The Response of Dragon head (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) plant to Sowing Date and Planting Density

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1 Biologicl Forum An Interntionl Journl 7(2): 36-42(215) ISSN No. (Print): ISSN No. (Online): The Response of Drgon hed (Drcocephlum moldvic L.) plnt to Sowing Dte nd Plnting Density Vhid Adossi, Hossein Mohmmdi, Seyyed Hossein Hshemin Ahmdi* nd Amin Hdipnh Deprtment of Horticulturl, Science nd Reserch Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Tehrn, IRAN (Corresponding uthor: Seyyed Hossein Hshemin Ahmdi) (Received 12 My, 215, Accepted 15 June, 215) (Pulished y Reserch Trend, Wesite: ABSTRACT: Drgonhed ( Drcocephlum moldvic L.) is n nnul, herceous plnt elongs the fmily Lmicee. In order to study the effects of sowing dte nd density on essentil oil content nd some morphologicl chrcteristics of drgonhed, field experiment ws conducted in Sri Agriculturl Sciences nd Nturl Resources university y using of split-plot design in the se of rndomized complete locks with three replictions in 211. Which hs een in three sowing dtes (12 of June, 5 of July nd 17 of July) s min fctors nd three plnting density levels (3 1, 3 2 nd 3 3cm). The results of the nlysis of vrince indicted tht sowing dte hd significnt effect on plnt height, oil percentge nd oil yield ut plnting density hd significnt effect only on the fresh herge nd dry herge. Results of men comprisons reveled tht the highest fresh herge weight ( kg) nd the highest oil yield (1.197 kg) were otined t the second sowing dte (July 5). The highest dry herge weight (27 kg) ws otined t the third sowing dte (July 17) nd the highest oil content (.65 %) ws otined t the first sowing dte (June 12). Results of men comprisons reveled tht the highest fresh herge weight (826.2 kg), the highest dry herge weight ( kg) nd the highest oil yield (1.53 kg) were otined t the 1 cm plnting density ut the highest oil content (.58 %) ws otined t the 3 cm plnting density. Key words: (Drcocephlum moldvic L.), Sowing dte, plnting density, essentil oil. INTRODUCTION Drgonhed with scientific nme ( Drcocephlum moldvic L.) is n nnul herceous, some times iennil, which is romtic, with chromo some numer of 2n = 2x = 1, nd elonging to the mint fmily (Lmicee). There re 45 species of herceous nd shru's drgonhed in the world nd there re 8 species of nnul nd perennil herceous nd frgrnt in Irn which 3 of them re endemic in Irn (Mirheidr, 1994; Mozfrin, 1996).The origin of this plnt is reported from southern Sieri nd the Himly (Omideigi, 25; Glmosi et l., 1989) nd nturlly grows in temperte Zones of Europe & Asi (Glmosi & Holmes, 1989; Domokos et l., 1994). In the study of Ad-El-Bky & El-Broty (27) on the drgonhed they found tht 44 comintion of essentil oils ws otined which consist 97.18% of essentil oil nd 9% of them ws comined with oxygented monoterpenes nd consisted less thn one percent of the weight of the plnt which include compounds such s: gernnyl cette, neryl cette, gernil, gerniol, nerl, nerol, linlool. Drgonhed hs some therpeutic properties such ssedtive, tonic, ntimicroil, nd wound heler (El-Gengihi & Wh, 1995). Environmentl fctors hve n importnt effect on the product yield nd its components derived from hers. However, it ws not possile to fully control these fctors ut cn mnged environmentl impct with certin methods, which plnt under those conditions pper its potentil, mong them, fctors such s sowing dte nd density ply n essentil role in chieving the proper conditions during the period of growth to chieve mximum performnce in medicinl plnts (Hssni, 26; Aedi et l., 215). In ddition to sowing time nd plnting density is lso n importnt fctor in determining productivity. So tht, if the rte of plnting density is greter thn optiml level, environmentl fctors will not e enough for the plnt, conversely, if the plnting density is less thn optiml level so ville environmentl fcilities re not used effectively, nd leding to decrese in the product. (Glmosi & Holm, 1991). Dvzdhmmi et l. (28) in study on the essentil oil of drgonhed conducted cultivtion in utumn, spring nd summer in Isfhn, nd three tretments of winter crop, sown in spring nd summer were compred together, nd they found tht the growth of drgonhed in spring sowing is more thn summer sowing, nd utumn sowing ws not successful t ll.

