Supplement Figure S1:
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1 Supplement Figure S1: A, Sequence of Xcadherin-11 Morpholino 1 (Xcad-11MO) and 2 (Xcad-11 MO2) and control morpholino in comparison to the Xcadherin-11 sequence. The Xcad-11MO binding sequence spans the start codon while Xcad-11MO2 binds in the 5 UTR. B, Function of Xcad-11MO. The function of the chosen Xcad-11MO was demonstrated by in vitro transcription and translation. The TNT was performed according to manufacturer s description (Promega). For detection of synthesized protein S 35 -labelled methionine was incorporated. The addition of Xcad-11MO to the reaction mix resulted in a strong decrease of detectable protein whereas the addition of control morpholino had no influence (left panel). Xcad-11MO was not able to suppress protein production of murine cadherin-6 or XB-cadherin (right panel). C, Endogenous function of Xcad-11MO and Xcad-11MO2. After injection of 2 pmol Xcad- 11MO and Xcad-11MO2 a strong decrease of protein was detected in embryo lysates in comparison to wildtype embryos. Endogenous XB-cadherin was not affected by Xcad-11Mo and Xcad-11MO2 injection. For detection, αcad-11 and 6D5 αxb-cadherin antibody were used. D, Specificity of Xcadherin-11 function. The impaired invasion of pharyngeal pouches caused by injection of Xcad-11MO could neither be rescued by co-injection of the type1 XB-cadherin nor by type II murine cadherin-6 as demonstrated by whole mount in situ hybridizations with the neural crest marker twist. Instead, human Cadherin-11 was able to rescue twist signal in the pharyngeal pouches (up to 90%). Injected side: middle panel, control side: left panel. Right panel: statistics for rescue experiments. In case of Xcad-11MO injection 28%, and in case of 9 pmol Xcad-11MO2 39% of the embryos showed a normal invasion in the pharyngeal pouches. A rescue with 50 pg XB-cadherin or with 100 pg murine cadherin-6 resulted in only 37% or 31% twist positive cells in the branchial arches, respectively.
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3 Supplement Movie S2: In vivo migration of control CNC. Transplants of Dextran labelled cranial neural crest were examined from stage 20 to stage 26, when the cells have reached their final destination. Anterior is to the left and dorsal to the top. Note that the migrating CNC enter all pharyngeal arches (see also cell tracking in Fig. 1b). Images captured every 15 minutes over a period of 15 hours using a Leica-DMRE2 microscope with 10 plan NA 0.25 Ph1 objective.
4 Supplement Movie S3: In vivo migration of Xcadherin-11 depleted CNC. Transplants from Xcad-11MO (2 pmol) injected and Dextran labelled CNC were examined from stage 20 to stage 26. Anterior is to the left and dorsal to the top. Note that the hyoidal and branchial cranial neural crest start to delaminate but do not enter the pharyngeal arches (see also cell tracking in Fig. 1b). The migration of the mandibular cranial neural crest is unaffected. Images captured every 15 minutes over a period of 15 hours using a Leica-DMRE2 microscope with 10x plan NA 0.25 Ph1 objective.
5 Supplement Figure S4: A, Ventral view on Alcian blue-stained wildtype (left panel) and Xcad-11MO (2 pmol) injected embryos (medial panel) at stage 42. Corresponding schematic drawing of the craniofacial cartilage (right panel). Mandibular CNC (green) differentiate into Meckel s cartilage (M), hyoidal CNC (yellow) differentiate into ceratohyale (ch) and branchial CNC (orange, purple) into ceratobranchiale (cb) cartilage. In Xcad-11MO injected embryos cartilage elements derived from hyoidal and branchial CNC are malformed or absent. Asterisk marks injected side. Scale bar: 250 µm. B, In vivo differentiation analysis in CNC transplants. Grafts from Xcad-11 depleted CNC were unable to invade hyoidal and branchial arches (white arrow) and differentiate into melanocytes (black arrow, dorsal view). Control CNC grafts exhibited normal migration and differentiated into cartilage (ventral view). Embryos at stage 42. C, Cranial nerve structures were visualized by 3A10 monoclonal antibody staining in whole embryos at stage 46 (dorsal view). Xcad-11 depleted non-migrating CNC grafts showed increase in melanocytes and thickening of cranial nerves (yellow arrow). Boxed area is enlarged in lower column. Asterisk marks grafted side. D, Depletion of Xcad-11 led to an up-regulation of Trp-2. Xcad-11MO (2 pmol) or CoMO (2 pmol) were injected in one blastomere of 2-cell stage embryo. Dextran was used as lineage tracer. At stage 42, pigmentation was analyzed. Xcad-11 depleted embryos showed increase of melanocytes, whereas injection of CoMO had no influence. Scale bar: 250 µm E, Semi-quantitative RT-PCR of the melanocytes specific marker gene Trp-2. Xcad-11MO (2 pmol) was injected in each blastomere of 2-cell stage embryo and Trp-2 expression from stage 25 to 35 was compared with uninjected embryos. H4 was used as house keeping gene for normalization. -RT, -cdna = negative controls. F, Xcad-11MO injection resulted in increased proliferation in neural crest cells, shown by whole mount ph3 staining (dorsal view, st. 23; n = 30). The number of apoptotic cells in the same region was detected by TUNEL assay and showed no significant difference between injected side (asterix) and uninjected side (n = 23).
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7 Supplement Movie S5: Analysis of CNC migration in vitro. Control explants of membrane GFP (200 pg mrna) injected embryos were cultured in vitro on fibronectin for several hours. Note that control CNC show extensive protrusive activity and form transient cell-cell contacts. Images captured every 1 minute over a period of 30 minutes using a Leica-DMRE2 microscope with 63x plan apochromat NA 1.32 Ph3 oil objective.
