Status of Technology for Distributed Generation of Power. Rangan Banerjee Department of Energy Science and Engineering IIT Bombay

Transcription

1 Status of Technology for Distributed Generation of Power Rangan Banerjee Department of Energy Science and Engineering IIT Bombay Invited Talk RuDicon 2012 at IMC, Mumbai - 19 January 2012

2 What is Distributed Generation? Distributed Generation- Installation and operation of electric power generation units connected to the network on the customer site of the meter [Ackerman,2001] "Dispersed" "Embedded" Generation Classification- Non-renewable/ renewable Based on Prime Mover- engine, turbine, fuel cell... Isolated, Grid connected, Cogeneration, Captive, Standby (Backup)

3 Why Distributed Generation? Supply near load points Reduced transmission & distribution losses Difficult to extend grid Provision of Access to remote areas

4 Distributed Generation Options Non-Renewable IC Engine- diesel IC Engine- Natural gas Micro-turbine- Natural gas PEM fuel cell-reformer - Natural gas Renewable Wind Turbine Solar Photovoltaic(PV) Solar Thermal Biomass Gasifier- Gas Engine Bagasse Cogeneration Small hydro Microturbines- biogas

5 Distributed Generation Options Prime Mover Input Energy /Fuel Category I. C. Engine Diesel Non Renewable Gas Producer Gas Non Renewable Renewable E. C. Engine (Stirling Engine) Natural Gas Non Renewable Biomass Energy Solar Energy Renewable Renewable Turbine/Micro-turbine Gas Non Renewable Biogas/Producer Gas Baggase Combustion Solar Energy Wind Energy Hydro Energy Renewable Renewable Renewable Renewable Renewable Solar Panels Solar Energy Renewable Fuel Cell H2 Non Renewable Biomass Energy Renewable

6 Comparison Annualised Life Cycle Costs (ALCC) - annual cost of owning and operating equipment ALCC = C 0 CRF(d,n) + AC f + AC O&M CRF (d,n) =[ d(1+d) n ]/[(1+d) n -1] discount rate d, Life n years, C 0 Capital Cost, AC f, AC O&M, annual cost - fuel and O&M

7 Evaluation Criteria Technology Status Capital Cost Capacity Factor Efficiency Cost of Electricity Generation Size Availability Emissions Area Requirement Water Requirement

8 Capital Cost vs Size Small Hydro (10 kw to 25 MW) ( ) Technology with Available Size Range Solar Thermal Wind Biomass Stirling Engine Solar PV Microtur bine Fuel Cell (5 kw to 20 MW) (0.2 kw - 10 MW) (1-80 MW) (Few Watts to 10 MW) (1 kw to 336 kw) (1 kw to 10 MW) (25 kw to 250 kw) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) I C Engine (Natural Gas) (7 kw - 10 MW) ( ) I C Engine (Diesel) (5 kw - 30 MW) ( ) Capital Cost Rs/KW

9 Cost of Generation From Bioengine Gas Engine Bioengine Diesel Rs/kWh Load Factor

10 #PV system Grid connected 3 MW PV plant in Karnataka

11 Megawatt size grid solar power plants India Project Developer Project site Capacity (MW) PV Technology Operation in Days Generation in MWh WBGEDCL* Jamuria, Asansol, West Bengal 1 Crystalline Silicon Sept.09 - Aug (365) % Azure Power Awan, Amritsar, Punjab 1 Crystalline Silicon Dec.09 to Nov (365) % Mahagenco Chandrapur, Maharashtra 1 a-si Thin Films May 10 to Apr (365) % Reliance Industries Nagaur, Rajasthan 5 Crystalline Silicon, Thin Films, CPV 352 July 10 to June % Saphhire Industrial Sivaganga, Tamil Nadu 5 a-si Thin Films Sri Power Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh 2 Crystalline Silicon CdTe Thin Film Source: 32/54/ /PVSE, MNRE

12 Small Hydro Power Classification Capacity Based Micro Mini Small less than 100 kw 100 kw - 3 MW 3 MW - 15 MW Micro and Mini - usually isolated, Small grid connected Heads as low as 3 m viable Capital Cost Rs 5-6crores/MW, Rs /kWh 200 kw Chizami village, Nagaland Aleo (3MW) Himachal Pradesh

13 Wind Power ~10000 MW installed Single machine upto 2.1 MW Average capacity factor 14% Capital cost Rs 5-6crores/MW, Rs 4-6/kWh (cost effective if site CF >20%) Actual Monthly Generation (*1000kWh) Satara, Maharashtra Jan Feb Mar Monthly Generation Wind Speed Apr May Jun Jul Month of year Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average Wind Speed (m/s)

14 Biogas 45-70% CH 4 rest CO 2 Calorific value 16-25MJ/m 3 Digestor- well containing animal waste slurry Dome - floats on slurry- acts as gas holder Spent Slurry -sludge- fertiliser Anaerobic Digestion- bacterial action Family size plants 2m 3 /day Community Size plants m 3 /day Rs for a 2m3 unit Cooking, Electricity, running engine Pura, Karnataka

