Influence of Earthworm Lampito mauritii (Kinberg) and Organic Additives for Efficient Vermicomposting of Fly Ash

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1 Americn-Eursin Journl of Scientific Reserch 7 (2): 58-63, 202 ISSN IDOSI Pulictions, 202 DOI: /idosi.ejsr Influence of Erthworm Lmpito muritii (Kinerg) nd Orgnic Additives for Efficient Vermicomposting of Fly Ash 2 S. Mnivnnn, M. Anlgn nd B. Arul Prksm Deprtment of Zoology, Annmli University, Annmlingr, , Tmil Ndu, Indi 2 Deprtment of Chemistry, Annmli University, Annmlingr, , Tmil Ndu, Indi Astrct: In Indi, col fly sh nd pressmud re produced in lrge quntities nd the storge or spreding of this wste on lnd cuses contmintion of the tmosphere, soil nd wter. The im of this study ws to convert col fly sh (CFA) nd pressmud (PM) mixed with cow dung (CD) into vermicompost using n necic erthworm Lmpito muritii (Kinerg). Five tretments contining CD, CFA nd PM in different rtios nmely CFA: PM: CD in ::8 rtio (T ), CFA: PM: CD in 2:2:6 rtio (T ), CFA: PM: CD in 3:3:4 rtio (T ), CFA: PM: CD 2 3 in 4:3:3 rtio (T ) nd CFA: PM: CD in 3:4:3 rtio (T ) were run under lortory conditions. The physico- 4 5 chemicl chnges of sustrte mterils in different tretments were mesured t the end of vermicomposting (90 dys). The vermicomposted mteril showed decrese in Totl Orgnic Cron (TOC) ( %), ph (9.2.6%) nd Totl Potssium (TK) ( %) nd increse in Electricl Conductivity (EC) (2.6 4.%), Totl Kjeldhl Nitrogen (TKN) ( %) s well s Totl Phosphorus (TP) ( %) contents. L. muritii showed etter growth performnce in T tretment lso worms grew fvourly in T nd 2 T tretment. Greter proportion of CFA nd PM in T nd T tretment significntly reduces (p < 0.05) the growth nd reproduction rte of L. muritii during experimenttion. This study clerly indictes tht CFA nd PM could e potentilly used s rw sustrte in vermicomposting if mixed with CD in ::8, 2:2:6 nd 3:3:4 rtios, respectively. Key words: Press Mud Erthworm Nutrient Chnges Growth INTRODUCTION According to Deprtment of Agriculture nd co-opertion, sugrcne production in Indi ws estimted t 232.3MT during During the production process considerle mounts of products such s pressmud, gsse nd trsh re produced. Sugrcne mills minly use ctivted sludge process for wste wter tretment, which genertes huge The sfe disposl nd environmentl friendly mngement of orgnic solid wstes hve ecome glol priority. In Indi, out 80 million metric tons of col fly sh is generted nnully from therml power sttions with only minor prt used now for prepring ricks, cermics nd cements. Unclimed col fly sh occupies n dditionl 00 h of lnd ech yer. Through wshouts in ech riny seson djcent res, including rice fields, inevitly ecome contminted, thus potentiting grve prolems []. Col fly sh, contins silic, luminium, oxides of iron, mgnesium, clcium, chromium, rsenic, led, zinc, nickel nd other toxic metls [2, 3]. Some possile gronomic uses of col fly sh s, fertilizer [4, 5], liming mteril [6] nd s physicl mendment [7] hve een indicted. Lower mendment levels of col fly sh cused enhncements of oth growth nd yield while dverse effects t high levels were oserved [8]. quntity of sludge commonly known s pressmud [9]. Prthsrthi [0] hs reported pproximtely 2 million tons pressmud is produced in Indi nnully. Pressmud genertes intense het (65 C), foul odour nd tkes long time for nturl decomposition [] nd its high rte of ppliction to soil leds to soil sickness nd wter pollution [2]. Pressmud hs significnt fertilizer vlue s it is rich source of orgnic mtter, orgnic cron, sugr, protein, enzymes, micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, etc.) nd mcronutrients (N, P nd K) nd higher microil [3]. Corresponding Author: S. Mnivnnn, Deprtment of Zoology, Annmli University, Annmlingr , Tmil Ndu, Indi. 58