2 A report y Bourn et l. (27) performed n experiment s different sowing time effects on growth, yield nd essentil oil content from ( Drcocephlum moldvic L.). The results showed tht the highest plnt (82.5 cm) nd the lrgest numer of rnches per plnt (18.14) ws otined from the plnts which were sown on 19 of Mrch nd essentil oil content (199. Kg) ws otined from the plnts which were sown on 4 of April. Hj Seyyedhdi et l. (22) ccording to survey reported tht with sowing chmomile in sowing pttern (2 5cm) the mximum essentil oil yield nd performnce of kmzolen is chieved. Mohmmdpour et l. (213) reported tht on (Sturej hortensis L.) the highest plnt height (52.3 cm), lterl shoot (23.22 N/P), numer of nod (17.81), shoot dimeter (8.8 mm), root dimeter (9.12 mm) nd dry weight of root (2.76 g/p) were recorded for first sowing dte (11 April). The highest dry shoot yield (323.1 nd kg/h) ws otined t third nd second sowing time (22 April nd 3 My). The highest plnt height (53.3 nd 51.9 cm), lterl stem (21.94 nd N/P), numer of nod (17.6 nd 16.32) nd shoot dimeter (7.92 nd 7.4 mm) were otined t third nd second densities (25 35 nd 35 35cm) in Sri condition. Ahmed nd Hque (1986) studied the effect of row spcing (15, 2, 25 nd 3 cm) nd time of sowing (Novemer 1, Novemer 2, Decemer 1 nd Decemer 3) on the yield of lck cumin ( Nigell stiv) in Bngldesh, they found tht closer row spcing (15 cm) nd erly sowing (Novemer 1) ws the est for higher seed yield of lck cumin. The im of this study ws to evlute effects of sowing dte nd plnting density on essentil oil percentge nd some morphologicl chrcteristics of drgonhed her in the wether condition of Sri. Snd Silt Adossi, Mohmmdi, Ahmdi nd Hdipnh 37 MATERIAL AND METHODS A. Plnt mteril In order to study the effects of sowing dte nd density on essentil oil content nd some morphologicl chrcteristics of drgonhed, field experiment ws conducted in Sri Agriculturl Sciences nd Nturl Resources university y using of split-plot design in the se of rndomized complete locks with three replictions in 211. Which hs een in three sowing dtes (12 of June, 5 of July nd 17 of July) s min fctors nd three plnting density levels (3 1, 3 2 nd 3 3cm). Loction of test implementtion hs the (ltitude. 36, 39 N, longitude. 53, 4 E, ltitude 16 m ove se level). After lnd preprtion which ws including plowing, disking nd rotivtor thn clssifiction of frm plots sed on the scheme is investigting. The experimentl plots size ws meter. The drgonhed seeds ws prepred from Krj city. For fst germintion of drgon hed seeds, ws used from stlk nd stover mulch tht hve very much effect on drgonhed seeds germintion nd protect of plnting ed humidity. Texture of soil's loction hs een lom nd fight ginst weeds ws performed mechniclly (twist hnd weeding). In order to investigte the physicl nd chemicl properties of field soil, one smple of tht ws trnsferred to the lortory nd ws nlyzed. The results of the soil nlysis re shown in Tle 1. In every experimentl units, ttriutes such s: Plnt height (cm), fresh nd dry weight yield of plnts per hectre, percentge nd yield of essentil oil per hectre ws mesured. Hrvest in full loom ws performed t the middle of line plots. Tle 1. Some physicl nd chemicl properties of soil test in the field experiment. Cly PH EC Orgnic cron (C %) Orgnic mtters Annihilte mtters Totl Nitrogen P K Fe Mn B. Extrction of essentil oil In this method, the essentil oil ws extrcted from the mount of 8 g of inflorescences, stems nd dried leves of drgon hed in 2 tretments (sowing dte nd plnt density) in 1 L of wter contined in 2 L flsk nd heted y heting jcket t 1 C for 4h in Clevenger-type pprtus, ccording to producers outlined British Phrmcopoei. C. Sttisticl nlysis All dt otined sed on two split-plot design in rndomized complete lock design ws nlyzed, Mens of the trits were compred y Duncn's multiple rnge test t p <.5 level. Anlyticl dt for hierrchicl cluster nlysis were treted y mens of the SPSS sttisticl softwre.