8 Supplement Movie S6: Xcad-11MO. Explants of Xcad-11MO (2 pmol) and membrane GFP (200 pg mrna) injected embryos. Note that Xcadherin-11 depleted CNC are not able to form filopodia and lamellipodia. They have a round cell shape and only show membrane blebbing. Images captured every 1 minute over a period of 30 minutes using a Leica-DMRE2 microscope with 63x plan apochromat NA 1.32 Ph3 oil objective.
9 Supplement Movie S7: Protrusion activity of wildtype CNC in vivo. Transplants of mgfp labelled cranial neural crest were examined at stage 26. Extensive filopodia formation could be observed in several cells. Images captured every two second over a period of 20 minutes using a Perkin Elmer Ultra View ERS spinning disc confocal microscope with 60 plan apo VC NA 1.2 multi-immersion objective.
10 Supplement movie S8: Protrusion activity of Xcad-11MO injected CNC in vivo. Transplants of mgfp and Xcad-11MO labelled cranial neural crest were examined at stage 26. Only blebbings of the cells could be observed. Images were captured every two second over a period of 3.5 minutes using a Perkin Elmer Ultra View ERS spinning disc confocal microscope with 60 plan apo VC NA 1.2 multiimmersion objective.
11 Supplement Figure S9: A, Western Blot demonstrating the correct production of all rescue constructs. Translation efficiency and correct size of synthesized proteins was demonstrated by immunoblotting. The myc-tagged proteins were injected in both cells of two-cell stage embryos. The embryos were lysed at stage 12 and protein extraction was performed by NOP buffer. The myc-tagged proteins were enriched by immunoprecipitation with 9E10 antibody (myc) and detected with the same antibody on the Western Blot. Arrows indicate the respective protein band, asterisk marks unspecific band. B, Protein alignment of the different rescue constructs. The different regions (propeptide, EC1-5, QAV motif for homophilic binding, transmembrane domain, intracellular domain, p120 and β- catenin binding site, myc tag and His tag) are marked above the sequence. Predicted molecular masses without glycosylation or other modifications are listed behind the sequences. C, Counting of cell protrusions. Number of stable ( 5 min) and transiently formed filopodia, lamellipodia and membrane blebbings. Injection of CoMo or Xcad-11MO together with Xcadherin-11 RNA, e RNA or ca cdc42 DNA led to equivalent numbers in filopodia and lamellipodia formation and stability per cell as in wildtype cells. In contrast, Xcad-11MO injected cells only showed membrane blebbings, while co-injection of Xcad-11MO with e p120 RNA resulted in an increase of transient filopodia and lamellipodia. Rescue experiments with ca RhoA or Rac1 led to an increase in transient lamellipodia..
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13 Supplement Movie S10: Ca RhoA rescued CNC in vitro. Explants of Xcad-11MO (2 pmol), ca cdc42 (10 pg DNA) and membrane GFP (200 pg mrna) injected embryos. Note that this CNC co-injected with ca RhoA show extensive protrusive activity. Images captured every 1 minute over a period of 30 minutes using a Leica-DMRE2 microscope with 63x plan apochromat NA 1.32 Ph3 oil objective.
14 Supplement Figure S11: A, Confocal imaging of Xcad-11-EGFP: injected CNC explants after fixation and immunostaining for β-catenin. Co-localization is visible in areas of cell-cell contact (arrowhead). B, Co-localization of Xcad-11-EGFP and β-catenin in filopodia. Scale bar: 20 µm. C, Application of 20 ng/ml Rho GTPases inhibitor Toxin B on mgfp injected neural crest explants led to the formation of cell blebbing after 30 and 45 minutes. Arrows mark blebbings. Scale bar: 10 µm D, Co-immunoprecipitation of Trio with Xcadherin-11 e and XB-cadherin. Precipitation of Trio with HA antibody from transfected COS cells. Trio was detected in Western blot (lower left panel). Western blot for Xcadherin-11 showed successful precipitation of Xcadherin-11 e (upper left). Instead, XB-cadherin could not be co-immunoprecipitated with Trio. Right panels: input. E, Co-immunoprecipitation of β-catenin with different myc-tagged Xcadherin-11 mutants. Precipitation of Xcadherin-11 constructs with 9E10 antibody from transfected COS cells. Western Blot for β-catenin showed co-precipitation of e and e p120 with β-catenin, while e β-catenin mutant was not precipitated. Specific protein bands are marked by asterisks. Xcadherin-11 was detected in Western Blot with 9E10 αmyc antibody. Right panels: input.
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16 Supplement Figure S12: A, Sequence alignment of XTrio probe with Trio sequences of human, mouse, chicken, zebrafish, and Xenopus tropicalis (upper panel) and graphical structure of human Trio. N-terminally are spectrin repeats followed by 2 complexes of GEF and SH domains. At the C-terminus are an Ig domain and a kinase region. The two arrows indicate the position of the XTrio probe in relation to human full length Trio. The nucleic acid sequence homology between Xenopus laevis XTrio probe and human sequence is 70 %, between X. laevis and mouse 71 %. B, Expression of XTrio. Whole mount in situ hybridization revealed a signal in the neural tube in stage 19. Also, a staining of the neural plate laterally expanding in the CNC region is visible. In stage 25 the staining is found in the migrating CNC (arrow) as well as in brain and eyes. The sense probe in the same stage did not show any staining. In semi-quantitative RT-PCR first transcripts could be detected around stage 16 and were increasing with age until stage 34, the latest stage examined. ODC was used as house-keeping gene for normalization.
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J. Cell Sci. 128: doi: /jcs : Supplementary Material. Supplemental Figures. Journal of Cell Science Supplementary Material
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