SAX and a lake model

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1 SAX and a lake model

2 1. system-specific issues; limitations of conventional approach 2. SAX: technical details, advantages, and applications 3. Cayuga Lake 213 water quality studies a. tributaries b. lake dynamics c. assessments of water quality impacts 4. model framework and summary

3 aerial photo of the southern shelf during a high runoff event clay mineral particles

4 stream bank erosion

importance transport, cycling, and apportionment of forms of nutrients and contaminants levels of light scattering and absorption and thereby optical metrics of water quality (optics sub-model) and

5 importance transport, cycling, and apportionment of forms of nutrients and contaminants levels of light scattering and absorption and thereby optical metrics of water quality (optics sub-model) and remote sensing signal (NASA projects) metabolic activity and composition of biological communities net sediment accumulation origins terrigenous (allochthonous, particularly runoff events) resuspension (internal) autochthonous (internal; CaCO 3 precipitation) 5

6 gravimetric mass per unit vol. of water; unit in mg/l, for example suspended particulate material (SPM, or TSS) organic and inorganic components (VSS and FSS) SPM = OSPM + ISPM (TSS = VSS + FSS) organic + inorganic operationally defined, burn temperature ISPM an attempt to represent minerogenic particles streams/rivers vs. lakes/reservoirs higher vs. lower concentrations composition differences, terrigenous vs. lacustrine components problems 6

distribution done (PSD) from ISPM elemental composition of individual particles particle shape (least important) points to be expanded

7 influence transport, fate and impacts features number concentration N (i.e., number per unit volume of water) Cannot particle size be distribution done (PSD) from ISPM elemental composition of individual particles particle shape (least important) points to be expanded upon strong linkage between the common term sediment and minerogenic particle populations; e.g., Cayuga Lake limitations of older sediment measurement protocols superior capabilities of SAX scanning electron microscopy interfaced with automated image and X-ray analyses 7

8 1. system-specific issues; limitations of conventional approach 2. SAX: technical details, advantages, and applications 3. Cayuga Lake 213 water quality studies a. tributaries b. lake dynamics c. assessments of water quality impacts 4. model framework and summary

Scanning electron microscopy coupled with Automated

analyses for individual mineral particles a platelet

including Cayuga Lake PA m projected area of a

minerogenic particles per unit volume of water (m -1 )

9 Scanning electron microscopy coupled with Automated image and X-ray analyses morphology and composition analyses for individual mineral particles a platelet clay mineral particle dominant form in many systems, including Cayuga Lake PA m projected area of a minerogenic particle PAV m total projected area of minerogenic particles per unit volume of water (m -1 ) a powerful summary metric X-ray Counts Al Si PA m Energy (kev) K 9

10 recognized to be established and powerful started in NYC watershed turbidity studies (late 199s) expanded through NY and Great Lakes multiple key water quality issues quantitatively connected documentation in peer-reviewed literature cumulative growth central role and value of the PAV m metric PAV m light absorption remote sensing light scattering Secchi depth associated phosphorus turbidity ISPM, SPM PAV m total projected area of minerogenic particles per unit volume of water (i.e., area conc., m -1 ) 1

11 systems and water quality topics listing; Table 2 in Peng and Effler (215) Table 2. Summary of closure or consistency demonstrated by SAX-based approach (PAV m ) for North America Fresh Waters. System New York City (NYC) Reservoir Systems (9) Closure () or Consistency () b bp a T n or SPM or NAP SD -1 PP m ISPM b p No. of Compo -nents 1 Finger Lakes (NY) 2 Reference Peng et al. (22, 24) Peng and Effler (25) Schoharie Creek (NY) 1 Effler et al. (27) Schoharie Reservoir and Schharie Creek (NY) 1 Peng and Effler (27) Central NY lakes (4) and a river 2 Peng et al. (27) Lake Superior 2 Peng et al. (29a), Effler et al. (21a) NYC Reservoir Systems (6) 1 Peng et al. (29b) Lake Erie 1 Lake Ontario 2 Onondaga Lake (NY) 2 Ashokan Reservoir and Esopus Creek (NY) Great Lakes (3) and Central NY lakes (4) 1 Peng and Effler (21) Peng and Effler (211) Effler and Peng (212) Peng and Effler (212) Effler et al. (213) Lake Erie 1 Skaneateles Lake (NY) 3 Cayuga Lake (NY) 2 Peng and Effler (213a) Peng and Effler (213b) Effler and Peng (214) Cayuga Lake (NY) 2 Effler et al. (214) Great Lakes Peng and Effler (215) 11

