Renewable Energy In India: Challenges and Opportunities

Transcription

1 Renewable Energy In India: Challenges and Opportunities Rangan Banerjee Forbes Marshall Chair Professor Department of Energy Science & Engineering Talk presented at UPES on May 26, 2014

2 Why is Energy important? 10 Priority Global Problems 1. Energy 2. Water 3. Food 4. Environment 5. Poverty 6. Terrorism and war 7. Disease 8. Education 9. Democracy 10. Population Source: Smalley, MRS Bulletin,

3 Renewables Increasing? What is the share of renewables in our supply mix? How has this changed over the last 40 years? What will be the renewables share after 20 years? 3

4 ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM PRIMARY ENERGY ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITY SECONDARY ENERGY COAL, OIL, SOLAR, GAS POWER PLANT, REFINERIES REFINED OIL, ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM FINAL ENERGY ENERGY UTILISATION EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS USEFUL ENERGY END USE ACTIVITIES (ENERGY SERVICES) RAILWAYS, TRUCKS, PIPELINES WHAT CONSUMERS BUY DELIVERED ENERGY AUTOMOBILE, LAMP, MOTOR, STOVE MOTIVE POWER RADIANT ENERGY DISTANCE TRAVELLED, ILLUMINATION,COOKED FOOD etc.. 4

5 Applications Power Generation Cooking Water Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Distillation Drying Space Heating Transport 5

6 India and World (Selected Indicators for 2010) Population 6825 million 1171 million GDP (PPP) 3763 Billion 2005 US$ (3213 $/person) Billion 2005 US$ (10,027 $/person) Primary Energy 29.0 EJ EJ Energy/person 24.7 GJ/person/year 78.0 GJ/person/year Electricity/person 644kWh/capita/year 2892 kwh/capita/year CO2 emissions Per person Per GDP 1626 Million tonnes Million tonnes 1.39 tonnes /capita/year 4.44 tonnes /capita/year 0.43 kg /US$ ppp 0.44 kg /US$ ppp Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics

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8 Indian Energy Scenario Present energy systems predominantly fossil fuel based Unsustainable - fossil fuel reserves, -climate change - environmental impact Energy Access affordability, Energy Shortages, Low usage, high growth 8

9 Primary Energy Mix 100% 80% Coal 60% Oil and Gas 40% 20% Renewables and Nuclear Source: TIFAC,

10 World Renewable Energy Share 2008 Source: IPCC,

11 Global Renewable Flows 2008 Source: IPCC,

12 Power Generation Supply mix 100% 80% Thermal 60% Nuclear 40% 20% 0 100% Renewables (incl Hydro) 0 Source: TIFAC,

13 Carbon Dioxide Concentrations 13

14 Share of Energy Imports - India Import Share (INDIA)

15 Renewable Energy Options Solar Wind Biomass Small Hydro Tidal Energy Solar Thermal Solar Photovoltaic Ocean Thermal Energy Geothermal* Wave Energy 15

16 Power Generation Options Power Generation Centralised Grid Connected Decentralised Distributed Generation Isolated Cogeneration/Trigeneration Demand Side Management (Solar Water Heater, Passive Solar) 16

17 Source: IPCC,

18 Characteristics of Renewables Large, Inexhaustible source -Solar energy intercepted by earth 1.8*10 11 MW Clean Source of Energy Dilute Source - Even in best regions 1kW/m 2 and the total daily flux available is 7 kwh/m 2 Large Collection Areas, high costs Availability varies with time Need for Storage, Additional Cost 18

19 Solar Power : Potential and Cost Solar Insolation and area required = 2500 sq.km = 625 sq.km Source: World Energy Outlook 2008, International Energy Agency 19

20 Share of total (%) Renewable Share in Power Renewable Installed Capacity Renewable Generation Nuclear generation Nuclear Installed Capacity Year 20

21 Renewable installed capacity and generation Wind Biomass Power Bagasse Installed Capacity* (MW) Estimated Capacity factor 14% 70% 60% Cogeneration 1742 Small Hydro % Waste to Energy 72 50% Solar PV 39 19% Total % *as on MNRE website: Estimated Generation (GWh)

