Ellen R. Herbert 1, John M. Marton 1,5, Mihee Jun 2, Erika R. Elswick 3, and Christopher B. Craft 1
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1 Predicting the Impacts of Saltwater Intrusion on Ecosystem Dynamics in Tidal Freshwater Floodplain Forests in Coastal Georgia Ellen R. Herbert 1, John M. Marton 1,5, Mihee Jun 2, Erika R. Elswick 3, and Christopher. Craft 1 1 School of Public and Environmental ffairs, Indiana University, loomington, Indiana, US 2 Institute of Health and Environment, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea 3 Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, loomington, Indiana, US 5 Louisiana Marine Consortium, Chauvain, Louisiana, US
2 Outline Overview of tidal freshwater floodplain forests and global change Changes in cycling of: Carbon (C) & Sulfur (S) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Scaling up using SLMM Discussion & Conclusions Unknowns and future work
3 Tidal Forests Tidal pulsing with freshwater Storm surge abatement and water storage Habitat and biodiversity C sequestration in woody biomass and soils Water quality amelioration GHG production: CO 2, CH 4 & N 2 O
4 Tidal Forests and Global Change SLR results in increased inundation rates Saltwater intrusion results from combination of: ltered precipitation regimes nthropogenic alteration of freshwater flow SLR
5 Global Change: Consequences Increased inundation rates = increased duration of anaerobic conditions Increased salinity Introduce sulfate (SO 4 2- ) ion Methanogenesis sulfate reduction ccelerate decomposition subsidence? Release P Change ionic strength
6 lackwater NWR, Maryland, US
7 SE US Coast Study rea
8 C Cycling I: Salinity & Decomposition Objectives: How do salinity and hydrology impact the decomposit ion of the roots of bald cypress (Taxodium distichum)? Methods: Healthy tidal forest Saltwater intrusion rackish marsh
9 % Mass Remaining TFF Levee TFF Plain SN Levee SN Plain R Levee R Plain Time (d)
10 C & S Cycling: Saltwater and GHGs Objectives How does simulated saltwater intrusion impact: Greenhouse gas production? Sulfur cycling? Denitrification? Methods: ltamaha, Satilla, and Ogeechee Rivers naerobic bottle incubations at salinity of 0, 2, 5 cetylene block for denitrification Extract acid volatile and chromium reducible sulfur Marton et al. (2012) Wetlands
11 μg CH 4 /g soil/hr CH 4 Production g CH 4 /g soil/hr ltamaha Ogeechee Satilla ppt 2 ppt 5 ppt
12 g CO 2 /g soil/hr μg CO 2 /g soil/hr CO 2 Production ltamaha Ogeechee Satilla b a b ppt 2 ppt 5 ppt
13 μg S/g dry soil Evidence of Increased S Reduction g VS/g dry soil ltamaha Ogeechee Satilla cid Volatile Sulfur a b Salinity (ppt) c C g CRS/g dry soil Chromium Reducible Sulfur a b Salinity (ppt) C a Total reduced inorganic S increased in ltamaha and Ogeechee with salinity, indicating increased sulfate reduction Ogeechee had much higher initial S in soil and water
14 CO 2 Production attributed to sulfate reduction % CO 2 from Sulfate Reduction CO 2 Production from Sulfate Reduction ltamaha Ogeechee Satilla Salinity (ppt) Sulfate reduction greater than 100% of CO 2 production?
15 ng N 2 O /g soil /hr ng N 2 O/g soil/hr mbient N 2 O Production ltamaha Ogeechee Satilla 0 0 ppt 2 ppt 5 ppt
16 g N 2 O/g soil/hr ng N 2 O /g soil /hr mbient Denitrification ltamaha Ogeechee Satilla ppt 2 ppt 5 ppt
17 Objectives: N&P Sorption/Desorption re tidal forest soils sources or sinks for inorganic N&P? How do increased salinity and inundation impact this? Methods : Sorption/Desorption: ltamaha, Ogeechee, Satilla, S. Newport 5 tidal cycles Δ [NH 4 -N] & [PO 4 -P] Salinity and Inundation: Salinity (0, 2, 5 ) * Inundation (5, 10 cm) Jun et al. (2012) Estuaries & Coasts
18 NH 4 -N Sorption/Desorption Sorption Sinks for PO 4 3- & NH Release Extraction Number Saltwater intrusion release large amounts of NH 4+. Ogeechee ltamaha Satilla S. Newport PO 4 -P Sorption Ogeechee ltamaha Satilla S. Newport Extraction Number
19 NH 4 -N Sorption/Desorption ltamaha River ppt 2 ppt 5 ppt NH 4 + release increases with increasing salinity cm 10 cm 5 cm 10 cm 5 cm 10 cm 5 cm 10 cm 5 cm 10 cm 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Extraction Number PO 4 -P Sorption 0 ppt 2 ppt 5 ppt PO 4 3- sorption increases with salinity & decreases with inundation C C C C 0 5 cm 10 cm 5 cm 10 cm 5 cm 10 cm 5 cm 10 cm 5 cm 10 cm 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Extraction Number
20
21 Craft et al. (2010) Frontiers
22 Objectives: Scaling Up: SLMM Quantify wetland habitat changes on ltamaha River due to SLR Methods: Sea Level ffects Marshes Model (SLMM) 6.1 Parameterization of the salinity sub-model LiDR (2007) athymetry (from 2006) National Wetland Inventory (2007) Variable accretion rate using MEM 3.4 (Morris et al. 2002)
23 Salinity at MHHW Initial Condition Salinity at MHHW 2100; 1m SLR
24 ccretion Rate Initial Condition ccretion Rate 2100; 1m SLR
25 Habitat Distribution Initial Condition Habitat Distribution 2100; 1m SLR
26 Conclusions Saltwater intrusion promotes N and C release CH 4 Sulfate reduction Denitrification and N 2 O production are unclear. P sorption: salinity; inundation Up-stream/inland migration of tidal forests From the bottle to landscape..
27 Spatial Variability Ecosystem migration (bility? Timing?) Subsidence? Unknowns and Future Work Vegetation: Productivity Species composition Productivity + Δ Community C Quantity + C min Interactions with other global change factors Out of the bottle
28 How does saltwater intrusion alter C cycling in intact plant soil systems? Pulse-Chase: 13 CO 2 Insight into ssimilation Short-term plant-soil flux C quality/quantity controls on mineralization pathway Microbial players? with minimal disturbance
29 Manipulative Field Experiment Saltwater ddition Long Term Experiment
30 IU Wetlands Lab: nya Hopple, rianna Richards, Laura Trice, nn ltor, & Jacob annister Jeff Ehman (IU) Jacob Shalack, Justin Manley, shby Nix, Caroline Reddy (GCE LTER) David Mixon (G DNR) cknowledgements This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy through Grant No.TUL /08 to CC, the National Science Foundation Grant No. OCE to the Georgia Coastal LTER, and th enational Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Grant to ERH.
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