A Review of Three Tiers of Forest and Peatland Fire Monitoring in Tropical Indonesia: Space, Atmosphere, and Surface

Transcription

1 Metro Manila - Philippines, 28 May 2018 A Review of Three Tiers of Forest and Peatland Fire Monitoring in Tropical Indonesia: Space, Atmosphere, and Surface Nina Yulianti Graduate Program of Environmental Science 2 Faculty of Agriculture 3 Center for International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatland, University of Palangka Raya 1st LC/LUC International SARI Meeting

2 Indonesia has 1,910,931km 2 (BPS, 2010) of the total land, which is 50% (~940,000km 2 ) cover tropical rain forest areas (FAO, 2010; Gibbs et al., 2007) and, partially overlapping, approximately 11% (~200,000 km 2 ) cover topical UPT. LABORATORIUM LAHAN GAMBUT - CIMTROP, UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA peatland areas (Page et al., 2011)

3 PERIOD 1. ANCIENT FIRES (YULIANTO ET AL, 2004) Fire History: The distribution of charcoal layers and C/P ratio peaks along the core describes the fire-history of Central Kalimantan has occurred frequently between ca to ca cal yr BP and between ca to 8650 cal. yr BP (sebelum masehi). Macro-charcoal fragments observed in the charcoal layers indicate local fires, because macro-charcoal is theoretically and empirically never transported far from the fire (Patterson et al., 1987; Clark, 1988; Whitlock & Millspaugh, 1996; Ohlson & Tryterud, 2000). Also, the fires might have produced micro-charcoal particles preserved in the core. UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA (UPR) < >

4 PERIOD 2. DEVELOPMENT FIRES (PUTRA ET AL, 2010) Poor fire database (Putra et al. 2008) 1. No satellite-based monitoring (only total annual of burnt area) *Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer sensor on board Terra & Aqua satellite of NASA 2. NOAA hotspots (only western Indonesia, some data missing) 3. MODIS hotspots* (whole Indonesia) UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA (UPR) < >

5 PERIOD 3. ANNUAL FIRES (YULIANTI ET AL, 2012) El Niño El Niño Number of hotspots El Niño La Niña La Niña El Niño La Niña La Niña Fire-prone island : KALIMANTAN & SUMATERA Worst fire year for Indonesia (+1.87σ) El Niño conditions in 2002, 2004, 2006, & 2009 caused drought in Indonesia UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA (UPR) < >

6 2015 FIRES CONDITION H.E President & H.E Acting Governor in CK s Fire Area (Presiden dan Plt. Gubernur di Jembatan Tumbang Nusa, Pulang Pisau) credit to kalteng post In 2015, Indonesia back into the world spotlight related to fires and transboundary haze crisis. One indicator is the concentration of particulate matter (PM10) in Palangka Raya (Central Kalimantan) showed concentrations >2.500 ug/m 3 (Meteorological Station Tjilik Riwut s document ) higher than in 2002 and 2006 (<2,000 ug/m 3, Hayasaka et al., 2015 ). According to the technical guidelines for the calculation and reporting as well as air pollution standard index information, the safe limit for human health PM 10 is <400 ug/m 3. If the threshold is passed, the Air Pollution Standard Index (ISPU) are in very unhealthy conditions and the increased sensitivity in patients with asthma and bronhitis diseases.

7 The phases of times of the use of fires for the agriculture activities with the benefits and the losses Carbon emission & Air pollution Longterm Harmful Agricultural Burning 20% 10% 70% Post harvesting stage (e.q Rice straw burning) Growing stage (e.q Pest control burning) Longterm Harmful Pra planting stage (e.q Slash and burn) Temporary Beneficial Residue reduction Diseases, pests, & weeds cycle termination Soil ph uplift High soil fertility Peat decomposition acceleration Soil nutrient loss UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA (UPR) < >

8 Review for Indonesia? Space Atmosfer Surface UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA (UPR) < >

9 LOCATION TARGET: KALIMANTAN (source: ~ 50% of forest area

10 LOCATION TARGET: SUMATERA (partly source: > 60% of non forest area

11 Forest and Peatland Fire Detection Networks (Honma et al, 2016)

12 There are some online sources of satellite hotspot display that owned by several institutions in Indonesia as follows: Fire Hospot Guide ( ndex), LAPAN SiPongi ( KLHK Hospot map ( BMKG Fire Risk System ( CCROM IPB - UNOPS Global Forest Watch Fires ( GFW Haze-Watch ( University of Palangka Raya

