If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
|
|
- Marshall Boyd
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki PhysWiki MathWiki SolarWiki BioWiki: The Dynamic Biology E-textbook > Biochemistry > DNA, Genomics and Proteomics > The Structure of DNA The Structure of DNA DNA can exist as single, double-stranded, or mixed forms. It is actually a misnomer to call dsdna a molecule, since it really consisted of two different, complementary strands held together by IMF's. However, most people talk about a molecule of dsdna, and so will I. In analogy to protein structure, dsdna has a linear sequence (primary structure), secondary structure (right handed double helix), and tertiary/quaternary structure (it is folded and packed in the cell). Alternative DNA Structures Structure of a Chromosome Outside Links References Contributors Alternative DNA Structures The links above show the classic dsdna helix, in which DNA is in the B form.other forms of DNA exists, including A-DNA and Z-DNA.Singlestranded sections of DNA can, through intramolecular base-pairing, form stem-loop hairpin structures and quadruplex structures (found at the ends of chromosomes (teleomeres). Chime: A RNA, B and Z DNA Chime: A RNA, B and Z DNA(side by side) Structure of a Chromosome Most people have seen pictures of chromosomes viewed through microscopes. Check out this amazing picture of a chromosome taken form Scientific American, September, Chromosomes consist of one dsdna molecule. Each somatic cell of your body has 23 pairs of chromosomes, one member of each pair contributed by your mother and the other by your father. (In germ cells - eggs and sperm - there are 23 individual chromosomes, not chromosome pairs.)one pair are the sex chromosomes, which can come in two forms, X and Y. A pair of X's gives a female, and an XY results in a male. Figure:Human Chromosomes (with an extra copy of Chromosome 21, which causes Down syndrome) 1/5
2 The human genome has about 3-4 billion base pairs of DNA. (I am uncertain if that estimate is for all 23 pairs, or since each member of a pairs is almost identical, it is an estimate of the DNA in one member each of the just 23 different pairs of chromosomes. I will assume that it is for one member of each pair.) Therefore, on average, each single chromosome of a pair has about 150 million base pairs, which consists of one molecule of DNA and lots of proteins bound to it. dsdna is a highly charged molecule, and can be view, to a first approximation, as a long polyelectrolyte with a large negative. charge. This very large molecule must somehow be packed into a small nucleus. These packing problem is solved by coiling DNA and packing it with proteins, which usually have a net positive charge. The chromosomes are usually dispersed within the nucleus and are not visible with an ordinary microscope. When the cell is ready to divide, the DNA in the chromosomes replicates, and the chromosomes condense in a fashion that they are not visible using an ordinary microscope. At this point the chromosomes can be stained with a variety of stains (hence the name chromosomes), some of which bind differentially to different chromosomes. The different chromosomes can hence be distinquished by their size, shape, and dye-binding properties, the later called a spectralkaryotype analysis of chromosomes. Figure: spectralkaryotype analysis of chromosomes 2/5
3 Figure:Human Chromosomes The standard picture of a chromosome with which you are familiar, including the one shown above, is actually one chromosome of a pair that has just replicated!. One of the chromosomes will stay will the mother cell, and the other will go to the daughter cell. These two chromosomes which are aligned and appear joined at their centers are called sister chromatids.these large DNA/protein complexes must be further packaged in the nucleus, as shown in the "Carl Saganesque" reducing view of the chromosome, a double stranded DNA molecule winds around a core of proteins. Figure:Packaging of DNA in the Nucleus 3/5
4 The core is called a nucleosome, and can be viewed under an electron microscope if the chromosome is disperesed. The nucleosome consists of 8 positively charge proteins called histones. In the core are 2 copies each of His 2A, 2B, 3, and 4. The dsdna winds around the nucleosome core about 2.5 times. The dsdna then links around other nucleosome in whch each nucleosome is connected by a small section of interconnecting spacer DNA, to which is bound another histone, H1. Under an electron microscope, the DNA looks like a bead on a string. The beads are nucleosomes, and the string is the dsdna. Figure:Nucelosome Outside Links Animation of DNA structure GC Content, Molecular Weight, Tm, and Hairpin Structure for Oligonucleotides Oligonucleotide Calculator Oligonucleotide Property Calculator (including DGo) DNA movie replication transcription RNA A helix 4/5