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23 Wind Power MW installed Single machine upto 2.1 MW Average capacity factor 14% Capital cost Rs 6crores/MW, Rs 4-5/kWh (cost effective if site CF >20%) India 45000/ MW potential estimated 32%/ year (5 year growth rate) Satara, Maharashtra 23

24 Installed Capacity (MW) Diffusion curve Upper limit of uncertainity Lower limit of uncertainity Potential = MW Year Diffusion Curves for wind energy 24

25 Small Hydro Power Classification - Capacity -Micro less than 100 kw Mini 100 kw - 3 MW Small 3 MW - 15 MW Micro and Mini - usually isolated, Small grid connected Heads as low as 3 m viable Capital Cost Rs 5-6crores/MW, Rs /kWh MW (7%/year) 200 kw Chizami village, Nagaland Aleo (3MW) Himachal Pradesh

26 Geothermal/OTEC/Tidal/Wave World Cost Estimates Geothermal COMMERCIAL 8240 MW 4c/kWh $2000/kW No Indian experience 50 MW plant J & K planned Tidal PROTOTYPE 240 MW FRANCE OTEC PROTOTYPE 50 kw 210 kw NELHA LF 20% No Indian experience (3.6MW planned Sunderbans) India 1MW gross plant under construction Wave Energy PROTOTYPE < 1MW Grid Connected India 150kW plant Thiruvananthpuram 26

27 Map of India showing the geothermal provinces 27

28 OTEC plant schematic 28

29 Mooring Arrangement 29

30 Biomass Conversion Routes BIOMASS THERMOCHEMICAL BIOCHEMICAL COMBUSTION GASIFICATION PYROLYSIS DIGESTION FERMENTATION RANKINE CYCLE PRODUCER GAS BIOGAS ETHANOL ATMOSPHERIC Duel Fuel SIPGE Gas Turbines PRESSURISED 30

31 Biomass Power Higher Capacity factors than other renewables Fuelwood, agricultural residues, animal waste Atmospheric gasification with dual fuel engine - 1 MW gasifier - largest installation Combustion 5-18 MW 100 kwe Pfutseromi village, Nagaland Rs 4-5/kWh Kaganti Power Ltd. Raichur Distt. A.P. 7.5 MW 31

32 Biomass Gasifier Example Arashi HiTech Biopower, Coimbatore 1 MW grid connected 100% producer gas engines Two gasifiers coconut shells, modified to include other biomass Chilling producer gas with VARS operated on waste heat 32

33 Biogas 45-70% CH 4 rest CO 2 Calorific value 16-25MJ/m 3 Digestor- well containing animal waste slurry Dome - floats on slurry- acts as gas holder Spent Slurry -sludge- fertiliser Anaerobic Digestion- bacterial action Family size plants 2m 3 /day Community Size plants m 3 /day Rs for a 2m3 unit Cooking, Electricity, running engine Pura, Karnataka 33

34 22 ata 330 o C 58 T/hr FEED WATER Feed water BOILER 0.5T/hr 4.5T/hr 27T/hr 26T/hr BAGASSE 0.5T/hr PRDS MILLING PRDS 6 ata ~ 2 ata Process Flashed Condensate STEAM TURBINE 2.5 MW Process Schematic of typical 2500 tcd Sugar factory 34

35 Condenser BOILER Feed water 75 TPH, 65 ata, 480 O C BAGASSE (Alternate fuel) STEAM TURBINE 13 MW ~ 9.5 MW Power export PROCESS 2 ata 6 ata 4.5 TPH 2 ata CONDENSER ESS 1.0 MW Mill drives BFP PROCESS 2.5 MW Captive load PROPOSED PLANT CONFIGURATION: OPTION 2 35

36 #PV system Grid connected 3 MW PV plant in Karnataka 36

37 Solar Mission- JNSM Targets S.No. Application segment Target for Phase I ( ) 1. Solar collectors 7 million sq meters Target for Phase II ( ) 15 million sq meters Target for Phase III ( ) 20 million sq meters 2. Off grid solar applications 3. Utility grid power, including roof top 200 MW 1000 MW 2000 MW MW MW MW 37

38 Megawatt size grid solar power plants India Project Developer Project site Capacity (MW) PV Technology Operation in Days Generation in MWh WBGEDCL* Jamuria, Asansol, West Bengal 1 Crystalline Silicon Sept.09 - Aug (365) % Azure Power Awan, Amritsar, Punjab 1 Crystalline Silicon Dec.09 to Nov (365) % Mahagenco Chandrapur, Maharashtra 1 a-si Thin Films May 10 to Apr (365) % Reliance Industries Nagaur, Rajasthan 5 Crystalline Silicon, Thin Films, CPV 352 July 10 to June % Saphhire Industrial Sivaganga, Tamil Nadu 5 a-si Thin Films Sri Power Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh 2 Crystalline Silicon CdTe Thin Film Source: 32/54/ /PVSE, MNRE 38

39 Source: Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis, IRENA, June

40 Solar Concentrators Parabolic Trough CLFR Technology Heliostat Scheffler paraboloid dish Arun Technology

41 Renewables in Industry 2005 share 9 % Biomass, solar thermal solutions Possible to change mix to significantly increase renewables Biomass thermal applications 1-2 year paybacks Solar process heat 4-6 years 41

42 Solar Cooking Tirumala(Tirupati) 4 T/day of steam food for people Solar parabolic Concentrators Solar cooking Suitable for Institutions/ Community kitchen Suitable for hotels Army mess, Ladakh 42

43 Estimated cost of Energy ` 3/kWh ` 5/kWh ` 10/kWh 43

44 Mainstreaming of renewables #1 Technology Development and Research challenge -Cost Reduction challenge #2 System Integration/ System Planning challenge #3 Technology Deployment and Diffusion Challenge #4 Development Challenge providing affordable access 44

45 Renewables - Challenges #5 Manpower and Capacity Building Challenge #6 Policy Challenge #7 Financing Challenge #8 Institutional Challenge #9 Sustainable growth challenge (Land/Material/Water) #10 Intellectual Property/ Licensing/ Monopoly costs 45

46 Power generated in MW hours 9000 january June July August September Wind Generation Tamil Nadu Total Generation Jan-07 june july august sept

47 Wind energy generated (MU) Power generated in MW January June Hourly variation of wind power Hours September Monthly variation of wind energy generated Mean value 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Months 47

48 Impacts on LDC 48

49 Average MonthlyGeneration (kw) 300 Punjab Model 250 WB mod el 200 Actual Punjab WB 2011 Actual WB 2010 Actual 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 49

50 No. of Units Generated Thousands Typical Daily Electricity Generation Variation March- Best Month for Asansol, WB Plant :30 1:00 2:30 4:00 5:30 7:00 8:30 10:00 11:30 13:00 14:30 16:00 17:30 19:00 20:30 22:00 23:30 50

51 No. of house holds: 29 Connected load : 1.4 kw 5 kwp Solar PV power plant at Rajmachi Village, Maharashtra 51

52 Power(Watts) and Voltage (Volts) Measurements VOLTAGE POWER :00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36 0:00 Time (hrs) 52

53 Source: A. Sarkar, ETV

54 Large Scale Storage Options Source: GEA,

55 Renewables - Opportunities #1 High growth rates in demand- large potential market #2 Sustainable Energy Systems for future #3 Local Employment opportunities #4 Technology leadership #5 Opportunity for training/ capacity building #6 Energy Security #7 Business/ Entrepreneurship/ Incubation Opportunity 55

56 National Solar Thermal Power Facility Consortium supported by MNRE and led by IIT Bombay Thermal Storage Turbine Generato r Solar Field Thermic Oil Loop Heat Exchanger Condenser CLFR Direct Steam Cooling Water Circuit Pump Expansion Vessel Pump Water/ Steam Loop Schematic of 1 MW Solar Power Plant Simulator snapshot Consortium Members KIE Solatherm Parabolic Trough Solar Field Linear Fresnel Reflector Solar Field at Gwalpahari site 56

57 Site Photos Power Block TG Building construction DM Storage tanks Heat Exchangers 57

58 T u r b i n e Generator Cooling Tower 58

59 IITB-Solar Thermal Power Plant Foundation stone 10 January, 2010 Solar Fields under construction PTC Field Heat Exchanger Turbine LFR Field Steam Generation 59

60 General User Inputs Schematic of Solar Power Plant Simulator site data lat., long., insolation, temperature, wind speed, rainfall Solar Models Data library, interpolation modules, empirical models Fluid Models Fluid properties water, thermic fluids, etc. Library of fluid properties Equipment Models Characteristic models solar collectors, pumps, heat exchangers, turbines, etc. [e.g., collector = f (m in, Tin, IT/B, Vwind)] Flow sheeting Equation builder & Solver Simulation output User defined connectivity for equipment through GUI. Alternative configurations can be studied. Based on user defined PFD mathematical models User defined time steps, time horizon. Pseudo steady State simulation sequential modular approach System performance including cost of overall system 60

61 Simulator Development Steps Prototype Simulator Modeling & Validation of different components and models System Simulation Validation based on test-runs Simulator: - version Reliability etc. study Scale-up study β-version Consortium members Final version Optimization 61

62 User Interface: Main Window 62

63 Generation of user defined process flow diagram using user interface 63

64 Equipment Property Window: Collector Selection of Control Variable 64

65 Results display in tabular form Results display in graphical form 65

66 Results display in graphical form: Monthly average output 66

67 Arun at Mahanand Dairy, Latur, India 67

68 SOLAR DECATHLON - RESEARCH AREAS Structural Analysis Materials Prefab construction Passive Architecture & Simulation MULTIPLE FACETS OF CONSTRUCTING A GREEN BUILDING Solar Potential & PV HVAC Design MEP System Design Instrumentation & Control Systems

69 INDUSTRY COLLABORATION Inter-disciplinary research Team has students from 13 different disciplines Diverse team consisting of students from all major programmes PhD, M.Tech, Undergraduate (2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, 5 th Years) Collaboration and interfacing with industry experts 69

70 Alternative Vehicles Hydrogen bikes - BHU Reva: Electric vehicle Jatropha plant 70

71 Zero Energy Buildings (Germany/Sweden) ECBC, Teri GRIHA Building rating schemes Dependent on climatic zone, share of AC space Bayer Innovation Centre Noida Zero Emissions Building 45 kwh/m2/year, solar PV 71

72 Solar Lanterns

73 Solar Home Lighting Solar Power Supply Solar Home Lighting 73

74 Gasifier Cook stove Designs Source: Anderson,

75 Rice Husk gasifier Cookstoves Source: Anderson,

76 Oorja stove Source: Mukunda et al,

77 Biolite Stove Source: GEA Chapter

78 Sampada Biomass Gasifier Stove Source: 78

79 Compact Biomass Gasifier Source: 1 m 3 digestor 2 kg kitchen waste 0.5 m 3 digestor 1 kg kitchen waste 79

80 Summing Up Need for Technology development, cost reduction for renewables Consortia/ Collaboration academia - industry Special focus on new stock- buildings, industry Systems integration issues, storage, load matching Land, water, employment Energy Access and Equity- Capital/ Development Incubation/ Innovation Significant challenges and opportunities in Renewables in India 80

81 References Pillai and Banerjee, 2009: Renewable energy in India: Status and potential, Energy, (34)8, , August Manoj and Banerjee, 2010: Analysis of isolated power systems for village electrification, Energy for Sustainable Development, (14)3, , September TIFAC, 2013: TIFAC Energy Technology Vision 2035 draft in progress A. Sarkar, ETV 2035: TIFAC Energy Technology Vision 2035 draft in progress Smalley, MRS Bulletin, 2005: Future Global Energy Prosperity: The Terawatt Challenge, Richard E Smalley, MRS Bulletin, Vol. 30, June, IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2012, IPCC, 2011: IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation. Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1075 pp. World Energy Outlook 2008, International Energy Agency, Anderson, 2012: The Future of Micro-gasifier Stoves, Keynote Presentation to the 2012 ETHOS Conference by Dr. Paul S. Anderson available at: 81

82 References (contd.) Mukunda et al, 2010: H. S. Mukunda; S. Dasappa; P J Paul; N K S Rajan; Mahesh Yagnaraman; D. Ravi kumar and Mukund Deogaonkar : Gasifier stoves - Science, technology and eld outreach, February 28, GEA Chapter 10: Ürge-Vorsatz, D., N. Eyre, P. Graham, D. Harvey, E. Hertwich, Y. Jiang, C. Kornevall, M. Majumdar, J. E. McMahon, S. Mirasgedis, S. Murakami and A. Novikova, 2012: Chapter 10 - Energy End-Use: Building. In Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources, Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis, IRENA, June /54/ /PVSE, MNRE