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION The results of the nlysis of vrince (Tle 2) indicted tht sowing dte fctor hd significnt effect on plnt height nd plnting density hd no significnt effect on plnt height. Results of men comprisons, plnt height reveled tht the highest plnt height (52.88 cm) ws otined t the sowing dte (June 12) nd the highest plnt height (52.9 cm) ws otined t the 1 cm plnting density (Tle 3). According to Fig.1, interction effects sowing dte nd plnting density on plnt height reveled tht the highest plnt height (56.26 cm) ws otined t the second sowing dte (July 5) nd 3 cm plnting density. A. Fresh nd dry herge The results of the nlysis of vrince (Tle 2) indicted tht sowing dte fctor hd no significnt effect on the fresh nd dry weight of plnt, ut the plnt density hd significnt effect on it. Also the interction of sowing dte nd plnting density hd no significnt effect on the fresh nd dry weight of plnt. Results of men comprisons, fresh herge reveled tht the highest fresh herge weight ( kg) ws otined t the second sowing dte (July 5) nd the highest fresh herge weight (826.2 kg) ws otined t the 1 cm plnt density (Tle 3). Adossi, Mohmmdi, Ahmdi nd Hdipnh 38 According to Fig. 2, interction effects sowing dte nd plnting density on fresh herge reveled tht the highest fresh herge weight ( kg) ws otined t the second sowing dte (July 5) nd 3 cm plnting density. Results of men comprisons, dry herge reveled tht the highest dry herge weight (27 kg) ws otined t the third sowing dte (July 17) nd the highest dry herge weight ( kg) ws otined t the 1 cm plnt density (Tle 3). According to Fig. 3, interction effects sowing dte nd plnt density on dry herge reveled tht the highest dry herge weight ( kg) ws otined t the third sowing dte (July 17) nd 3 cm plnting density. The results of the nlysis of vrince (Tle 2) indicted tht sowing dte fctor hd significnt effect on essentil oil percentge nd yield ut plnting density hd no significnt effect ton essentil oil percentge nd yield. Also the interction of sowing dte nd plnting density hd significnt effect on essentil oil yield. Results of men comprisons, oil content reveled tht the highest oil content (.65 %) ws otined t the first sowing dte (June 12) nd the highest oil content (.58 %) ws otined t the 3 cm plnting density (Tle 3). Tle 2. Anlysis of vrince for different prmeters of (Drcocephlum moldvic L.) Men of squre S.V Df Plnt height Fresh weight Dryweight Essentil oil Essentil oil yield Repliction ns ** ns ** ** Sowing dte (A) * ns ns * ** Error (A) Plnt density (B) ns ** **.5957 ns ns A ˣ B ns ** ns ns ** Error (B) C.V n.s, *,**: non-significnt, Significnt t.5 nd.1 proility levels, respectively. Tle 3: Men comprison effects of sowing dte nd plnt density on different prmeters of (Drcocephlum moldvic L.) in Sri climtic condition. Men of chrcters Tretments Plnt height Fresh weight Dry weight Essentil oil yield Essentil oil (cm) (Kg/h) (Kg/h) (Kg/h) Sowing dte 211/6/ /7/ /7/ Plnt density 3 cm c cm cm Mens in ech column followed y the sme letter re not significntly different (P <.5).