12 example micrographs from scanning electron microscopy phytoplankton (greens) organic produced in lakes phytoplankton (diatoms) mixed organic inorganic (Si) inorganic particle origins and impacts central to management issues phosphorus and trophic state metrics optics Secchi depth, turbidity, remote sensing minerogenic clay minerals, quartz, etc. inorganic watershed a problem for ISPM in lakes 12

F(d) natural polydispersed particle populations (particles L - m - ) Cumulative PAV m Percentage (%) 1 9 1 8 1 7 1 6 1 5 1 4 1 8

ISPM underrepresent multiple sized particles observed broad size range(s) contribute 1 14 m in lake 1 2 m in stream behavior and impact

13 F(d) natural polydispersed particle populations (particles L - m - ) Cumulative PAV m Percentage (%) characteristics T n Fall Cr Site recurring general 1.5 m 23 Jul Particle size, d (m) conc. ISPM underrepresent multiple sized particles observed broad size range(s) contribute 1 14 m in lake 1 2 m in stream behavior and impact reflect multiple sizes Cumul. PAV m (m -1 ) basis for four broad size classes Size classes: < 2 m m m > 11 m Particle size, d (m) 13

Feature PAV m (SAX) ISPM (1) analytical precision, lakes good poor (2) representation of sizes of impacts complete none (3) minerogenic particles successfully isolated (4) resolve contributions of

14 Feature PAV m (SAX) ISPM (1) analytical precision, lakes good poor (2) representation of sizes of impacts complete none (3) minerogenic particles successfully isolated (4) resolve contributions of different sizes (5) resolve contributions of different geochemical types (6) theoretical and demonstrated consistency with impacts yes yes yes yes, projected area no, variable contributions of diatoms no no no, mass 14

15 1. system-specific issues; limitations of conventional approach 2. SAX: technical details, advantages, and applications 3. Cayuga Lake 213 water quality studies a. tributaries b. lake dynamics c. assessments of water quality impacts 4. model framework and summary

16 phosphorus, clarity intensive sampling: lake and major tributaries >4 SAX samples 35 SAX samples,

Image analysis projected area (PA) size (area equivalent diameter, d) X-ray microanalysis elemental X-ray composition particle types: clay minerals, calcite, quartz Summary results PAV m (particle

17 Image analysis projected area (PA) size (area equivalent diameter, d) X-ray microanalysis elemental X-ray composition particle types: clay minerals, calcite, quartz Summary results PAV m (particle projected area conc.) size and generic geochemical type distributions related to turbidity, Secchi depth, PP m PVV m (particle volume conc.; mm 3 /L or ppm), clay platelets mass loading, consistency testing 17

18 1. reception from the watershed 2. localization at southern end enters the shelf 3. mostly from runoff events conspicuous visual signatures 4. estimates of external loads supported by focus on runoff events (NYSDEC) 18

19 1. traditional gravimetric measurements ISPM mostly minerogenic ISPM : SPM dominance, increasingly as Q F increased 2. SAX characterizations X-ray Counts composition and size Al Si Energy (kev) clay minerals dominate PAV m K ISPM (mg L -1 ) PAV m (m -1 ) ISPM/SPM Fall Creek R 2 =.66 R 2 = Q F (m 3 s -1 ) R 2 = Q F (m 3 s -1 ) 19

20 6 (a) Q F (m 3 s -1 ) 4 2 flow event example for Six Mile Creek also clearly manifested in PAV m dynamics PAV ISPM (mg L -1 m (m -1 ) ) T n (NTU) (b) (c) (d) increases in T n (turbidity) increases in ISPM (inorganic sediment mass) increases in PAV m 6 Aug 8 Aug 1 Aug 213 2

21 driven by runoff event sampling (NYSDEC) T n (NTU) Fall Creek R 2 =.96 T n turbidity strong dependencies linkage of PAV m to an optical metric of quality (a) PAV m (m -1 ) PP (g L -1 ) Salmon Creek R 2 =.99 (b) PP particulate P (= TP TDP) strong dependencies linkage to a trophic state metric PAV m (m -1 ) 21

22 Cayuga Lake tributaries ISPM (mg L -1 ) apparent densities (r) consistent with clay mineral values (e.g., kaolinite kg m 3 ) Six Mile Creek slope = density est. (r) PVV m (ppm) Peng and Effler (215) Cayuga tributaries Peng and Effler (212) NYC reservoir and tributary PVV m minerogenic particle volume per unit volume of water (i.e., volume conc.) from SAX calculated from PAV m /PVV m ratios (priori) or individual particle volumes slope valuedensity ( kg m -3 ) 22

23 benefits of runoff event sampling positive, reasonably strong (power law, PAV m = A Q F B ) dependencies PAV m (m -1 ) Fall Creek Q F (m 3 s -1 ) associated loads would increase with increased runoff events and severity of the events however, noteworthy variance in relationships, as with other particulate constituents consider origins 23

24 NYC Reservoir System, Catskill region: Stream bank erosion a problem PAV m (m -1 ) Q F (m 3 s -1 ) 24

25 25

Fall Creek: Stream bank erosion PAV m (m -1 ) 4 1 1 1.

certain Cayuga streams, and sources of variance Nagle, G. N., T. J. Fahey, J. C. Ritchie, and P.

26 Fall Creek: Stream bank erosion PAV m (m -1 ) Fall Creek Q F (m 3 s -1 ) importance of stream bank erosion for sediment inputs from certain Cayuga streams, and sources of variance Nagle, G. N., T. J. Fahey, J. C. Ritchie, and P. B. Woodbury. 27. Variations in sediment sources and yields in the Finger Lakes and Catskill regions of New York. Hydrol. Process. 21:

27 tributary impacts concentrated on shelf during runoff events great spatial PAV m gradient along the lake s major axis observed 27

28 Table 4. Minerogenic particle population characteristics, in terms of contributions to PAV m by geochemical and size classes, for Cayuga Lake tributaries and lake sites in 213 (Peng and Effler 215) Stream or Lake Site Avg. % Contributions by % Contributions by Particle Types to PAV PAV m m Size (µm) Classes (m 1 ) Clay Quartz Calcite Ca-agg Si-rich Misc. < Fall Creek Key features: Cayuga Inlet Cr. Salmon Creek PAV m gradient: southern tribs shelf pelagic Six Mile clay dominance, calcite secondary for pelagic Creek 3. shift in PSD from tribs to lake larger to smaller particles Site Site Site Site Site

29 runoff event driven dynamics % 4 (a) Fall Cr. Q F (m 3 s -1 ) Fall Creek 2 < % (b) Site 1 PAV m (m -1 ) Site 1 Site 3 Apr May Jun Jul 213 Aug Sep Oct the general south north gradient % 4 2 (c) Site 2 1 (d) pelagic 2 1 < PAV m (m -1 ) 3+ 29

30 1. system-specific issues; limitations of conventional approach 2. SAX: technical details, advantages, and applications 3. Cayuga Lake 213 water quality studies a. tributaries b. lake dynamics c. assessments of water quality impacts 4. model framework and summary

31 optical metrics regulated through light scattering (1) Secchi depth (SD) SD 1 b p (b p : particulate scattering coeff., m 1 ) b p = b m + b o (minerogenic and organic components) b m = <Q b,m > PAV m scattering efficiency factor = 2.3 (5%) b o estimated from chlorophyll-a or POC-based empirical models (2) turbidity (T n ; side-scattering) (3) backscattering (b b ) conceptually sound; well documented see PAV m -themed reference list ISPM is not a legitimate alternative 31