5 DNA B and RNA A Helix trna 70S Ribosome, Scripted Translation:T. Thermophilus PROTEINS RNase A GroEL/ES Most of the links below are from great sites I found on the web from MIT. Structure of DNA and RNA DNA: monomers, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure An Introduction to DNA and RNA Chime:double-stranded DNA Chime:the Genetic Code Chime:DNA Strands and Backbone Chime:DNA:Ends and Parallelisms Jmol:DNA Tutorial References 1. Knight, J. All genomes great and small.nature. 417, pg 374 (2002)) Contributors Prof. Henry Jakubowski (College of St. Benedict/St. John's University) Copyright 2015 BioWiki Powered by MindTouch UC Davis GeoWiki by University of California, Davis is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at copyright@ucdavis.edu. Terms of Use 5/5
If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationBuilding up from Squares: Simple Cubic Packing
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools Popular pages MindTouch User Guide FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it
More informationChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki PhysWiki MathWiki SolarWiki
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools Popular pages MindTouch User Guide FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it
More informationMolecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 06: Genes and Chromosomes
Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 06: Genes and Chromosomes Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements about genes is correct? Question #1 (A) Genes carry the information for protein
More informationThe nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Nucleic acids are macromolecules composed of chains of mononucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds. The nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are universal
More informationDNA AND CHROMOSOMES. Genetica per Scienze Naturali a.a prof S. Presciuttini
DNA AND CHROMOSOMES This document is licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 Italy license, available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/it/ 1. The Building Blocks
More informationElectro-refining: How it Works
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationMolecular Biology (1)
Molecular Biology (1) DNA structure and basic applications Mamoun Ahram, PhD Second semester, 2018-2019 Resources This lecture Cooper, pp. 49-52, 118-119, 130 Nucleic acids 2 types: Deoxyribonucleic acid
More informationDNA RNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -NOTES-
DNA RNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -NOTES- THE COMPONENTS AND STRUCTURE OF DNA DNA is made up of units called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of three basic components:, called deoxyribose in DNA In DNA, there
More informationMolecular Biology - The Structure of DNA *
OpenStax-CNX module: m49482 1 Molecular Biology - The Structure of DNA * Jerey Mahr Based on The Structure of DNA by OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons
More informationLecture Overview. Overview of the Genetic Information. Chapter 3 DNA & RNA Lecture 6
Visual Anatomy & Physiology First Edition Martini & Ober Chapter 3 DNA & RNA Lecture 6 Lecture Overview What is the cell s genetic information? How/where is the genetic information stored in eukaryotic
More informationDNA RNA PROTEIN. Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. unless otherwise noted
DNA RNA PROTEIN Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. unless otherwise noted DNA Molecule of heredity Contains all the genetic info our cells inherit Determines
More informationStructure of DNA Introductory Videos:
Structure of DNA Introductory Videos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy8dk5is1f0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zghkhmoyc5i DNA is a macromolecule made of nucleotides. Each human cell carries a complete
More informationKeeping Cells Identical The instructions for making cell parts are encoded in the DNA, so each new cell must get a complete set of the DNA molecules.
