2. Know the parts of a light microscope and general rules for using and focusing a microscope, such as:

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Vernon Welch
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1 SNC 2DI Exam Review: Biology Unit 1. Understand the meaning of the following terms. Be able to recognize their definitions: Biology Mounting medium Telophase Organelle Cell Theory Cell cycle Cytokinesis Mutation Cell Interphase Chromatin Cancer Semi-permeable Mitosis Chromosome Tissue Impermeable Prophase DNA Organ Diffusion Metaphase Gene Organ system Osmosis Anaphase Nitrogen base Organism 2. Kw the parts of a light microscope and general rules for using and focusing a microscope, such as: (Ocular Lens) Revolving Nosepiece (focus) (focus) a) what should you use to clean the lenses on a microscope? only use lens paper b) outline the steps to follow when you put a cover slip onto a specimen when preparing a wet mount first prepare the wet mount by putting a drop of mounting medium (stain) onto the slide place the specimen in the mounting medium hold a cover slip by its edges at a 45º angle to the specimen lower the cover slip onto the specimen from the 45º angle to prevent air bubbles c) which objective lenses can be focused using the coarse adjustment kb? low medium high d) which objective lenses can be focused using the fine adjustment kb? low medium high e) when you change from the medium to the high power objective lens, what should you watch? watch the objective lenses in the sepiece from the SIDE as you rotate the high power into place be careful that the high power objective lens does t hit the slide and specimen on the stage once the high power objective lens has clicked into place, focus with only the fine adjustment

2 f) when you are done with the microscope, how should you leave the stage? lower the stage into the lowest possible position before you put the microscope away 3. Calculate the total magnification of the following combinations of lenses: a) Ocular lens is 4x power and objective lens is 10x power. Total magnification is: 40x b) Ocular lens is 10x power and objective lens is 20x power. Total magnification is: 200x c) Ocular lens is 5x power and objective lens is 40x power. Total magnification is: 200x 4. What are six characteristics of living things? Include any of the following: they are made of one or more cells they take in food (nutrients) and give off wastes they require energy, which they obtain from their food they sense their environment and respond to it (eg. plants grow toward the sun) they grow (increase in size) and develop (change over time) they reproduce (produce offspring) they are capable of motion they have a lifespan, and they maintain homeostasis (an internal balance). For example, warm-blooded animals maintain a constant body temperature. The blood of organisms has a fairly constant sugar and ph level. 5. What are the three statements of the Cell Theory? All living things are made from cells (cells are the smallest structural unit of life). Cells are the smallest living things (cells are the smallest functional unit of life). All cells come from other (pre-existing) cells.

3 6. Label the parts of the animal and plant cells: endoplasmic reticulum

4 7. Kw the basic parts of the cell and their function: Cell part Cell membrane Function contains the cytoplasm controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell separates the cell from its environment Found in Animal Cells? Found in Plant Cells? Cell wall gives structural support to plant cells Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin Mitochondria Chloroplasts Centrioles Endoplasmic Reticulum supports and contains the organelles contains dissolved nutrients which can move through the cell the control centre of the cell holds the genetic information which is contained in chromatin (chromosomes) found inside the nucleus makes ribosomes found inside the nucleus contains all of the genetic information (genes) needed by the cell the power stations of the cell where glucose (sugar) is burned to generate energy for the cell in a process called cellular respiration organelles that contain chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place convert radiant energy from the sun to chemical energy stored in glucose create during prophase to help guide the chromosomes so they divide properly between the two daughter cells a network of membranes that form channels throughout the cytoplasm transports proteins through the cell rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to it Ribosomes small organelles that make proteins Golgi Apparatus Central Vacuole Lysosomes makes vesicles to package and store proteins made by the ribosomes a type of vesicle (fluid-filled bubble ) in the cytoplasm of plant cells that is used to store sugars, proteins and other nutrients a type of vesicle (fluid filled bubble ) that contains digestive enzymes that can break down worn-out or damaged cell parts so their components can be reused important in protecting the cell from bacteria and viruses 8. Why can cells t get too large? if cells get too large, nutrients can t diffuse adequately to the centre of the cell, so the cell will t function properly small cells absorb nutrients from their environment more efficiently than larger cells

