Effects of Planting Density and Weeding Time on Weeds and fenugreek Dry Mater

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1 Tehnil Journl of Engineering nd Applied Sienes Aville online t TJEAS Journl / ISSN TJEAS Effets of Plnting Density nd Weeding Time on Weeds nd Dry Mter Mehrnz Ghhri 1 *, Rez Brdrn 2, Rez Forutni 1, seyed Gholmrez Mosvi 2 1. MS Student, Islmi Azd University of Birjnd 2. Assistnt Professor, Fulty Memer of Islmi Azd University of Birjnd Corresponding uthor emil: mehrnzghhri@yhoo.om ABSTRACT: In order to study the effet of Plnts' Density nd Weeding Time on the hnges of dry mtter of Weeds nd, n experiment ws onduted in the spring of 9 in the reserh nd experimentl field tislmi Azd University ofbirjnd. In this experiment fiveweedingtimes weeds(ll weeding, 2, 4 nd 6dysfteremergene ndnonweeding) nd threeplnt densities(1, 2 nd 4plnts m -2 ) in the form of ftoril experiene in the frme of ompletely rndom of loks projets were evluted for three times. The result of vrine nlysis of mesured ftors (phenotypes nd genotypes) showed tht the density hs ffeted signifintly on dry mtter of. The effets of weeding time nd plnt density on dry mtter of weeds were highly signifint. Inresing the durtion of weed presene ws sujeted to totl dry weight inrese nd enhne of weed ontrol period, ws resulted to deresing of totl dry weight of the weeds. Besides inresing the durtion of weed presene, ws resulted to deresing of dry mtter yield nd 's funtion. Aording to the results of this experiment indited tht, plnting t 4 plnts m -2 long with weeding in4 dys fter plnting for reduing weeds ompetition nd improving dry seem to e pproprite. Keywords: Plnt density, time weedin, Trigonellfoenumgrum L, Weed. INTRODUCTION Environmentl stressesffeting on thedistriution ofdry mtteretweendifferent prts ofrop plnt, so morphologilflexiilityindry mtter prtitioning, n inrese theompetitiveilityof plnt in rnge of villeen vironmentlresoures.(crik & Grime, 1987). Todt regrding development of weed resistnetoheriides ndenvironmentl impt of their onsumption, development of eologil strtegies, s sfe nd low-ost option for weed mngement, in order to redue the use of pestiides is one of the priorities for sustinle griulture (Dunn, et l., 1995). Inresing rop plnt ompetitiveness s one of the key tools for weed mngement reognized whih is onsidered stle ountries. Methods for the development of griulturl rops ompetitive pity nd inhiit the growth of weeds or redue its ompetitive effets on the rop plnts, minly depends with the preemption of resoure onsumption, suh s wter, light nd nutrients y rops. (Fernndez, et l., 22). The first onsequene of the presene weed long rop plnts is inresing plnt popultion density tht uses restritions for wter, food nd light, finlly redue performne. The mount of yield loss due to weed interferene, depending on the rop plnt, weeds, nd growing onditions re quite different. Hevy infesttion of weeds throughout the entire growing seson my led to omplete loss of rop to rop plnts. due yield losses to weeds, their ontrol over the entire period hs een n integrl prt of griulturl opertions. (Rshed- Mohssel & Mosvi, 26). In order to rete lne etween rop plnt nd soil moisture, optiml density is signifint. Inresed density too muh good uses t the eginning of the growing seson, soil moisture is depleted. Chnge plnt density n lso ffet on growth of weeds. So tht inrese plnt ompetitive power density nd s tool in integrted weed mngement hs een introdued. (Hrries & White,27). Aording to Kfi et l. (kfi, et l., 25) with regrd to vegettive growth nd re index of eril orgns tht Cumin, prtiulrly in the erly stges of development mkes, ontrol of weeds erly enhne the ompetitive power plnt nd the finl performne is less ffeted. Willims et l lso reported with inresing plnt density inrese sorption of solr rdition onurrent with the inrese in lef re nd thus dry mtter umultion rte inreses. In study y Hossin et l (Hosseini, et l., 25) ws onduted in umin,