CELLULAR DIVISION Cell Theory Pro/Euk review Cells are the basic unit of life. All living things have cell(s). All cells are formed from existing cells. Keeping Cells Identical The instructions for making
More informationHuman Anatomy & Physiology I Dr. Sullivan Unit IV Cellular Function Chapter 4, Chapter 27 (meiosis only)
Human Anatomy & Physiology I Dr. Sullivan Unit IV Cellular Function Chapter 4, Chapter 27 (meiosis only) I. Protein Synthesis: creation of new proteins a. Much of the cellular machinery is devoted to synthesizing
More informationDNA and RNA. Chapter 12
DNA and RNA Chapter 12 History of DNA Late 1800 s scientists discovered that DNA is in the nucleus of the cell 1902 Walter Sutton proposed that hereditary material resided in the chromosomes in the nucleus
More information12 2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication Chromosomes and DNA Replication. Slide 1 of 21. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12-2 Chromosomes and 1 of 21 DNA and Chromosomes DNA and Chromosomes In prokaryotic cells, DNA is located in the cytoplasm. Most prokaryotes have a single DNA molecule containing nearly all of the cell
More information2. Structure and Replication of DNA. Higher Human Biology
2. Structure and Replication of DNA Higher Human Biology Learning Intention Describe the structure of DNA Explain the base pairing rule using adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine Today we are moving
More informationDelve AP Biology Lecture 7: 10/30/11 Melissa Ko and Anne Huang
Today s Agenda: I. DNA Structure II. DNA Replication III. DNA Proofreading and Repair IV. The Central Dogma V. Transcription VI. Post-transcriptional Modifications Delve AP Biology Lecture 7: 10/30/11
More informationChapter 5 DNA and Chromosomes
Chapter 5 DNA and Chromosomes DNA as the genetic material Heat-killed bacteria can transform living cells S Smooth R Rough Fred Griffith, 1920 DNA is the genetic material Oswald Avery Colin MacLeod Maclyn
More informationChromosomes. M.Sc. Biotechnology. Hawler Medical University, Iraq
Chromosomes Bashdar Mahmud Hussen M.Sc. Biotechnology Hawler Medical University, Iraq bashdar@res.hmu.edu.iq bmhscience@yahoo.com History of Chromosome Karl Nagali (1842) E. Russow (1872) first description
More informationAlgorithms in Bioinformatics
Algorithms in Bioinformatics Sami Khuri Department of Computer Science San José State University San José, California, USA khuri@cs.sjsu.edu www.cs.sjsu.edu/faculty/khuri Outline Central Dogma of Molecular
More informationBIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 6: DNA: The Molecule of Life
BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 6: DNA: The Molecule of Life Chromosomes and Inheritance Learning Outcomes 6.1 Describe the structure of the DNA molecule and how this structure allows for the storage of information,
More informationWhat is DNA??? DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid IT is a molecule that contains the code for an organism s growth and function
Review DNA and RNA 1) DNA and RNA are important organic compounds found in cells, called nucleic acids 2) Both DNA and RNA molecules contain the following chemical elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
More informationGenetics and Genomics in Medicine Chapter 1. Questions & Answers
Genetics and Genomics in Medicine Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Questions Questions & Answers Question 1.1 In a DNA double helix each type of base forms a stable base pair with only one type of base. When
More informationDNA: The Molecule Of Life
DNA: The Molecule Of Life Introductory Concepts -One unique set of DNA in an organism is termed its genome (link to fig 1-3) -DNA is the main component of chromosomes -Humans are diploid organisms, with
More informationDina Al-Tamimi. Faisal Nimri. Ma amoun Ahram. 1 P a g e
1 Dina Al-Tamimi Faisal Nimri Ma amoun Ahram 1 P a g e **Difference between Molecular Biology and Genetics: Molecular Biology: is a fancy term of biochemistry. It is the science that deals with DNA, RNA
More informationB. Incorrect! Centromeric DNA is largely heterochromatin, which is inactive DNA.
MCAT Biology - Problem Drill 06: Molecular Biology of Eukaryotes Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which type of DNA would have the highest level of expression? Question #01 (A) Heterochromatin. (B) Centromeric
More informationChapter 12 Packet DNA 1. What did Griffith conclude from his experiment? 2. Describe the process of transformation.
Chapter 12 Packet DNA and RNA Name Period California State Standards covered by this chapter: Cell Biology 1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions
More informationNucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Living organisms are complex systems. Hundreds of thousands of proteins exist inside each one of us to help carry out our daily functions. These proteins are produced locally,
More informationUnit IX Problem 3 Genetics: Basic Concepts in Molecular Biology
Unit IX Problem 3 Genetics: Basic Concepts in Molecular Biology - The central dogma (principle) of molecular biology: Information from DNA are transcribed to mrna which will be further translated to synthesize
More informationDNA & Protein Synthesis. The source and the process!
DNA & Protein Synthesis The source and the process! Agenda I. DNA and Genes II. Protein Synthesis III. The Genetic Code I. DNA & Genes: The beauty of DNA Remember: DNA is a macromolecule that stores information
More information12 2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication
DNA Replication 12-2 Chromosomes and 1 of 21 DNA and Chromosomes DNA and Chromosomes In prokaryotic cells, DNA is located in the cytoplasm. Most prokaryotes have a single DNA molecule containing nearly
More informationWhat Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Nucleic Acids?
