 mons of eir post-clving. Influence of for pproprite reeding progrmmes, improved cows seson of clving ws lso reported to e significnt in nd dequte veterinry hel services. The significrossred nd indigenous cows in tropics [19]. On e cnt effects of loction of herd, seson of clving nd contrry, it ws reported to e non significnt in Arsi lcttion numer (prity) on e performnce trits nd Zeu reeds of cows nd its crosses wi Jersey nd suggested t improvement in feeding nd mnge- Holstein-Friesin in Arsi region of Eiopi [16]. ment is e key fctor for furer improvement in There ws n increse in e verge LMY from production. first to ird order of lcttion nd en fter it Improvement nd expnsion of crossred diry decresed grdully up to fif lcttion. More or less cttle production t smllholder level in e study res similr trend of vrition in LMY due to vrile order should e encourged. Moreover, in line wi is, of lcttion ws lso reported in Indi [18, 19, 26]. sustinle extension service to improve niml feed Significnt influence of prity on LMY ws lso resources mngement nd niml hel cre lso reported in Arsi region of Eiopi [16]. deserve due ttention. Achieving pek milk yield in e lcttion curve Auors' contriutions hs een topic of discussion for long time in diry nutrition, nd enchmrk used y dirymen s n NK designed e experiments nd pproved e indictor of erly lcttion nd trnsition of cow experimentl protocol. AE collected dt from e nutrition. Most cows chieve pek milk yield in out study re. NK nd AT drfted e mnuscript. NK, Veterinry World, EISSN:

5 Aville t HAY nd AT did sttisticl nlysis nd criticlly 13. Hrvey W.R. (1966) Lest squre nlysis of dt wi reviewed e mnuscript. All uors red nd unequl su-clss numers. U. S. Deptt. of Agriculture, ARS. 14. Krmer C.Y. (1957) Extension of Multiple Rnge Test to pproved e finl mnuscript. group correlted djusted mens. Biometrics.13: Acknowledgements 15. Hile A., Aylew W., Keede N., Dessie T. nd Tegegne A. (2011) Breeding strtegy to improve Eiopin Born cttle The uors re grteful to Den nd Hed, for met nd milk production. IPMS (Improving College of Veterinry Medicine for generl support Productivity nd Mrket Success) of Eiopin Frmers during is study. This study ws funded y e uor; Project Working Pper 26. Niroi, Keny, ILRI. 16. Kiwuw G.H., Tril J.C.M., Kurtu M.Y. Worku G. Anderson Alemyehu Eshetie. F.M. nd Durkin J. (1983) Crossred diry cttle productivity Competing interests in Arsi region, Eiopi (Reserch report No. 11, ILCA, Addis A, Eiopi), pp: The uors declre t ey hve no competing interests. 17. Tril J.C.M. nd Gregory K.E. (1981) Chrcteristion of e Born nd Shiwl reeds of cttle for economic chrcters. References J. Anim. Sci., 52: DAGRIS (Domestic Animl Genetic Resources Informtion 18. Singh K., A.S. Khnn nd A.S. Knuji (2000) Fctor System) (2007) Interntionl Livestock Reserch Institute, effecting lcttion performnce nd persistency in crossred Addis A, Eiopi. (Aville from dgris. cttle. Indin J. Diry Sci., 53 (5): ilri.cgir.org). Accessed on Kumr N., (2005) Genetic nlysis of milk production 2. CSA (2012/13) Agriculturl smple survey. Report on efficiency of cttle nd ufflo in nd round Drhng, livestock nd livestock chrcteristics. The Federl Bihr. MVSc esis sumitted to Rjendr Agriculturl Democrtic repulic of Eiopi, Centrl Sttisticl Agency University, Pus, Bihr, Indi. (CSA). Privte Pesnt Holdings. Sttisticl Bulletin 570, 20. Griel