2 Am-Eurs. J. Sci. Res., 7 (2): 58-63, 202 Therefore, pproprite col fly sh nd pressmud mngement technology is desired which not only protects nd conserves the environment ut lso to recover the nutrients present in it. In this regrd, vermicompositing hs een reported to e vile, cost-effective nd rpid technique for the efficient mngement of disposl of griculturl s well s industril wstes [4-8]. The necic erthworm, i.e. Lmpito muritii (Kinerg), which is commonly found in Indin soils, hs ppered s n efficient tool for orgnic wste reduction [9]. The composting efficiency nd iology of L. muritii, is well documented in literture. Severl workers hve reported the vermicomposting potentil of L. muritii y using vriety of orgnic wstes [20, 2]. Hence the ojectives of this study were to test the fesiility of erthworm L. muritii to recycle col fly sh mixed with pressmud nd cow dung in different rtios. The ssessment of growth nd reproduction performnce of L. muritii in this vermicomposting system ws lso monitored. MATERIALS AND METHODS Col Fly Ash, Pressmud nd Cow Dung: Col fly sh (CFA) ws procured from the dumping site of therml power sttion I, Neyveli Lignite Corportion (NLC), Tmil Ndu, Indi. Pressmud (PM) ws otined from effluent tretment plnt of E.I.D.Prry Sugr Mill locted t Nellikkuppm, Tmil Ndu, Indi. Fresh cow dung (CD) ws collected from n intensively live stocked frm, Fculty of Agriculture, Annmli University, Tmil Ndu, Indi. The min physico-chemicl chrcteristics of ll the three mended mterils, i.e., CD, CFA nd PM re given in Tle. Erthworms: Helthy clitellted species of erthworm, i.e., Lmpito muritii (Kinerg) were collected loclly from griculturl field, Fculty of Agriculture, Annmli University y hnd sorting method. The species were identified t Deprtment of Zoology, Annmli University. The worms were cultured in mss culture tnks contining cow dung medium in the lortory nd were rndomly picked for experimenttion. Tretment Design: The PM nd CD ws dried in ir t room temperture. CFA ws mixed with PM nd CD in different rtios in order to produce different tretments (dry weight proportion). The composition of CFA, PM Tle : Physico-chemicl chrcteristics of CD, CFA nd PM used in experiment Prmeters CD CFA PM ph 8.±0. 8.8± ±0.4 TOC (g kg ) 429.7± ± ±3.4 TKN (g kg ) 6.5± ±0.7 2.±0.3 TP (g kg ) 6.8± ±0. 6.±0.2 TK (g kg ) 5.±0. 5.3± ±0.6 EC (ms cm ).2± ±0.08.9±0.09 All dt represented verge of triplictes Tle 2: Composition of different tretments used for experimenttions Sustrte composition Tretment c CFA PM Cd Rtio T 00g + 00g + 800g ::8 200g + 200g + 600g 2:2:6 300g + 300g + 400g 3:3:4 400g + 300g + 300g 4:3:3 300g + 400g + 300g 3:4:3 c Col Fly sh; Pressmud; Cow dung nd CD in different tretments re descried in Tle 2. One kg of sustrte mteril ws dded to ech circulr plstic continer (Vol. 0L, dimeter 38cm, depth 4cm) for experimentl tril. All the tretments were kept for 4 dys prior to experimenttion for therml stiliztion, initition of microil degrdtion nd softening of sustrte mteril (pre-composting). Twenty clitellted erthworms, L. muritii were inoculted into ech tretment (fter the end of pre-composting). During the vermicomposting period (90 dys), the moisture content of the sustrte in ech tretment ws kept t 70 75% y periodic sprinkling of dequte quntity of wter. The experimentl tretments were kept in triplicte. All the continers were plced in humid nd drk room t temperture of 28.5±3 C. 00g of homogenized smples (free from erthworms, cocoons nd htchlings) of the sustrte mteril were drwn t 0 (initil) nd t 90 dys (finl product) from ech tretment. Dy 0 indictes the dy of inocultion of erthworms. Initil sustrte nd vermicompost (finl product) were ir dried t room temperture nd pcked in irtight ottles for further physico-chemicl nlysis. The chnges in individul iomss of L.muritii in different tretments were determined y following method descried y Suthr [22]. Physico-Chemicl Anlysis: The ph nd electricl conductivity (EC) were nlysed in :5 (v/v) wter extrct using glss electrode. Totl orgnic cron (TOC) ws mesured using the method (prtil oxidtion) of Nelson nd Sommers [23]. Totl Kjeldhl nitrogen (TKN) ws determined y digesting the smples with concentrted H SO nd HClO (9:, v/v) y Bremner nd