THE NUCLEIC ACIDS What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Nucleic Acids? Nucleic acids are polymers specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic information. DNA = deoxyribonucleic
More informationIntroduction to Medical Genetics: Human Chromosome
Introduction to Medical Genetics: Human Chromosome Ashley Soosay This OpenCourseWare@UNIMAS and its related course materials are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike 4.0
More information4.1 CELL DIVISION AND GENETIC MATERIAL
4.1 CELL DIVISION AND GENETIC MATERIAL GENETICS Field of biology Study how genetic information is passed from one generation of organism/cells to the next THE CELL THEORY developed in mid-1800s 1. All
More informationDivision Ave. High School AP Biology
Control of Eukaryotic Genes 2007-2008 The BIG Questions n How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? n How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions?
More informationDNA Structure and Analysis. Chapter 4: Background
DNA Structure and Analysis Chapter 4: Background Molecular Biology Three main disciplines of biotechnology Biochemistry Genetics Molecular Biology # Biotechnology: A Laboratory Skills Course explorer.bio-rad.com
More informationNucleic acids. How DNA works. DNA RNA Protein. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Nucleic acid chemistry and basic molecular theory Nucleic acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Cell cycle DNA RNA Protein Transcription Translation
More informationControl of Eukaryotic Genes. AP Biology
Control of Eukaryotic Genes The BIG Questions How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions? Evolution
More informationDNA and RNA. Chapter 12
DNA and RNA Chapter 12 Warm Up Exercise Test Corrections Make sure to indicate your new answer and provide an explanation for why this is the correct answer. Do this with a red pen in the margins of your
More informationBiology (2017) INTERNATIONAL GCSE. TOPIC GUIDE: Protein synthesis: transcription and translation. Pearson Edexcel International GCSE in Science
INTERNATIONAL GCSE Biology (2017) TOPIC GUIDE: Protein synthesis: transcription and translation Pearson Edexcel International GCSE in Science Introduction to the teaching of protein synthesis Specification
More informationWhat is a chromosome and where is it located and what does it
What is a chromosome and where is it located and what does it do? A general overview for neophytes A chromosome is one of the components of the cell inside the nucleus which codes for proteins and controls
More informationE. Incorrect! The four different DNA nucleotides follow a strict base pairing arrangement:
AP Biology - Problem Drill 10: Molecular and Human Genetics Question No. 1 of 10 Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as 1. Which of the following
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 6 Beyond Mendel: Molecular genetics, cell division, and sex Copyright Bruce Owen 2008 Mendel s model
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 6 Beyond Mendel: Molecular genetics, cell division, and sex Copyright Bruce Owen 2008 Mendel s model was completely abstract. No one had ever seen a particle
More informationREVISION: DNA, RNA & MEIOSIS 13 MARCH 2013
REVISION: DNA, RNA & MEIOSIS 13 MARCH 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson we revise The structure and functions of DNA The structure of RNA and its role in protein synthesis The process of cell division
More informationChapter 2. An Introduction to Genes and Genomes
PowerPoint Lectures for Introduction to Biotechnology, Second Edition William J.Thieman and Michael A.Palladino Chapter 2 An Introduction to Genes and Genomes Lectures by Lara Dowland Chapter Contents
More informationThe common structure of a DNA nucleotide. Hewitt
GENETICS Unless otherwise noted* the artwork and photographs in this slide show are original and by Burt Carter. Permission is granted to use them for non-commercial, non-profit educational purposes provided
More informationUnit 7. Genetic Regulation, Development, and Biotechnology. AP Biology
Unit 7 Genetic Regulation, Development, and Biotechnology The BIG Questions How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationThe Nucleus and DNA Replication
OpenStax-CNX module: m46073 1 The Nucleus and DNA Replication OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,
More informationCELL BIOLOGY: DNA. Generalized nucleotide structure: NUCLEOTIDES: Each nucleotide monomer is made up of three linked molecules:
BIOLOGY 12 CELL BIOLOGY: DNA NAME: IMPORTANT FACTS: Nucleic acids are organic compounds found in all living cells and viruses. Two classes of nucleic acids: 1. DNA = ; found in the nucleus only. 2. RNA