4 Adossi, Mohmmdi, Ahmdi nd Hdipnh 39 According to Fig. 4, interction effects sowing dte nd plnting density on oil content reveled tht the highest oil content (.7 %) ws otined t the first sowing dte (June 12) nd1 cm plnting density. Results of men comprisons, oil yield reveled tht the highest oil yield (1.197 kg) ws otined t the second sowing dte (July 5) nd the highest oil yield (1.53 kg) ws otined t the 1 cm plnting density (Tle 3). According to Fig. 5, interction effects sowing dte nd plnting density on oil yield reveled tht the highest oil yield (1.77 kg) ws otined t the first sowing dte (June 12) nd 3 cm plnting density. Growth nd production of medicinl plnts like other plnts is influenced y genetic nd gronomic fctors. Choosing the most suitle sowing dte nd plnt density is one of the most importnt fctors of success in griculture. Plnt height (cm) c Fresh weight (Kg/h) e cde de c c cd cd Series Series Fig. 1. Comprison of interction effects of sowing dte nd plnt density on plnt height. A 1 : first sowing dte, A 2 : second sowing dte, A 3 : third sowing dte; B 1 : 1 cm Fig. 2. Comprison of interction effects of sowing dte nd plnt density on fresh weight. A 1 : first sowing dte, A 2 : second sowing dte, A 3 : third sowing dte; B 1 : 1 cm Dry weight (Kg/h) Essentil oil c c c c c c Series Series Fig. 3. Comprison of interction effects of sowing dte nd plnt density on dry weight. A 1 : first sowing dte, A 2 : second sowing dte, A 3 : third sowing dte; B 1 : 1 cm Fig. 4. Comprison of interction effects of sowing dte nd plnt density on essentil oil. A 1 : first sowing dte, A 2 : second sowing dte, A 3 : third sowing dte; B 1 : 1 cm

5 Adossi, Mohmmdi, Ahmdi nd Hdipnh 4 Fig. 5. Comprison of interction effects of sowing dte nd plnt density on essentil oil yield. A1: first sowing dte, A2: second sowing dte, A3: third sowing dte; : 1 cm density, : 2 cm density, : 3 cm density. (1994) hve introduced my mont hs the est time for tht. hrvesting of drgonhed in summer sowing (during 61 dys) more thn spring sowing (during 22 dys) llows sowing fter grin utumn hrvest nd provides dequte opportunity to prepre the lnd for the next utumn sowing (Dvzdhemmi et l., 28). Arci It ppers tht the increse in plnt height following the increse in plnt density ws rought out y the increse in the inter-plnt competition over light nd the disruption of the lnce of growth regultors. In order words, the decrese in light penetrtion into middle nd lower lyers of cnopy decreses uxin decomposition nd thus, plnt height increses nd under these conditions, plnt height increses if other environmentl prmeters such s moisture nd soil fertility, do not limit the growth of plnts (Imm nd Rnjr, 2). For ech product there is n optimum sowing dte which its dely cn usully reduce the yield. Agriculture experts elieved tht the estlishment of n pproprite density of helthy plnts t the frm levels, is the foundtion of successful system of gronomic. At densities less thn optimum use of ville environmentl fctors such s light, moisture nd nutrients ws not mximum, nd lso t densities higher thn optiml the existence of intense competition would reduce the yield of the finl product (Srmdni nd Kochki, 199). Aout the effect of sowing dte on the drgonhed medicinl plnt, vrious reserchers hve een tested on the est time to sowing which considering the climtic conditions of test loction, different results hve een chieved, so tht Hlszzelnik et l. (1988) suggested lte mrchorerly April s the est time for sowing, nd Suchorsk et l. nd Byrm (24) with sowing sil t 3different densities (2, 4 nd 6 plnts per squre meter) in two cses of fertiliztion with nitrogen nd without fertiliztion, reported tht the highest fresh nd dry yield, percentge nd yield of ctive ingredients were chieved in the density of 2plnts per squre meter with the mode of fertiliztion. Also the highest yield of fresh weight plnt (826.2 kg) nd dry weight plnt ( kg/h) ws otined from of 1 cm density (Tle 3). From the ove results it comes onto gin much dry weight of the plnt, should crete less density. Growth nd production of medicinl plnts like other plnts is influenced y genetic nd gronomic fctors. Choosing the most suitle sowing dte nd plnt density is one of the most importnt fctors of success in griculture. Becuse seed set depends on sufficient nutrients they provide nd environmentl conditions while shift from vegettive to reproductive stge, incresed plnting densities result in limited vilility of nutrients, light nd wter so the numer of reproductive units decrese; t lst seed numer reproduction decreses.