3 Am-Eurs. J. Sci. Res., 7 (2): 58-63, 202 Mulvney [24] procedure. Totl phosphorus (TP) ws ws due to comined ction of erthworms nd nlysed using the method of Bnsl nd Kpoor [25]. microorgnisms. A high TOC loss pttern in T, T 2 nd Totl potssium (TK) ws determined y flme T 3 tretment could e ttriuted to the rpid photometer fter digesting the smple in dicid mixture microil respirtion rte during vermicomposting [27]. (Conc. HNO 3 nd Conc. HClO 4(4:, v/v) [25]. Dt were The oserved results re supported y those of other sujected for nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) followed y uthors [4, 28] who hve reported significnt decline in Tukey s test to differentite the significnt difference orgnic cron in erthworm processed sustrte mteril etween different tretments for chemicl prmeters, t the end of vermicomposting period. The EC ws erthworm growth. The proility levels used for incresed in the rnge of % for different sttisticl significnce were p < 0.05 for the tests. tretments fter 90 dys of vermicomposting ut the vrition ws insignificnt mong ll the tretments RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Tle 3). Increse in EC ws lso reported y some uthors during vermicomposting of sewge sludge using Physico-Chemicl Chnges During Vermicomposting: Eudrilus eugenie, Eiseni fetid nd Perionyx Physico-chemicl chrcteristics of the initil feed excvtus [27, 28]. The increse in EC my e due to loss mixtures nd vermicompost fter 90 dys of of orgnic mtter nd relese of different minerl slts in vermicomposting re presented in Tle 3. A decrese in ville forms (phosphte, mmonium, potssium, etc.) ph ws recorded in ll tretments (T T 5) during during vermicomposting [29]. vermicomposting. The mximum reduction for ph TKN ws significntly higher in the end product thn (s compred to initil vlues) ws in T nd minimum in initil sustrte mteril (Tle 3). The mximum TKN T 4. Other uthors hve found similr results in increse ws in T followed y T 2, T 3, T 5 nd T 4. vermicomposting experiments nd hve suggested tht The difference in the TKN content of the vermicompost the minerliztion of nitrogen nd phosphorus otined from T, T nd 2 T tretments 3 ws not compounds, the relese of CO 2 nd orgnic cids y sttisticlly significnt (P < 0.05). Elvir et l.[30] hve microil metolism nd the production of humic nd reported tht TKN content incresed significntly t the fulvic cids, s possile cuse of the decrese in ph end of the vermicomposting period, proly ecuse of [26, 9]. The chnges in ph during the experiment could e minerliztion of the orgnic mtter. The results indicted due to microil decomposition during the process of tht nitrogen enrichment pttern nd minerliztion vermicomposting. TOC of the finl vermicompost ws ctivities minly depend upon the totl mount of N in the significntly (P < 0.05) reduced t the end of the initil sustrte mteril [3, 3]. Tle 3 shows, t the end experiment, s compred to the initil feed mixtures of the vermicomposting experiment mximum increse (Tle 3). The mximum reduction in TOC ws for (compred to its initil vlue) in TP ws registered in T tretment (lower thn initil vlue) followed y T 2, T 3, T 3, followed y T, T 2, T 4 nd T 5tretment. However, the nd T 4. The results otined in this study suggest tht differences in TP concentrtion in T, T 2 nd T 3 ws not net orgnic mtter stiliztion in the sustrte mteril significntly different, indicting the suitility of Tle 3: Physico-chemicl chrcteristics of initil sustrte nd vermicompost otined from different tretments Tretment ph EC (ms cm ) TOC (g kg ) TKN (g kg ) TP (g kg ) TK (g kg ) Physico-chemicl chrcteristics of initil sustrte in different tretments fter pre-composting of 4 dys T 7.7±0..5± ±29.2.5±.2 5.±0. 4.5±.2 7.9±0.2.50± ±8..8±3. 4.7±0.2 4.±.4 8.±0..43± ±.3.6± ±0. 3.5±.2 8.3±0.3.4± ±8.6.3±.6 4.2± ±.3 7.8±0..44± ±.2.9± ± ±. Physico-chemicl chrcteristics of vermicompost otined from different tretments fter 90 dys of vermicomposting (men±sd., n = 3) T 6.9±0.2.70± ± ± ± ±.2 7.2±0..7± ± ±.3 8.8± ±.5 7.3±0.2.62± ± ±.7 8.5± ±0.6 c 7.6±0.2.6± ±5. 5.4±3.2 7.± ±0.9 7.±0.3.63± ± ± ±0.3.3±0.7 Men vlue followed y different letters ( c) is sttisticlly different (ANOVA, Tukey s test, P < 0.05) 60