More informationForensic Science Bell-Ringer
Forensic Science Bell-Ringer A women attending her mother s funeral notices a man. The women was very interested in the man, but did not get his name or number before he left the funeral. The women goes
More informationMolecular biology (1)
Molecular biology (1) Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information highlights Objectives Know the central dogma of molecular biology. Understand the composition, types and structure
More informationY1 Biology 131 Syllabus - Academic Year
Y1 Biology 131 Syllabus - Academic Year 2016-2017 Monday 28/11/2016 DNA Packaging Week 11 Tuesday 29/11/2016 Regulation of gene expression Wednesday 22/9/2014 Cell cycle Sunday 4/12/2016 Tutorial Monday
More informationNucleic Acids. OpenStax College. 1 DNA and RNA
OpenStax-CNX module: m44403 1 Nucleic Acids OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 By the end of this section, you will be
More informationOverview of Human Genetics
Overview of Human Genetics 1 Structure and function of nucleic acids. 2 Structure and composition of the human genome. 3 Mendelian genetics. Lander et al. (Nature, 2001) MAT 394 (ASU) Human Genetics Spring
More informationStructure of nucleic acids II Biochemistry 302. January 20, 2006
Structure of nucleic acids II Biochemistry 302 January 20, 2006 Intrinsic structural flexibility of RNA antiparallel A-form Fig. 4.19 High Temp Denaturants In vivo conditions Base stacking w/o base pairing/h-bonds
More information1. I can describe the stages of the cell cycle.
Unit 5 Study Guide Cell Cycle pg. 1 1. I can describe the stages of the cell cycle. Interphase = period in between division G1 = growth phase S = DNA replication G2 = Preparation for division (extra copies
More informationProtein Synthesis: From Gene RNA Protein Trait
Protein Synthesis: From Gene RNA Protein Trait Human Genome The human genome contains about genes. Each gene is a of DNA (sequence of nitrogen bases) contained within each chromosome. Each chromosome contains
More informationLecture 8. Chromosome. The Nuclei. Two Types of Nucleic Acids. Genes. Information Contained Within Each Cell
Information Contained Within Each Cell Lecture 8 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Chapter 23: Section 1-5 Most higher organisms reproduce sexually! Sperm cell + Egg cell! Fertilized egg The wondrous
More informationMolecular Biology (1)
Molecular Biology (1) DNA structure and basic applications Mamoun Ahram, PhD Second semester, 2017-2018 Resources This lecture Cooper, pp. 49-52, 118-119, 130 What is molecular biology? Central dogma
More informationIntroduction to Basic Human Genetics. Professor Hanan Hamamy Department of Genetic Medicine and Development Geneva University Switzerland
Introduction to Basic Human Genetics Professor Hanan Hamamy Department of Genetic Medicine and Development Geneva University Switzerland Training Course in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Geneva
More informationSections 12.3, 13.1, 13.2
Sections 12.3, 13.1, 13.2 Background: Watson & Crick recognized that base pairing in the double helix allows DNA to be copied, or replicated Each strand in the double helix has all the information to remake
More informationGenes and human health - the science and ethics
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - why is it so important? Genes and human health - the science and ethics DNA is essential to all living organisms, from bacteria to man, as it contains a code which specifies
More informationWhat is heredity? Information passed down from parents to children through their DNA
Heredity What is heredity? Information passed down from parents to children through their DNA Which are some examples of hereditary traits? -you can curl your tongue -you have naturally brown hair -you
More informationNON MENDELIAN GENETICS. DNA, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, MUTATIONS DUE DECEMBER 8TH
NON MENDELIAN GENETICS. DNA, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, MUTATIONS DUE DECEMBER 8TH MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY 11/14 11/15 11/16 11/17 11/18 Non-Mendelian Genetics DNA Structure and Replication 11/28
More informationPlant Molecular and Cellular Biology Lecture 9: Nuclear Genome Organization: Chromosome Structure, Chromatin, DNA Packaging, Mitosis Gary Peter
Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Lecture 9: Nuclear Genome Organization: Chromosome Structure, Chromatin, DNA Packaging, Mitosis Gary Peter 9/16/2008 1 Learning Objectives 1. List and explain how DNA
More informationChapter 11. Gene Expression and Regulation. Lectures by Gregory Ahearn. University of North Florida. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc..