H.K., John C.M., Tril M.Y., Kurtu G.W., Frnk Addis A, Eiopi, April, M.A. nd Jeffrey D. (1983) Crossred diry cttle productivity 3. Tegegne A., Geremedhin B., Hoekstr D., Bely B. nd in Arsi Region, Eiopi. ILCA Reserch, Report No. 11. Meksh Y. (2013) Smllholder diry production nd 21. Muluget A. nd Belyeneh A. (2013) Reproductive nd mrketing systems in Eiopi: IPMS experiences nd lcttion performnces of diry cows in Chch Town nd opportunities for mrket-oriented development. IPMS nery selected keeles, Nor Sho Zone, Amhr Region, (Improving Productivity nd Mrket Success) of Eiopin Eiopi. World J. Agri. Sci., 1(1):8-17. Frmers Project Working Pper 31. Niroi: ILRI. 22. Zellem Y. (1999) Smllholder Milk Production Systems 4. CSA (Centrl Sttistics Auority) (2009) Agriculturl nd Processing Techniques in e Centrl Highlnds of smple survey 2008/09. Report on livestock nd livestock Eiopi. M.Sc. Thesis. Swedish University of Agriculturl chrcteristics. Sttisticl ulletin 446. Addis A, Sciences, Uppsl. pp: 15. Eiopi: CSA. 23. Bely D., K. Yisehk nd G.P.J. Jnssens (2012) Productive 5. FAOSTAT. (2009) FAO sttisticl yerook. Rome: Food nd Reproductive Performnce of Zeu X Holstein-Friesin nd Agriculture Orgniztion of e United Ntions. Crossred Diry Cows in Jimm Town, Oromi, Eiopi. 6. CSA (Centrl Sttistics Auority) (2010/11) Agriculturl Glol Veterinri 8 (1): smple survey 2010/2011. Vol. II. Report on livestock nd 24. Asminew nd Eysu, (2009) Smllholder diry system nd livestock chrcteristics. Sttisticl Bulletin. Addis A, emergency of diry coopertives in Bhir dr Zuri nd Eiopi: CSA. Mech Woreds, norern, Eiopi. World J. Diry Food 7. MoA. (2012) Livestock grow strtegy nd ction. Drft Sci., 4(2): discussion pper. Addis A: MoA. (Amhric version). 25. Muluget Aylew (2005) Chrcteriztion of diry 8. CSA (Centrl Sttistics Auority) (2008) Centrl Sttistics production systems of Yerer wtershed Adlie wored, Auority of e Federl Democrtic Repulic of Eiopi. Oromi region, Eiopi. MSc Thesis. DireDw, Eiopi. Agriculturl smple survey 2007/2008. Vol. II. Report on 26. Shrivstv A.K., Singh C.S.P. nd Verm S.K. (1998) A livestock nd livestock chrcteristics. Sttisticl ulletin. study on e effects of vrious fctors on production trits in Addis A, Eiopi: CSA. Zeu x Friesin crossred cows mintined under un- 9. MoARD (2004) Mrket-oriented development mster pln. orgnized frming system. Indin Vet. Med. J., 22 (1): Addis A, Eiopi: MoARD. 27. Geregziher G., Skorn K. (2013) Vrince Components 10. Logo F., M. Bekn H. Gustfsson nd Kindhl H. (2007) nd Genetic Prmeters for Milk Production nd Lcttion Longitudinl oservtion on reproductive nd lcttion Pttern in n Eiopin Multireed Diry Cttle Popultion. performnces of smllholder crossred diry cttle in Fitche, Asin Austrls. J. Anim. Sci. 26(9) : Oromi region, centrl Eiopi, Trop. Anim. Hel Pro., 28. Ro S.J., Ro B.V.R. nd Ro G.N. (2000) Performnce of 39: crossred of crossred cows nd uffloes under villge 11. Ntionl Meteorologicl gency (NMA) (2011) Annul conditions of Viskhpttnm district of Andhr Prdesh. Climticl Bulletin for e yer Ntionl Metrologicl Indin J. Diry Sci., 53 (3): Agency of Eiopi. 29. Dutt T. nd Bhushn B. (2001) Pek yield nd its ssocition 12. Snedecor G.W. nd Cochrn W.G. (1967) Sttisticl wi production nd reproduction trits in crossreds. Indin meods, Iow Stte Univ. Press, Ames, Iow, USA. J. Anim. Sci., 71 (9): ******** Veterinry World, EISSN: