Eliminating Nonpoint from Nonpoint Source Pollution

Transcription

1 Eliminating Nonpoint from Nonpoint Source Pollution Todd Walter Zach Easton & Tammo Steenhuis (among many others) Biological and Environmental Engineering Soil and Water Lab BEE 700 Feb. 5, 2008

2 Point Source Pollution Clean Water Act : Cuyahoga River, Ohio

3 Nonpoint Source Pollution Landscape Rivers Transport

4 Total P (mg/l) Biological and Environmental Engineering Traditionally the only control considered has been land use Landscape Lyon, Walter, et al Hydrol. Proc. 18(15): % 0.30 % Forest 0% % % Agriculture 100%

5 Can we find sources in the landscape? 15 P P P P P P P

6 Outline Locate Runoff Sources Source-Specific Phosphorus Mobility Phosphorus Mobility with Hydrology Predicting Phosphorus Loads Evaluating Management Practices New Ideas

7 Scientific Background Northeastern U.S. Hydrology Hillside Flood Plain (valley bottoms) Shallow bedrock, fragipan, or other restrictive layer Hillside Drainage Stream Baseflow (groundwater)

8 Scientific Background Common Perception of Runoff Most 21 st century water quality models, tools, & protection strategies assume this pre-1940 s Rain theory proposed by R.E. Horton Infiltration Runoff Infiltration Excess a.k.a. Hortonian Flow

9 Intensity (cm hr -1 ) Fraction of the Area with Higher Soil Permeability Biological 1.0 and Environmental Engineering Soil Permeability Distribution New York East Sidney Soil Permeability 88 (cm hr -1 ) 97 Scientific Background 23 Boundary of Reservoir Watersheds 17 Delhi 28 New York City Reservoirs 0 Is Hortonian Flow 10 Common? Precipitation Frequency Analysis June July May August Return Period (yr) September October April November March January February December

10 % of Area Generating Hortonian Flow Biological and Environmental Engineering Scientific Background Is Hortonian Flow Common? New York September August October 10 April November 0 March Return Period (yr) Walter, et al ASCE J. Hydrol. Eng. 8:

11 Scientific Background Saturation Excess Runoff Rain Subsurface water rises Some areas saturate to the surface

12 Scientific Background Saturation Excess Runoff Rain Upland interflow may exfiltrate Rain on saturated areas becomes overland flow Dunne and Black Water Resour. Res. 6: Dunne and Black Water Resour. Res. 6:

13 Scientific Background Runoff Sources = Wet Areas Flow Path Saturated Area Variable in Space and Time!

14 New Hydrology Models Soil Moisture Routing Model (SMR, a.k.a., SMDR, CSMR, SMorMod) ET Precipitation Interflow Runoff Percolation Bedrock Reservoir Interflow Baseflow Watershed: Tremper Kill Land Use

15 Streamflow (mm) Biological 30 and Environmental Engineering Watershed Scale Obs SMDR Observed Stream Flow SMR Prediction Jan-97 Apr-97 Jul-97 Oct-97 Jan-98 New York Crow Rd Watershed Jun-93 Jun-94 Jun-95 Jun-96 Jun-97 Jun-98 Jun-99 Jun-00 Jun-01

16 Vol. Soil Moisture Biological and Environmental Engineering Models and Tools: New hydrology models Frankenberger, Brooks, Walter, et al Hydrol. Proc. 13: Oct. 28, 1994 May 6, SMR Prediction Soil Moisture 25% 30% % 40% 45% 50%

17 ) -3 cm 3 Simulated S Predicted Saturation Degree (cm 3 cm -3 ) Biological and Environmental Engineering Predicting Soil Moisture 1.0 Saturation Degree y = 1.4x r 2 = % Prediction Intervals Observed Saturation Degree (cm 3 cm -3 )

18 New York State (NTS) We Are Not Just Modeling Kilometers Explanation Townbrook Watershed DEP Lands Boundary Stream Instrumentation ") Rain Gauge Water Level Logger #* Stream Gauge 1 m Contours Town Br. Watershed Being repeated Locally 585 m #* ") Meters #* 600 m

19 just Google It Lyon et al EOS 87(38): 386.

20 Take-home Message Storm runoff is generated from small parts of the landscape Areas prone to saturate e.g., toe slopes, shallow soils, topographically converging areas Variable Source Areas they expand and contract We can predict where and when storm runoff will be generated

21 Outline Locate Runoff Sources Source-Specific Phosphorus Mobility Phosphorus Mobility with Hydrology Predicting Phosphorus Loads Evaluating Management Practices New Ideas

22 Traditional Nonpoint Source Modeling Each specific land use is assumed to have a characteristic pollutant concentration in its storm runoff. This type of model cannot predict the impacts of targeted management practices, like incorporating riparian buffers.

23 Phosphorus Sources We Considered Land-applied manure (or chemical fertilizers) Soil Impervious areas background P observed during baseflow (i.e., non-storm periods)

24 % of Water Extractable P Biological and Environmental Engineering G'erard-Marchant, Walter, Steenhuis J. Environ. Qual. 34: Land-applied manure Data from: Sharpley and Moyer JEQ 29: Time [min] Upshot: We can predict P from land-applied manure if we know what kind of animal pooped it, how long it s been in the field, and what its water extractable P is (which appears to be pretty constant)

25 SRP (mg/l) PO 4 -P (mg/l) Biological and Environmental Engineering (a) Walter, unpublished Ag. Watershed (Town Br., NY) Jan-99 Jul-99 Feb-00 Aug-00 Mar-01 Forested Watershed (Catskills, NY) (b) Scott et al Biogeochemistry Feb-96 Jun-96 Oct-96 Feb-97 Jun-97

26 Easton, Walter, Steenhuis ASCE (submitted) Phosphorus Load Calculated T, S Soil Q 10S T 10 T S Avg. summer temperature STP Q Modeled Runoff Soil Test Phosphorus Calculated Air Temperature Photo by Susan Boyer,

27 Calculated Parameters (T-T s )/10 Ln(Q 10S ) Ln( T,S ) Ln(C/STP)

28 P in baseflow Curiously, there is some P during non-storm flows During these periods the water feeding the stream is largely groundwater Groundwater has very little P I assume that the source in these cases is near- or in-stream soils thus we can use an equation similar to what we used for soils

29 Easton, Walter, Steenhuis ASCE (submitted) P in baseflow Calculated Phosphorus Load B Q Calculated 10B Assume: Avg. Summer Temp T T 10 B Q Temperature B Modeled Baseflow We use several P concentrations measured during summer low flow conditions and determine parameters similarly to the soil parameters.

30 Take-home Message We can independently quantify the relative potential loads for different likely P sources The near- and in-stream mechanisms controlling P constitute obvious knowledge gaps.

31 Outline Locate Runoff Sources Source-Specific Phosphorus Mobility Phosphorus Mobility with Hydrology Predicting Phosphorus Loads Evaluating Management Practices New Ideas

32 The Watershed Water Impervious/Barnyard Deciduous Forest Shrub Pasture Hay Crop

33 Dissolved P (kg) Cumulative Export (kg) Biological and Environmental Engineering Easton, Walter, Steenhuis J. Environ. Qual. (accepted) Stream Phosphorus Oct 93 Nov 94 0 Observed Predicted kg/ha-yr

34 Outline Locate Runoff Sources Source-Specific Phosphorus Mobility Phosphorus Mobility with Hydrology Predicting Phosphorus Loads Evaluating Management Practices New Ideas

35 The BMPs New drainage, waterways, etc. Tile Diversion Water Impervious/Barnyard Deciduous Forest Shrub Pasture Hay Crop

36 New drainage, waterway, etc. Change Flow Patterns a a b Soil Topographic Index 1.6 Pre BMP Soil Topographic Index Soil Topographic Index 1.6 Post BMP So To Ind

37 The BMPs Riparian fencing/buffers Water Impervious/Barnyard Deciduous Forest Shrub Pasture Hay Crop

38 The BMPs Precision feeding

39 The BMPs New manure spreading schedule X

40 Dissolved P (kg) Cumulative Export (kg) Biological and Environmental Engineering Easton, Walter, Steenhuis J. Environ. Qual. (accepted) Back to Phosphorus 20 Pre BMP Post BMP Oct 93 Nov 94 Apr 97 Jun 98 Jul 99 Jun 00 Jul 01 Aug 02 Jul 03 Observed Predicted Pre BMP Post BMP kg/ha-yr 0

41 Easton, Walter, Steenhuis J. Environ. Qual. (accepted) Kg/d Pre-BMP ( ) Post-BMP ( ) No-BMP ( ) Impervious Areas Non-manured Soil Manured Soil Manure baseflow

42 Easton, Walter, Steenhuis J. Environ. Qual. (accepted) BMPs that Worked Manure spreading strategy that avoids runoff contributing areas Eliminating cows and cropping from riparian areas (a little speculative) WHAT ABOUT PRECISION FEEDING Water extractable P decreased by only 4%

43 Outline Locate Runoff Sources Source-Specific Phosphorus Mobility Phosphorus Mobility with Hydrology Predicting Phosphorus Loads Evaluating Management Practices New Ideas

44 Recall the Nonpoint Problem 15 P P P P P P P

45 Pollutant Transport Nonpoint Source Pollution Hydrologic Flowpaths Landscape Rivers

46 Microtracers Dan Luo 350 Transport DNA Real-Time PCR 3 m PLGA microspheresjay Regan sample

47 Blue Green Red Biological and Environmental Engineering Tip-of-the-Iceberg Transport 3G2R 2G3R Cytometer sample Fluorescent Barcode 1G4R Lasers

48 Thank You Cornell, Tammo Steenhuis, J.-Yves Parlange, Brian Richards, Larry Geohring, Zach Easton, Shree Giri Steve Shaw, Helen Dalke, Dan Fuka, Shannon Seifert, Asha Sharma, Jo Archibald, Becky Marjerison, Brian Buchannon, Maria Vicenta Valdivia, S. Lyon, V. Collins, L. Agnew With support/encouragement from: Penn State Univ., USDA-ARS (Bil Gburek) USGS (M. McHale), USDA-NRCS (P. Wright, L. Agnew), WAC, DCWC, CDSWCD, Landowners & Ag. Producers, Tompkins County Environmental Planning (K. Hackett, C. Buck)