15 Bagasse Cogeneration Incremental Capital Cost (Rs/kW) Life years Boiler Efficiency 70% Bagasse NCV = 3400 kcal/kg (dry basis), Price Rs 1.50/kg Discount rate = 10%, O&M cost = Rs 0.5/kWh 2500 tcd plant 9.5 MW export, 0.93 kg extra/ kwh Load factor Rs/kWh

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17 2 2 a t a o C 5 8 T / h r F E E D W A T E R F e e d w a t e r B O I L E R 0. 5 T / h r 4. 5 T / h r 2 7 T / h r 2 6 T / h r B A G A S S E 0. 5 T / h r P R D S M I L L I N G P R D S 6 a t a ~ 2 a t a P r o c e s s F l a s h e d C o n d e n s a t e S T E A M T U R B I N E 2. 5 M W P r o c e s s S c h e m a t i c o f t y p i c a l t c d S u g a r f a c t o r y

18 B O I L E R F e e d w a t e r 7 5 T P H, 6 5 a t a, O C B A G A S S E ( A lt e r n a t e fu e l) S T E A M T U R B I N E 1 3 M W ~ 9. 5 M W P o w e r e x p o r t P R O C E S S 2 a t a 6 a t a 4. 5 T P H 2 a t a Condenser C O N D E N S E R 1.0 M W M ill d r iv e s B F P P R O C E S S 2. 5 M W C a p t iv e lo a d P R O P O S E D P L A N T C O N F I G U R A T I O N : O P T I O N 2

19 Isolated SPV power plants in India Installed capacity (As on 31/01/2009) : 2.8 MWp Total number of SPV power plants : 230 Nos. S.No State PV Capacity ( kwp) No. of power plants 1 Maharashtra Chattisgargh 1 to Rajasthan Jharkhand Orissa Haryana 10-7 Mizoram UP (NTPC) 11.9 kw 1 9 West Bengal 25 kw

20 Issues- Low plant capacity factor Name of the plant PV Capacity ( kwp) Inverter capacity (kva) Charge controller (kw) Battery capacity (Ah) Battery Voltage (Volts) Distribution Voltage (Volts) Connected Load (kw) Plant Capacity factor (%) Dound II, Chattisgargh Latdadar, Chattisgargh Chatal,Chattisgargh Gudagarh, Chattisgargh Rajmachi, Maharashtra Sura, Udaipur, Rajasthan Nurda village, Jharkhand Anandgarh, Bikaner, Rajasthan *15 2*20 2*

21 Solar Thermal Power Project Thermal Storage Generator Turbine Solar Field Thermic Oil Loop Heat Exchanger Condense r CLFR Direct Steam Cooling Water Circuit Parabolic Trough CLFR Technology Pump Expansion Vessel - MW scale power plant Grid connected - Expected operation date in Funding from MNRE - Facilitate cost effective solar thermal power technology development in India Pump Water/ Steam Loop Consortium Members IIT Bombay TATA Power TCE Consulting Engineers Larsen & Toubro KIE Solartherm Clique Developments Pvt. Ltd. Solar Energy Centre

22 Microturbines Electrical Efficiency (25 28 %) CHP Efficiency (65 to 75 %) Compact Size Fuel Flexibility CHP, Back-up Power Technology Not Proven in India Source: NREL, Capston Capston C60 CHP System in Restaurant

23 # IC Engine based system Captive plant for IT park-17mw Mature Technology High Efficiency (25 40 %) Foot Print Area (0.15 to 0.4 ft3/kw) Back up Power Industrial captive CHP Group captive Rural Electrification High Emission Natural Gas Based system has lower NOx Emission Source: Wartsila Diesel

24 Fuel cell based system Good Efficiency (40 60 %) Compact Size Negligible NOx Emission CHP application, Back up Systems Technology Demonstration required in India Source: Ballard BC Hydro HARP

25 Design and development of Stirling engine for net 1.5 kw electrical output Stirling engines seems to be viable option Major heat input should be through gas flame or solar energy Choice of Capacity for Stirling Engine ~ 96,000 villages to be electrified in India - For a group of 3-4 households having enough cattle to supply bio-gas for gas based systems or hybrid systems - Use for small capacity pumps for irrigation application Capacity needs to be at least 1.5 kwe Stirling engines seems to be viable DECENTRALIZED option Cylinder head temperature, K Cool down curve T im e, second Cylinder head Heat receiving tube Tubes for water circulation Charging line Safety valve Crankcase

26 Biomass Conversion Routes BIOMASS THERMOCHEMICAL BIOCHEMICAL COMBUSTION GASIFICATION PYROLYSIS DIGESTION FERMENTATION RANKINE CYCLE PRODUCER GAS BIOGAS ETHANOL ATMOSPHERIC Duel Fuel SIPGE Gas Turbines PRESSURISED

27 Biomass Power Higher Capacity factors than other renewables Fuelwood, agricultural residues, animal waste Atmospheric gasification with dual fuel engine kw gasifier - largest installation Combustion 5-18 MW Rs /kWh 100 kwe Pfutseromi village, Nagaland Kaganti Power Ltd. Raichur Distt. A.P. 7.5 MW