5 9. Kw the five stages of the cell cycle, how to recognize each stage in a diagram and what events take place during each stage: Stage of Cell Cycle interphase (t part of mitosis) prophase metaphase anaphase telophase How can you recognize this stage? the nuclear membrane and nucleus is intact centrioles have t formed the chromosomes are t visible, the nucleus has long tangled strands of chromatin you can still see some of the nuclear membrane (it is dissolving) you can see the centrioles starting to form the chromosomes are visible as shorted, thickened X shapes visible nuclear membrane X-shaped chromosomes are lined up along the equator (middle of the cell) are attached to each chromosome and to a centriole visible nuclear membrane V-shaped chromosomes are being pulled to either end of the cell by you can begin to see the nuclear membrane as it reforms the chromosomes are less distinct as they turn back into chromatin threads you can see two nuclei, one at each end of the cell you can see a cleavage furrow where the cytoplasm pinches off in animal cells or a cell plate forms in the middle of plant cells dissolve What takes place during this stage? the DNA (as chromatin) is duplicated the cell grows and works and does rmal cell things the duplicated DNA strands (chromatin) shorten and thicken to form chromosomes so that the DNA strands won t break during cell division the membrane around the nucleus dissolves centrioles form that will help guide the movement of the chromosomes the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell, guided by the pushing and pulling of the chromosomes are pulled in half, and one half of each X is pulled to each end of the cell by the nuclear membrane begins to reform around the two new nuclei the chromosomes unwind and turn back into chromatin threads the cytoplasm is divided between the two daughter cells (cytokinesis) dissolve 10. Label the parts of the DNA molecule. Label each nitrogen base with the first letter of its name. T G C T A A G C A C G A T T C G sugar phosphate

11. For each of the following diagrams, identify the stage of the cell cycle that

visible telophase: two sets of chromatin but nucleolus or nuclear membrane; can see

chromosomes look like V s as they are being pulled to each end of the cell and you

equator) and spindle fibers are fully formed anaphase: the equator) and spindle

complete membrane; chromosomes or spindle fibers are visible 12.

can start to see distinct chromosomes interphase: the nuclei both have a nucleolus

(pinched in part) where the cytoplasm has divided metaphase: the chromosomes are

factors for developing these cancers, symptoms of each cancer, and how it is

Refer back to the Canadian Cancer Society website if necessary.

It may be helpful to practice answering this question a few times.

6 11. For each of the following diagrams, identify the stage of the cell cycle that is represented, and give one way that you recognized this phase. The diagrams are in particular order. interphase: the nucleus has a nucleolus and complete membrane; chromosomes or are visible telophase: two sets of chromatin but nucleolus or nuclear membrane; can see a cleavage furrow (pinched in part) where the cytoplasm has divided anaphase: the chromosomes look like V s as they are being pulled to each end of the cell and you can see metaphase: the chromosomes are lined up along the middle of the cell (the equator) and spindle fibers are fully formed anaphase: the chromosomes look like V s as they are being pulled to each end of the cell and you can see metaphase: the chromosomes are lined up along the middle of the cell (the equator) and spindle fibers are fully formed interphase: the nucleus has a nucleolus and complete membrane; chromosomes or are visible interphase: the nuclei both have a nucleolus and complete membrane; chromosomes or spindle fibers are visible 12. early prophase (late interphase) because the nuclear membrane is dissolving and you can start to see distinct chromosomes interphase: the nuclei both have a nucleolus and complete membrane; chromosomes or spindle fibers are visible telophase: two sets of chromatin but nucleolus or nuclear membrane; can see a cleavage furrow (pinched in part) where the cytoplasm has divided metaphase: the chromosomes are lined up along the middle of the cell (the equator) and spindle fibers are fully formed 12. For two different cancers, be able to describe where the cancer starts, the risk factors for developing these cancers, symptoms of each cancer, and how it is treated. Include any other information or interesting facts about these cancers. Refer back to the Canadian Cancer Society website if necessary. No, I am t doing this for youj. It may be helpful to practice answering this question a few times. Detailed point form answers are fine.

2. Know the parts of a light microscope and general rules for using and focusing a microscope, such as:

2. Know the parts of a light microscope and general rules for using and focusing a microscope, such as: SNC 2DI Exam Review: Biology Unit 1. Understand the meaning of the following terms. Be able to recognize their definitions: Biology Mounting medium Telophase Organelle Cell Theory Cell cycle Cytokinesis