2 Teh J Engin & App Si., 3 (23): , 213 mximum iologil performne is hieved when plnts during its growth period hs fed with mximum time of sene of weeds whether in first growing seson (erly seson weed growth) or t the end of the growing seson (lte seson weed growth). Bovrd nd et l (Bord et l., 199) oserved With inresing density, ontinution of dry weight is lwys higher. In other words, whtever weed dry mtter produed per unit re inreses, dry weight of the rop will e redued proportionlly. In generl, weeds euse more ompetition for light, wter nd food hs een more suessful thn rop nd will inrese their dry weight more rpidly. Thus, this studyws ondutedinonjuntion withthe followingojetives: Effet of time of weed remove on dry. Determine the most pproprite ourse tht weed ontrol during the period Mximum effiieny nd miniml dmge to the TF funtion is tken. Identifition of optiml rop density to overome weeds. MATERIALS AND METHODS The tril in the spring of 139, in the reserh nd edution field of Islmi Azd University of Birjnd, Birjnd, loted t km 5 rod - Zhedn ws onduted. Lnd preprtion, inluding plowing, dis, respetively. To strengthening lnd ording to the nlysis of soil, fertilizer pplition ws done. This ws ftoril experiment in rndomized lok design with three replitions. Ftors studied inlude weed interferene ftor in 5 levels(all weed ontrol until the end of the seson, the first 2 dys fter plnting, weeding, seond stge: 4 dys fter plnting, weeding, stge III: 6 dys fter plnting, weeding, weed ontrol until the end of the seson) nd density in 3 levels (4, 2, 1) per squre meter ws onsidered. Eh plot onsisted of 4 lines with plnting distne of 25 m. Eh plot onsisted of 4 lines with plnting distne of 25 m. Doule the mount of seed needed for plnting ws onsumed nd desired density fter 4 weeks fter plnting were pplied. During periods of growth ny deline nd speifi disese groups ws oserved. To determine the dry mtter of weeds, efore strting their ontrol eh tretment, nd lso t the end of eh growing seson Fenugreek experimentl plots fter removing the edge, 2 squre meters rndomly hosen nd weeds were dried for 48 h t 75 C nd then weighed. At the end of the growing seson, to determine dry mtter, fter remove the mrginl effets, re of squre meter of eh plot ws hrvested nd dried for 48 h t 75 C nd dry mtter yield per unit re ws determined. Sttistil nlysis using SAS softwre nd omprison of mens ws performed using Dunn's test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION in this study, five types of weeds, inluding purslneportulolere, rp Aroptilonrepens, Ivy Convolvolusrvensis, Chenopodium lum Chenopodium lum, SorkhehEhinohloolonum, TF ws oserved in field. Sorkheh weed undne ws higher thn other weeds. Effet of weeding time on weed dry mtter in weeding time ws signifint (Tle 1). Exluding the tretment non- ontrol, highest nd lowest dry mtter of weeds in weeding time tretment 4 dys nd 2 dys weeding respetively (Figure 1). Less dry mtter umultion in tretment of 2 dys weeding indites tht in 2 dys fter emergene of weeds hve not grown or mye some of them re fter this stge green, But the dely in weeding, inrese the presene of weeds in field nd therefore inrese their dry mtter. Chyi hi nd Ehteshmi (Chihi&Ehteshmi, 21) in studies with soyen weed ompetition oserved with prolonged periods of weed ompetition sine the eginning of the growing seson, found signifint inrese in dry weight. And the weight of the dry mtter in the tretment of ompetition ll seson, from 3/9 grms per squre meter t the eginning of the growing seson rehed 18 grms per squre meter t the end of the growing seson. The verge dry mtter density of weeds under different weed t the time did not differ (Figure 2). With the inresing density Fenugreek, weed dry mtter deresed somewht, pprently high plnt popultion density on the growth of weeds hd little effet. The intertion of plnt density with weeding time on dry mtter of weeds t the time of weeding ws signifint (Tle 1). In tretment 2 dys fter weed emergene, due to erly weeding, weed growth ws not ffeted y plnt density. But in tretment 4 dys fter weed emergene, seems with inresing plnt density nd nopy development of Fenugreek, more environmentl onstrints hve een reted for weeds nd s result of this restrition is more severe in the high densities. But 6 dys fter emergene weeding in tretment, my in densities of 4 nd 2 plnts per squre meter in effets of ompetition for light, weed growth is stimulted nd this hs redued the weed dry mtter. The results show tht in high densities due to ompetition ghosting nd TF, weed growth hs delined sustntilly (Figure 3). 3351

3 Weeds density (numer/m2) de de de Weeds dry wieght (gr/m2) Teh J Engin & App Si., 3 (23): , 213 Weed dry mtterinthe end of theseson, not effeted y weedtime(tle 1). Mostdry mtter of weedsinthe end of theseson ws relted noweedingtretment tht hdsignifint inreseompred toll S.O.V d.f Totl Dry Mtter of Weeds Tle 1. Men squre of tretments nd their intertion Weed Dry Weed Dry Mtteron Mtter on time Lst seson weeding Yield Biomss Replition Density * n.s * ** ** Time Weeding ** n.s ** * n.s Time Weeding Density n.s n.s ** * n.s Error (CV %) Ns, * nd ** none signifintly, signifintly in 5 % nd signifintly in 1 %, respetively. the weeding(figure1).removeexistingweedsyweeding redue Dry mtter umultion ofweeds nd whtever weeding time is loser to the end of the seson, dry mtter weeds will e less thn lst seson. Menwhile, M Lhln et l (Mlhln et l., 1993). reported tht inresingnumer of ontrol deresesweeddry mtterper unit redrmtilly. The vergedensitiesdry mtterweedt the endofthesesondidnotdiffer(figure2). In ft with inresing plnt density from 1 to 4 plnts per squre meter, deresed dry weight of weeds, ut this derese ws not signifint. Mklhln nd ollegues (Mlhln et l., 1993) expressed with inresed rowding Corn, inreses ompetitive pressure on rop weed whih results redution in weed iomss. Weed dry mtter nd dry mtter ws ffeted y plnt density (Tle 1). plnt densities ws diretly relted to dry mtter of TF. In other words, seeds with higher density inrese rop ompetitiveness ginst weeds nd weed dry mtter per unit re ws severely redued. Seems different retions in dry mtter TF nd weed thn density, due to environmentl ftors limittions suh s light, moisture nd nutrients. (Figure 4). seghtoleslmi & Bonkdr, 29, lso emphsized tht whit inrese Fenugreek plnt density, euse of the lrger leves nd more sunlight produes more dry mtter. Both Nezmi nd ollegues (Nezmi et l., 1998) nd Bgheri et l (Bgheri et l., 2) hve reported similr results. Weeding timehd signifint effetonweeddry mtteruthd no effetondry mtter TF (Tle). Dry mtter TF (Tle 1). dry mtter weeds in ompetition tretment, throughout the seson from 54/18 g in tretment of 2 dys t the eginning of the seson to mximum of 87/1193 grms per squre meter in end of the growing seson rehed (Fig. 5). And this suggests tht weeds during the growing seson due to more ompetitive strength in light sorption, wter nd nutrients, hve inresed their dry mtter quikly. And this Inresing weed dry mtter ws redued 32perent dry mtter. It seems weeds growth efore this stge, due to the vilility of light nd nutrients proly, hs few limittions for Fenugreek Plnts 2 Plnts 1 Plnts Weed Deys 4 Deys 6 Deys No Weeding Dys fter emergene 5 4 Plnts 2 Plnts 1 Plnts Plnt density (m 2 ) Figure 3: The intertion etween weeding time nd plnt density on weed dry Mtter Figure 4. Effet of plnt density on dry mtter of weeds nd dry 3352

4 Weeds dry wieght (gr/m2) Yield (g/m2) Teh J Engin & App Si., 3 (23): , 213 Effet of weeding nd plnt density on grin yield ws signifint (Tle 1). Weeding in tretment 2 dys fter plnting Weeding nd 4 dys fter plnting Weeding,effetively prevent yield loss from weed ompetition, so tht the grin yield per squre meter t 4 dys fter plnting Weeding tretments, 7/13 grms per squre meter ws lower thn ll the Weeding tretment. (Figure 6). However, tretment 6 dys fter Weeding emergene, weed growth nerly ompleted in produt nd my erdition of weeds dmge to djent plnt. Rhimi (Rhimi, 1994) hs shown tht one weed ontrol in umin, result is fr more fvorle thn untreted ontrol. Weeding in the present experiments 67 perent inrese in TF grin yield tht Sksn nd Singh findings (Sxen & Singh, 1987) onfirms Its. Aording to environmentl onsequenes of pestiides use in griulture, frm weed mngement progrms on Weeding nd other griulturl mterils seems logil Weed All 2 Deys 4 Deys 6 Deys No weeding Weeding Dys fter emergene Dys fter emergene Figure 5. Effet of plnt density on weed dry mtter nd dry Figure 6. Effet of weeding time on yield With inresingplntpopultionper unit reinresedgrin yieldper squre meter. So thtthe highestgrin yield ws reltedto4 plntsper squre meter. Butwith density of 2nd1 plnts per squre meter, ws differenesignifint sttistilly (Figure 7). Also yield of 4 plnts per squre meter only out 12 grms per squre meter ws more thn tretment 2 nd 1 plnts persqure meter, soforsving inseed, 2plnts persqure meternetretmentetter. Goudet l(gowd et l., 26) ompredthe effet of threeplnting(15 15, 15 3nd3 3)onTF, showedtht the highestgrin yieldrelted tohighestdensities(up 15 15), respetively.inrese ingrin yield inmoredensities inexperimentssingh ndollegues(singh et l., 25),Ydvet l(ydv et l., 2)re oserved. 3353