6 Adossi, Mohmmdi, Ahmdi nd Hdipnh 41 Shly nd Rzin (1992) were cultured thymein rows of 6cm nd plnt distnce (15, 3 nd 45cm). Results showed tht the distnce of 45cm support plnt growth nd tht yield. But the mximum essentil oil yield ws otined t distnce of 15cm. Close distnce cuses significnt progress in yield nd essentil oil content. But the percentge of essentil oil of the dried plnt ws not ffected y distnce. Ddkhh et l. (29) with evlute the effect of sowing dtes nd plnt density on growth nd yield nd qulity of chmomile hve concluded tht crop seson significntly ffected on the growth chrcteristics nd yield of chmomile, so tht in the utumn sowing the plnt height, numer of min stem nd su, flowering period, numer of flowers per plnt nd flowers yield per unit re ws higher thn spring sowing. The highest yield of flowers were chieved from rows of 2 cm t density of 1,plnts per hectre. At higher densities due to the lrge numer of plnts per unit re wet nd dry performnce incresing. Mortez et l. (29) with evluting of sowing dte nd plnt density on essentil oils nd comintions of vlerin reported tht the highest essentil oils nd its mjor comintions were chieved from sowing dte of 3 August nd density of 4, plnts per hectre. Mohmmd Alipour et l. (21) with evluting the effects of density nd nitrogen fertiliztion on yield nd composition of thyme essentil oils showed tht the plnt density on dry mtter yield nd essentil oil nd thymol hve significnt impct on the unit. Mximum dry mtter yield, essentil oil nd thymol were chieved of 15cm distnce nd using 1kg nitrogen per hectre. According to study of Dvzdhemmi et l. (28) drgonhed height reduced from 93cm to 58cm in summer sowing. Also study of Burn et l. (27) on the drgonhed showed tht spring sowing in terms of higher essentil oil comintions hs the dvntge thn summer sowing. In the spring nd summer sowing mount of grnylcette ws mesured respectively: 35.3 nd 14.1 %, nd gernil 15 % nd 19.7 %, nd gerniol 2.1 nd 15 %. Resm et l. (27) to investigte the effect of sowing dte nd sowing density on yield nd grin yield components of nise showed tht the sowing dtes, density levels nd their interction hd significnt effect on the most studied trits. Totlly the highest grin yield of nise ws otined in the first sowing dte (1 Mrch) with density of 4 plnts squre meter. Azizi (1998) in similr survey mentioned lte Ferury s the est time to nise sowing nd noted tht postponing of cultivtion fter this dte will result in the loss of 4-3 percent of yield. Akrini et l. (25) hve een reported tht fennel plnt's yield in utumn sowing is more thn spring sowing nd stted tht cultivtion in utumn hs higher grin yield for this resons; etter estlishment, cold tolernce, erly onset, spring growth, nd consequently higher folige nd seed weight. Edi et l. (21) reported tht on (Mtricri recutit L.) the highest essentil oil content (.72 percent w/w), essentil oil yield (.26 g/m 2 ) nd α-isolol yield (.2375 g/m 2 ) were otined from the second hrvest of Mrch nd the most chmzulene yield (.473 g/m2) ws otined from the third hrvest of Mrch sowing dte in Mshhd condition. Qulittive nd quntittive chnges in the essentil oil of thyme in Irn, over period of growth nd vrious density ws exmined nd showed tht plnt density nd hrvest time hs significnt effect on the qulity nd quntity of thyme performnce. So tht the mximum dry yield of plnt, the performnce of essentil oils nd thymol yield ws oserved t the eginning of flowering nd density of15cm (Nghdidi et l., 24). CONCLUSION Evlute the quntity outcomes of the essentil oil showed tht to chieve the highest level of essentil oils, its etter to use this plnt in summer cultivtion, wether conditions of Sri city of Mzndrn province in north of Irn, tthe first sowing dte, nd plnting density of 3cm. For chieve to etter quntity nd qulity of the essentil oil of drgonhed, the sowing of Dercocephlum moldvic L. plnt in erly times will e etter thn these dtes tht used in this investigtion. REFERENCES Ad-El-Bky HH, El-Broty GS.(27). Chemicl nd iologicl evlution of the essentil oil of Drcocephlum moldvin L. Chemicl nd iologicl evlution of the essentil oil. Interntionl journl of integrtive iology, 2(2), Aedi R, Golprvr AR, Hdipnh A. (215). Identifiction of the essentil oils composition from four ecotypes of Menth longifoli (L.) Huds. growing wild in Isfhn province, Irn. Journl of Bio Science nd Biotechnology, 4(2), Ahmed NU, Hque KR.(1986). Effect of row spcing nd time of sowing on the yield of lck cumin (Nigell stiv L.). Bngldesh. J. Agric, 1, Akrini A, Khosrvifrd M, Rezee MB, Shrifi Ashoordi E. (25). Comprison of fll nd spring cultivtion of fennel, crwy, nise nd lck cumin under irrigtion nd no-irrigtion conditions. Irnin journl of medicinl nd romtic plnts reserch, 21(3),

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