WASaF project team Kampala - Uganda
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1 The eutrophication of Lake Victoria: Consequences on the functioning of the lakes and on its use for the production of drinking water, monitoring strategies WASaF project team Kampala - Uganda
2 What are the main functions of lakes? Water supply (Domestic, industrial, agriculture) Power production Food production Recreational activities / Existence services Navigation Other ecosystem services (Carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, wildlife habitats, hydrology ) Lake Victoria
3 The eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems, a worldwide problem Growth of the world human population, with many consequences Tilman et al., 2002 Increase of fertilizer use Increase of wastewater volumes Changes in land use
4 How to describe the process of eutrophication?
5 Understanding the biological functioning of a lake Phytoplankton Nutrients (Phosphorus + Nitrogen + )
6 Understanding the biological functioning of a lake Phytoplankton Nutrients (Phosphorus + Nitrogen + ) Zooplankton Fishes
7 Key factors and processes controlling the phytoplankton communities in lakes Grazing + parasitism Top-down Grazing + parasitism Oligotrophic Eutrophic Large diversity Small biomass Small diversity Large biomass Bottom-up Nutrients (P & N) + Light Nutrients (Phosphorus)
8 Key factors and processes controlling the phytoplankton communities in lakes? Schindler Trophic levels in lakes Phosphorus conc. Chlorophyll conc. (µg.l -1 ) (µg.l -1 ) Oligotrophic Zooplankton Mesotrophic Nutriments (P et N) Eutrophic Hypereutrophic > Oligotrophic lake Hypereutrophic lake Baïkal Taihu Victoria
9 What are the origins of nutrients (N & P) in lakes? Phytoplankton Nutrients (Phosphorus + nitrogen + ) Zooplankton Bacteria Fishes
10 What are the origins of nutrients (N & P) in lakes? Phytoplankton Nutrients (Phosphorus + nitrogen + ) Zooplankton Bacteria Fishes Sediment discharge
11 What are the origins of nutrients (N & P) in lakes? Aerial depositions River inputs Phytoplankton Nutrients (Phosphorus + nitrogen + ) Zooplankton Bacteria Fishes Sediment discharge
12 Aerial deposition = Dry and wet deposition Dry deposition Tamatamah et al., Biogeochem. 2005
13 Aerial deposition = Dry and wet deposition Dry deposition Terrestrial/river inputs Tamatamah et al., Biogeochem Scheren et al., J. Env. Manag. 2000
14 How to explain the degradation of Lake Victoria? Dobiesz et al., J. Great Lakes Res 2010
15 How to explain the degradation of Lake Victoria? Large surface / «small» volume Importance of the aerial depositions Dobiesz et al., J. Great Lakes Res 2010
16 How to explain the degradation of Lake Victoria? Large surface / «small» volume Importance of the aerial depositions Very large catchment area and high human population density Very high anthropogenic pressures Dobiesz et al., J. Great Lakes Res 2010
17 How to explain the degradation of the Lake Victoria? Very strong increase of the population density around the lake
18 Consequences of the increase of the density of human populations living around Lake Victoria Verschuren et al., Proc R Soc Lond B 2012 Baring of soils Deforestation Use of fertilizers and pesticides Odada et al., Ambio 204
19 Potential influence of global warming? Increase of phytoplankton blooms during the periods of lake surface warming and water column stability Cosar et al., PLoS ONE 2012
20 What are the main consequences of the eutrophication on the biological functioning and on the production of drinking water?