Chapter 11 Gene Expression and Regulation Lectures by Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.. 11.1 How Is The Information In DNA Used In A Cell? Most genes contain
More informationThe Structure of Proteins The Structure of Proteins. How Proteins are Made: Genetic Transcription, Translation, and Regulation
How Proteins are Made: Genetic, Translation, and Regulation PLAY The Structure of Proteins 14.1 The Structure of Proteins Proteins - polymer amino acids - monomers Linked together with peptide bonds A
More informationControl of Eukaryotic Genes
Control of Eukaryotic Genes 2007-2008 The BIG Questions How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions?
More informationHeredity and Genotyping Notes:
Vocabulary: Heredity and Genotyping Notes: 02 January 2019 Heredity: the passing of physical characters from parents to offspring Gene: a word used to describe factors that control a trait Alleles: the
More informationMolecular basis of genetic variation
Molecular basis of genetic variation Trygve Bakken Department of Neurosciences University of California, San Diego presented by Thomas Nichols, PhD Department of Statistics & Warwick Manufacturing Group
More informationSCBC203 Gene Expression. Assoc. Prof. Rutaiwan Tohtong Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science PR318
SCBC203 Gene Expression Assoc. Prof. Rutaiwan Tohtong Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science PR318 Rutaiwan.toh@mahidol.ac.th 1 Gene Expression Gene expression is a process where by the genetic
More informationControl of Eukaryotic Genes. AP Biology
Control of Eukaryotic Genes The BIG Questions How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions? Evolution
More informationDNA Structure & Replication (Outline)
DNA Structure & Replication (Outline) Historical perspective (DNA as the genetic material): Genetic transformation DNA as the transforming agent DNA is the genetic material in bacterial viruses (phage)
More information1. Mitosis = growth, repair, asexual reproduc4on
Places Muta4ons get passed on: Cell Reproduc4on: 2 types of cell reproduc4on: 1. Mitosis = growth, repair, asexual reproduc4on Photocopy machine Growth/Repair Passed on in the same body 2. Meiosis = sexual
More informationUnit 2: Biological basis of life, heredity, and genetics
Unit 2: Biological basis of life, heredity, and genetics 1 Issues with Darwin's Evolutionary Theory??? 2 Cells - General Composition Organelles - substructures in the cell which do different things involved
More informationDNA Structure & the Genome. Bio160 General Biology
DNA Structure & the Genome Bio160 General Biology Lecture Outline I. DNA A nucleic acid II. Chromosome Structure III. Chromosomes and Genes IV. DNA vs. RNA I. DNA A Nucleic Acid Structure of DNA: Remember:
More informationReading for lecture 2
Reading for lecture 2 1. Structure of DNA and RNA 2. Information storage by DNA 3. The Central Dogma Voet and Voet, Chapters 28 (29,30) Alberts et al, Chapters 5 (3) 1 5 4 1 3 2 3 3 Structure of DNA and
More informationUnit II Problem 3 Genetics: Summary of Basic Concepts in Molecular Biology
Unit II Problem 3 Genetics: Summary of Basic Concepts in Molecular Biology - The central dogma (principle) of molecular biology: Information from DNA are transcribed to mrna which will be further translated
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 8 Beyond Mendel: Molecular genetics, cell division, and sex Copyright Bruce Owen 2011 Mendel s model
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 8 Beyond Mendel: Molecular genetics, cell division, and sex Copyright Bruce Owen 2011 Mendel s model was completely abstract. In his day, no one had ever
More informationPurines vs. Pyrimidines
Introduction to Genetics/DNA Replication The DNA molecule is found in the nucleus and is composed of nucleotides The DNA Molecule Composed of 2 polymers of nucleotides Polymers are oriented in antiparallel
More informationNucleic Acids: Structure and Function
ucleic Acids: Structure and Function Components of ucleotides The building blocks (monomers) of the nucleic acids are called nucleotides. ydrolysis of nucleotides gives phosphoric acid, a pentose sugar,
More informationChapter 3. DNA Replication & The Cell Cycle
Chapter 3 DNA Replication & The Cell Cycle DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle Before cells divide, they must duplicate their DNA // the genetic material DNA is organized into strands called chromosomes