5 Yield (g/m2) Teh J Engin & App Si., 3 (23): , Plnts 2 Plnts 1 Plnts Plnt density (m 2 ) Figure7. Effet of plnt density on yield seed Results indite tht tretment 4 dys fter Weeding emergene hs signifint impt In reduing weeds dry mtter. lso inrese in plnt density hs led to n inrese in dry mtter Fenugreek, ut in terms of less use seed nd dry mtter prodution reltively pproprite, density of 2 plnts per squre meter thn other densities is preferred. Thus, sed on results of this study seems tht density of 2 plnts per squre meter, nd weeding 4 dys fter emergene my e pproprite to redue weed ompetition nd improve Fenugreek performne. REFERENCES Bgheri A, Mohmmd Adi AA, shhng J.2. Study the effets of weed ontrol nd plnt pes (Cierrientinum) sed on morphologil hrteristis, yield nd yield omponents in North Khorsndrylnd ondition. Agriulturl Siene nd Tehnology, No. 14, pp (In Frsi with English summry). Bord JE, Hrville BG, Soxton AM Brnh dry weight in reltion to yield inreses in nrrow-row Soyen. Agronomy Journl 82: Chihi MR, Ehteshmi SMR. 21. The effet of weeding time on speies omposition, density nd dry weight of weeds in soyen.irnin.j.agri. Si. 1: (In persin). (In Frsi with English summry). Crik JC, Grime P Morphologil nd minerl nutrient pture in two hereous speies of ontrsted eolpgy.new Phytologist. 17: Dunn CM, Westr P, Shweizer EE, Lyeker DW, Moor FD The onept nd pplition of erly eonomi period threshold: The se of DCPA in onion (Aliumep).Weed Si. 43: Fernndez ON, Vignolio OR, Requesens EC. 22. Competition etween orn (Ze mys) nd Bermud grss (Cynodondtylon) in reltion to the rop plnt rrngement. Agronomies 22: Gowd MC, Hlesh DP, frooqi AA. 26. Effet of dtes of sowing nd sping on growth of (Trigonellfoenumgrum l.). Biomediine, 1(2): Hrries M, White P. 27. integrted weed mngement in Western Austrli s fight ginst heriide resistnt weed. 6th Europen Conferene on Grin Legumes.Integrting legume iology for sustinle griulture, 12 to 16 Novemer, Lison Congress Centre, Portugl. Hosseini A, Kooheki A, Nsiri neighorhoods M.27. the ritil period of weed ontrol in umin mediinl plnt. Journl of Agriulturl Reserh.Volume 4.No yers. Pp (In Frsi with English summry). kfi M, RshedMohssel MH, Kooheki A, Mlfyly A. 23. Tehnology, prodution nd proessing umin. Pulitions Exellene in Speil Crops, fulty of Agriulture, Ferdowsi University.(In Frsi with English summry). Mlhln SM, Tollenr M, Swnton CJ, Weise SF Effet of orn-indued shding on dry mtter umultion, distriution nd rhiteture of redroot pigweed. Weed Siene 41: Nezmi A, Bgheri A, Mohmmd Adi A, Vlngry M Weed Effets of plnt density on yield nd yield omponents of hikpe (Cierrientinum). Journl of Agriulturl Siene nd Tehnology, vol 11, pp (In Frsi with English summry). Rhimi M Evlution ofhemilomtweedsinropumin. Sientifi Industril Reserh Orgniztion of Irn.Khorsn Reserh Institute. (In Frsi with English summry). RshedMohssel MH, Mosvi K. 26.Priniple of weed mngement.mshhd Ferdosi University Pulition.535 pges.(ternslted in Persin). Sxen MC, Singh KB The hihpe.cab. Interntionl UK. Pp Sxen NP Chihpe. PP In: Goldswothy, P.R.nd fisher, N. M. ( Ed.). The physiology of Tropil Field Crops. John Wiley nd Sons, New York. 3354

6 Teh J Engin & App Si., 3 (23): , 213 seghtoleslmi MJ, Bonkdr Kh. 29. The effet of sowing dte nd plnt density on yield nd yield omponents of (Trigonellfoenumgrum L.). Journl of Mediinl nd Aromti Plnts, Vol. 26, No.2,21. (In Frsi with English summry). Singh S, Buttr GS., Singh SP, Brr DS. 25. Effet of different dtes of sowing nd row spings on yield of ( Trigonellfoenumgrum). Jounl of Mediinl nd Aromti plnt Sienes, 27(4): Willims WA, Loomis RS, Dunn WG, Dovrt A, Nunez F.1988.Cnopy rhiteture t vrious popultion densities nd the growth nd yield of orn. Crop Si 8: Ydv JS, Jgdev S, Virender K, Ydv BD. 2.Effet of sowing time, sping nd seed rte on seed yield of (Trigonellfoenumgrum L.).on light textured soil. Hryn, Agriulturl University journl of Resserh, 3(3/4): Zimdhi RL Fundmentls of Weed Siene. Ademi Press, In 3355