21 What are the main effects of eutrophication on the uses of lakes? Water supply (Domestic, industrial, agriculture) Power production Food production Recreational activities/existence services Navigation (Water hyacinth) Other ecosystem services (Carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, wildlife habitats )
22 In light limiting conditions, which species are favored? Ability to occupy the surface layer of the lakes Cyanobacteria Floating plants
23 What are the main problems due to cyanobacterial blooms? Health problems: - Production of harmful cyanotoxins (microcystins) - Interactions with pathogenic bacteria? Problems for the production of drinking waters: - Difficulties to remove cyanobacteria (and their toxins) in the water treatment plants - High biomasses = high quantities of carbon (Total Organic Carbon) Many problems for the water production and for the drinking water quality
24 The specific cases of the bays and gulfs in Lake Victoria
25 Numerous cities located on the shoreline of bays and gulfs High drinking water needs Significant wastewater discharges Higher susceptibility of the bays and gulfs to pollutants (semi closed environments) Kampala Mwanza Jinja Musoma Kisumu
26 The example of Murchison Bay (Uganda) Haande et al., Limnologica 2010
27 The example of Murchison Bay (Uganda)
28 The example of Speke Gulf (Tanzania) Mwanza North Bay, urban pollution (MZ) Magu Bay, agricultural pollution (MG Kayenze Bay (KY) Shayo et al., AEHM 2011
29 The example of Kavirondo gulf (Kenya) Cyanobacteria Massive development of hyacinth (and cyanobacteria) in bays and gulfs
30 To conclude on bays and gulfs The quality of the water in bays and gulfs is strongly influenced by the terrestrial inputs (rivers, wastewater channels ) A particular attention should be paid for the protection of these environments that are critical for many people. Kampala Mwanza Jinja Musoma Kisumu
31 And now, what steps can be taken? Needs for a land management strategies (implemented on a multinational, basin-wide scale) severely restricting nutrient input to the lake and its tributaries Scoreboard for 2020 for Geneva Lake (Switzerland/France)
32 And now, what steps can be taken? Needs for a global long term monitoring of the lake and of the main tributaries in order to detect the global trends in its evolution
33 And now, what steps can be taken? Needs for a global long term monitoring of the lake and of the main tributaries in order to detect the global trends in its evolution Monitoring of the whole lake Specific monitoring of bays and gulfs
34 And now, what steps can be taken? Needs for local monitorings in bays and gulfs in order (i) to improve the production of drinking water and (ii) to limit the sanitary risks for human populations living on the shores Physical parameters Water temp.; Transparency; Turbidity; Conductivity; TSS and TDS Chemical parameters Nutrients (N, P, Si), ph Heavy metals (Zn, Fe, Cd, Hg) Pestices (Organochlorines, Pharmaceuticals, Arsenic ),O2 Biological parameters Phytoplankton (Chlorophyll, Cyanobacteria counting and toxicity, TOC) Pathogens (E. coli & Faecal Streptococci)
35 Local monitoring of water quality, including cyanobacteria Main problems for the monitoring of cyanobacteria: - Strong horizontal heterogeneity in their distribution - Strong vertical heterogeneity in their distribution - High temporal variations in these spatial heterogeneities
36 Local monitoring of water quality, including cyanobacteria Main problems for the monitoring of cyanobacteria: - Strong horizontal heterogeneity in their distribution - Strong vertical heterogeneity in their distribution - High temporal variations in these spatial heterogeneities Species 1 Species 2
37 Local monitoring of water quality, including cyanobacteria Pobel et al., Water Research 2011 Influence of the sampling effort Influence of the sampling frequency
38 Recommendations for the sampling strategy WaSAf programme ( ) Monitoring and Sustainable Management of Surface Freshwater Sources in Africa. 1. Sampling in several points of the monitored area - Use of transect - More or less distant from the shoreline 2. Sampling at several depths in each sampling point 3. One sampling strategy for all the monitoring period
39 Recommendations for the sampling strategy WaSAf programme ( ) Monitoring and Sustainable Management of Surface Freshwater Sources in Africa. 1. Sampling in several points of the monitored area - Use of transect - More or less distant from the shore 2. Sampling at several depths in each sampling point 3. One sampling strategy for all the monitoring period Continuous or semi continuous monitoring of the raw water in the water treatment plant: 1. Detection of short term variations occurring in the cyanobacterial population density Needs for tools allowing to perform in situ measurements
40 New tools for the monitoring of cyanobacteria and of environmental parameters Spectrofluorimetric and phycocyanin probes for the survey of cyanobacteria
41 New tools for the monitoring of cyanobacteria and of environmental parameters Multiparameter probes for the monitoring of the water column
42 Many thanks for your attention
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