More informationRNA does not adopt the classic B-DNA helix conformation when it forms a self-complementary double helix
Reason: RNA has ribose sugar ring, with a hydroxyl group (OH) If RNA in B-from conformation there would be unfavorable steric contact between the hydroxyl group, base, and phosphate backbone. RNA structure
More informationRoadmap. The Cell. Introduction to Molecular Biology. DNA RNA Protein Central dogma Genetic code Gene structure Human Genome
Introduction to Molecular Biology Lodish et al Ch1-4 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books EECS 458 CWRU Fall 2004 DNA RNA Protein Central dogma Genetic code Gene structure Human Genome Roadmap The Cell Lodish
More informationTranscription and Translation. DANILO V. ROGAYAN JR. Faculty, Department of Natural Sciences
Transcription and Translation DANILO V. ROGAYAN JR. Faculty, Department of Natural Sciences Protein Structure Made up of amino acids Polypeptide- string of amino acids 20 amino acids are arranged in different
More informationMolecular Genetics. The flow of genetic information from DNA. DNA Replication. Two kinds of nucleic acids in cells: DNA and RNA.
Molecular Genetics DNA Replication Two kinds of nucleic acids in cells: DNA and RNA. DNA function 1: DNA transmits genetic information from parents to offspring. DNA function 2: DNA controls the functions
More informationDNA, Replication and RNA
DNA, Replication and RNA The structure of DNA DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the blue prints for building all of life. DNA is a long molecule made up of units called NUCLEOTIDES. Each nucleotide is
More informationControl of Eukaryotic Genes. AP Biology
Control of Eukaryotic Genes The BIG Questions How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions? Evolution
More information9/3/2009. DNA RNA Proteins. DNA Genetic program RNAs Ensure synthesis of proteins Proteins Ensure all cellular functions Carbohydrates (sugars) Energy
Structure Properties Functions of the cell Chemical organization of the cell Based on molecular substrate : DNA contains information RNA ensures protein synthesis Proteins ensure vitality Relations between
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW. Overview of Biomolecules. Chapter 10 Nucleic Acids
BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW Overview of Biomolecules Chapter 10 Nucleic Acids 2 3 DNA vs RNA DNA RNA deoxyribose ribose A, C, G, T A, C, G, U 10 3 10 8 nucleotides 10 2 10 4 nucleotides nucleus cytoplasm double-stranded
More informationThe structure, type and functions of a cell are all determined by chromosomes:
DNA Basics The structure, type and functions of a cell are all determined by chromosomes: They are found in the nucleus of a cell. These chromosomes are composed of DNA, the acronym for deoxyribonucleic
More informationA. Incorrect! This feature does help with it suitability as genetic material.
College Biology - Problem Drill 08: Gene Structures and Functions No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the statements below is NOT true in explaining why DNA is a suitable genetic material? #01 (A) Its double helix
More informationTHE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
Umm AL Qura University THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE Dr. Neda Bogari www.bogari.net EMERY'S ELEMENTS OF MEDICAL GENETICS Peter Turnpenny and Sian Ellard 13 th edition 2008 COURSE SYLLABUS
More informationDNA, RNA, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, AND MUTATIONS UNIT GUIDE Due December 9 th. Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 16 CBA History of DNA video
DNA, RNA, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, AND MUTATIONS UNIT GUIDE Due December 9 th Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 16 CBA History of DNA video 17 History of DNA 18 Lecture: DNA Structure Worksheet 19 Lecture:
More informationChapter 19. Control of Eukaryotic Genome. AP Biology
Chapter 19. Control of Eukaryotic Genome The BIG Questions How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions?
More informationPhysical Anthropology 1 Milner-Rose
Physical Anthropology 1 Milner-Rose Chapter 3 Genetics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation Our Origins By Clark Spencer Larsen Natural Selection operates on the levels of the 1. living, behaving
More information