32 based on empirical system-specific relationships SD 1 b p b p = b m + b o temporal patterns of SD for b o only, and for (b o + b m ) b m (i.e., PAV m ) caused lower SD compared with b o (phyto) only cases, from contributions to b p effect greater on shelf than pelagic waters 27% greater on shelf without minerogenic particles 15% greater in pelagic waters b p : particulate scattering coeff. minerogenic component: b m = 2.3 PAV m organic component: b o = f (Chl-a) SD (m) Case: Site 2 b o only b o + b m Site 3 Jun Jul Aug Sep

33 based on two component partitioning (Effler et al. 214, Inland Waters) Chl-a and PAV m as drivers temporal patterns of T n org contribution only org + min contributions higher T n values because of added T n/m ; larger effect than on SD effect greater on shelf than in pelagic waters log- vs. linear scale T n (NTU) T n/o max. on shelf <1 NTU (negligible) T n/m 48% of T n on average at Site Organic: T n/o : Chl-a =.8 Minerogenic: T n/m : PAV m = 4.8 Site 1 (shelf) T n/o +T n/m T n/o Site 3 (pelagic) Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

34 associated phosphorus, a particulate form PP m published for the Cayuga Lake case in the peer-reviewed literature Effler et al. (214) Partitioning the contributions of minerogenic particles and bioseston to particulate phosphorus and turbidity. Inland Waters 4: first presented on this project (TAC meeting, Jan 214, Ithaca), reviewed here PP = (PP o : Chl-a) Chl-a + (PP m : PAV m ) PAV m stoichiometry organic component stoichiometry minerogenic component unavailable fraction of PP m (PP m/u ) dominates, subsequently ISPM is not a legitimate alternative to support this analysis 34

35 based on empirical system-specific model of Effler et al. (214); paired measurements of PP, PAV m, and Chl-a PP = (PP o : Chl-a) Chl-a + (PP m : PAV m ) PAV m PP m and PP o are the minerogenic and organic (phyto) particle components summer avg. TP (and PP) concentrations partitioned P (g L -1 ) shelf shelf PP m PP o TDP pelagic TP limit 2 g/l NYS guidance value higher PP m concentrations primarily cause of higher shelf TP levels negative implications for listing and application of guidance value 35

36 1. system-specific issues; limitations of conventional approach 2. SAX: technical details, advantages, and applications 3. Cayuga Lake 213 water quality studies a. tributaries b. lake dynamics c. assessments of water quality impacts 4. model framework and summary

37 Peng, F., and S. W. Effler Quantifications and water quality implications of minerogenic particles in Cayuga Lake, New York, and its tributaries. Inland Waters, 5:

Peng, F., and S. W. Effler. 215. Quantifications and water quality implications of minerogenic particles in Cayuga Lake, New York, and its tributaries. Inland Waters, 5: 43 42.

38 Peng, F., and S. W. Effler Quantifications and water quality implications of minerogenic particles in Cayuga Lake, New York, and its tributaries. Inland Waters, 5: SAX was applied to characterize minerogenic particles of Cayuga Lake and primary tributaries SAX PAV m applied to quantify their effects on common metrics of water quality PAV m the primary summary metric PAV m is linearly related to the minerogenic particle components of PP (PP m ), T n (T n/m ), light-scattering coefficient, and inversely related to SD 38

39 SAX supports partitioning PAV m into multiple particle size (i.e., polydispersed populations) and composition classes PAV m was higher on shelf than in pelagic areas following runoff events because of elevated inputs from local tributaries coupled degradations in water quality included higher PP m, T n/m, and lower SD, on the shelf; though diminished quality in pelagic waters was also resolved for the largest events PAV m information is superior to ISPM for this important particle group, particularly in lacustrine systems a conceptual model for PAV m behavior in the lake was presented 39

40 PAV m based Gelda, Effler, Prestigiacomo, Peng, and Watkins. 215b. Simulation of minerogenic particle populations in time and space in Cayuga Lake, New York, in response to runoff events, submitted to Inland Waters 4

Long-term Study of Minerogenic Particle Optics in Cayuga Lake

Limnol. Oceanogr., 59(1), 214, in press. Long-term Study of Minerogenic Particle Optics in Cayuga Lake Steven W. Effler and Feng Peng January 15, 214 Light Scattering by Suspended Particles reduces clarity,