28 Biomass Combustion Example Raghu Rama Renewable Energy, Tamil Nadu 18 MW, steam 67 bar, 500 C Fuel: prosophis juiflora, rice husk, coal (supplementary) 65 crore investment 2004 PLF : 84% 2005, 81% 2006, Availability 91%, Efficiency 17% Coal 7% of input 2005, 5% 2006 Annual CO2 savings tonnes (source: Monitoring report UNFCCC no 0111)

29 Biomass Gasifier Examples Source: Ravindranath et al (2004)

30 Biomass Gasifier Example Arashi HiTech Biopower, Coimbatore 1 MW grid connected 100% producer gas engines Two gasifiers coconut shells, modified to include other biomass Chilling producer gas with VARS operated on waste heat

31 Bio-diesel based power plant of 10 kw rating (Raipur, Chattisgarh)

32 Affordable Access Maharashtra Rajmachi INDIA Dissoli Lonarwadi

33 No. of house holds: 29 Connected load : 1.4 kw 5 kwp Solar PV power plant at Rajmachi Village, Maharashtra

34 Measurements 1200 Power(Watts) and Voltage (Volts) VOLTAGE POWER 0 0:00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36 0:00 Time (hrs)

35 Integrated design-summary Name of the plant Connecte d Load (kw) Plant Capacity Distribution loss (%) Plant capacity factor (%) Energy cost Rs / kwh Existing Designe d Existing Designe d Existing Designe d Existing Designed Solar PV, Rajmachi kwp 4 kwp Biomass gasifier, Dissoli kw 10 kw Biomass gasifier, Lonarwadi kw 10 kw

36 Wind power Capital cost variation over time Installed Wind Power Cost with Time Capital Cost Break-up Source: Hearps & McConnell, 2011

37 World wide Price Reduction in Solar PV BOS Module Installed Solar Power Cost with Time Capital Cost Break-up Source: Hearps & McConnell, 2011

38 # Smart Grid/ Control Technologies Advanced metering infrastructure remote metering, pre-paid meters, theft detection Electric vehicle charging infrastructure Customer side management DSM smart appliances, smart thermostat, thermal accumulators Low usage per consumer low transaction costs

39 References 32/54/ /PVSE, MNRE Report - Performance of Grid Solar PV Power Plants under Demonstration Programme. A. L. Weinrub, Community Power, Decentralized Renewable Energy in California 2011 A. Poullikkas, Implementation of distributed generation technologies in isolated power systems Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11 (2007) Assessment of Distributed Generation Technology Applications, Prepared for Maine Public Utilities Commission by Resource Dynamics Corporation, Vienna, VA, USA, February 2001, available on the web at // B. Buragohain, P. Mahanta, V. S. Moholkar «Biomass gasification for decentralized power generation: The Indian perspective Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) Barnard, MICRO COMBINED HEAT AND POWER OPERATING ON RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Bernard, D. S. Herran and T. Nakata, Design of decentralized energy systems for rural electrification in developingcountries considering regional disparity Applied Energy 91 (2012) , Empowering Rural India: Expanding Electricity Access by Mobilizing Local Resources Empowering Rural India World Bank report Energy Alternative India Biomass Gasification Based Power Production in India 2011 H. Zareipour, K. Bhattacharya and C.A. Canizares, Distributed Generation: Status & Challenges IEEE, I. Purohit & P. Purohit, «Techno-economic evaluation of concentrating solar power generation in India Energy Policy 38 (2010)

40 References J.D. Nixon, P.K. Dey, P.A. Davies, Which is the best solar thermal collection technology for electricity generation in north-west India? Evaluation of options using the analytical hierarchy process Energy 35 (2010 M.R. Nouni, S.C. Mullick, T.C. Kandpal, Providing electricity access to remote areas in India: An approach towards identifying potential areas for decentralized electricity supply Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12 (2008) Manoj Kumar M.V. Design of Isolated Power Systems for Village Electrification, Master's dissertation, IIT Bombay: Department of Energy Science and Engineering; 2009 N. H. Ravindranath, H. F. Somashekar, S. Dasappa and C. N. Jayasheela Reddy, Sustainable biomass power for rural India: Case study of biomass gasifier for village electrification. Current Science (7): 932. P. Hearps and D. McConnell Renewable Energy Technology Cost Review R. Banerjee, Comparison of options for distributed generation in India Energy Policy 34 (2006) Renewable Energy in India: Progress, Vision and Strategy, MNRE, Govt. Of India Scarpetel et al 2009, Stephen F. Gillette, CHP Case Studies Saving Money and Increasing Security Capstone Turbine Corporation T. Ackerman, G. Andersson, L. Sodder, Distributed Generation: A definition, Electric Power Systems Research 57 (2001) T.V. Ramachandra, R. Jain, G. Krishnadas, Hotspots of solar potential in India Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011)

41 Acknowledgment Amit Kumar S. Parihar Ph.D Student M V. Manoj M.Tech (2009) Balkrishna Surve Project Assistant Thank you