4 Am-Eurs. J. Sci. Res., 7 (2): 58-63, 202 Tle 4: Growth of L. muritii in different tretments (men±sd., n = 3) Men initil Mximum iomss Net iomss Mximum iomss Growth rte Tretment iomss worm (mg) chieved worm (mg) gined worm (mg) chieved (week) - worm dy (mg) T 376.3± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.22 Men vlues followed y different letter in sme column re sttisticlly different (ANOVA; Tukey s test, P < 0.05) c c sustrte mteril (CFA, PM nd CD in pproprite rtio) comprtive index to compre the growth of erthworms for providing etter P nutrition. In the present study, the in different orgnic wste mterils. Recently Suthr [38] increse in TP during vermicomposting is proly reported tht the growth pttern in composting erthworm through minerliztion nd moiliztion of phosphorus y depends on microil popultion nd nutrient qulity in cteril nd fecl phosphtse ctivity of erthworms, feeds. Therefore the oserved difference in growth rte of direct ction of worm gut enzymes nd indirectly y L. muritii mong different tretments ws done to stimultion of the microflor [32, 33]. According to Ghosh diverse sustrte qulity. It hs een found tht mixing of et l. [34] nd Adi nd Noor [3], vermicomposting cn e cow dung in col fly sh nd press mud efore n efficient technology for the trnsformtion of vermicomposting cn ccelerte erthworm composting unville forms of the phosphorus to esily ville efficiency. The results indicted tht greter percentge of forms for plnts. There ws decrese in TK in ll CFA nd PM in the tretments (T 4 nd T 5) significntly tretments y the end of vermicomposting nd ffected the growth of L. muritii. the mximum decreses ws in T 4, wheres T, T 3 nd T 2 showed the lowest decreses for TK (Tle 3). Similr CONCLUSION results were reported y Orozco et l. [35] nd Kushik nd Grg [36] for decrese in TK t the end of In the present study, the vermicomposting of CFA vermicomposting. Increse in TK ws lso reported y nd PM mixed with CD resulted in the conversion of some uthors during vermicomposting [37, 38]. Recently, wste into vlue dded product, i.e., vermicompost. Sngwn et l. [9] hve reported decrese in TK in Anlysis of vermicompost otined from different pressmud during vermicomposting nd they concluded tretments clerly indictes the use of L. muritii for tht it my e due to leching of solule potssium y vermicomposting of CFA nd PM with CD in pproprite excess wter. rtios (dry weight proportions). Higher percentge of CFA nd PM in the sustrte mteril retrded the growth of Growth nd Reproduction Rte y L. Muritii in erthworms nd lso ffected the physico-chemicl nture Different Tretments: In the present study, the increse of the sustrte. The results confirmed the in worm iomss (growth) nd reproduction rte (cocoon production nd htchlings numer) showed vrition with different rtios of CFA nd PM in the vermicomposting s n lterntive technology for the mngement of CFA nd PM if mixed with CD in pproprite rtios. tretments (Tle 4). The highest iomss of L. muritii ws oserved in T tretment (985.2±8.2 mg worm ) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS nd the lowest in the T 4 tretment (88.5±3.27 mg worm ). The iomss production ws significntly Authors sincerely thnk the University Grnts (P < 0.05) decresed with incresing rtio of CFA nd PM with CD in tretments (T 4 nd T 5). The net iomss y L. muritii ws significntly (P < 0.05) higher in T, T 2nd tretment thn other tretments (T 4 nd T 5) nd mximum worm iomss ws ttined fter 6 7 weeks of vermicomposting (Tle 4). The growth rte of L. muritii (mg worm dy ) ws in the rnge of 4.5±0.38 (T ) to 0.2±0.28 (T ) during this vermicomposting period. 4 According to Edwrds et l. [39] the growth rte (iomss mg worm dy ) hs een considered good Commission (UGC), Government of Indi, for finncil support (Ref. No /2009(SR) in the form of Mjor Reserch Project. REFERENCES. Mishr, M., R.K. Shu nd N. Pdhy, Growth, yield nd elementl sttus of rice (Oryz stiv) grown in fly sh mended soils. Ecotoxicol., 6:

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