13 Yulianti & Hayasaka, 2013 EX-MEGA RICE PROJECT (EMRP) Canals had been drained peat water from 1995 to present PRIMARY SECONDARY TERSIER QUARTER

14 0.5 o grids cells

15 Fire propagation near Palangka Raya (fire prone areal of Central Kalimantan) with background is MODIS Terra 250m resolution bands on Oct. 17, 2009 (Yulianti and Hayasaka, 2012)

16 The fire direction in hydrological unit of Kahayan and Sebangau River, southeastern part of Kalimantan, Indonesia

17 LiDAR-technology (DTM) image using a 100m Grid (1ha) digitizer tool in August 2007 (Boehm, 2011) UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA (UPR) < >

18 Therma shot F30, Nippon Avionic Co., Ltd., Japan Image in September 2012 (Yulianti, 2014)

19 Fire watch tower with NEC thermal camera Panoramic view

20 Wireless Sensor UPR - HU team (Teguh et al., 2012.) have deployed the WSNs for fire monitoring. Figure shows that the WSN includes 6 (six) sensor nodes, gateway terminal and MoteView applications for monitoring. The distance between each sensor node is 100 meters, and the height of sensor nodes from ground is 1.5 meters. Through this system we were able to detect a small fire of about three meters in size. In our work, sensor nodes deployed in peat forest environment, wherethe height of vegetation in the Taruna Jaya area ranges from 1 to 3 meters from the ground, which will affect WSN signal strength and radio propagation. Networks

21 Recommendation: To detect small-scale fires and underground types is not enough just with satellite data but should be combined with detection using aerial photography and field observations. Although an integrated of method requires a lot of cost. Develop a A New Indicator of Forest Fire Risk for Indonesia Based on Peat Soil Spectral Measurements We also need verification for nightlife satellite observation data such as VIIRS because the fire patrols are only done during the day, but there is a trend that shows night fires are increasing in number. TO DETECT SMALL-SCALE FIRES AND UNDERGROUND TYPES IS NOT ENOUGH JUST WITH SATELLITE DATA BUT SHOULD BE COMBINED WITH DETECTION USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND FIELD OBSERVATIONS. ALTHOUGH AN INTEGRATED OF METHOD REQUIRESA LOT OF COST. WE ALSO NEED VERIFICATION FOR NIGHTLIFE SATELLITE OBSERVATION DATA SUCH AS VIIRS BECAUSE THE FIRE PATROLS ARE ONLY DONE DURING THE DAY, BUT THERE IS A TREND THAT SHOWS NIGHT FIRES ARE INCREASING IN NUMBER. UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA (UPR) < >

22 References Boehm, V., Application of LiDAR data for analyzing fires canopies biomass and REDD topics. In: Textbook for summer school 2011 in Indonesia Management strategy of tropical peatland: development and conservation, Nov. 8-19, Integrated field environmental science global center of excellent (IFES-GCOE) Indonesia liason office, Bogor, Indonesia. Hayasaka H, Noguchi I, Putra E I, Yulianti N and Vadrevu K 2014 Peat-fire-related air pollution in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Environ. Pollut Hayasaka, H and Sepriando, A Severe Air Pollution Due to Peat Fires During 2015 Super El Niño in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Vadrevu K., Ohara T., Justice C. (eds) Land-Atmospheric Research Applications in South and Southeast Asia. Springer Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry. Springer, Cham. Honma, T., Kazuya Kaku, Aswin Usup, and Agus Hidayat Detection and Prediction Systems of Peat-Forest Fires in Central Kalimantan. In Osaki M, N Tsuji (Eds). Tropical Peatland Ecosystem. Springer Japan. Putra E.I. and H. Hayasaka. The effect of the precipitation pattern of the dry season on peat fire occurrence in the Mega Rice Project area, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. TROPICS, 19, 4, , Teguh, R., T. Honma, A. Usop, H. Shin and H. Igarashi Detection and Verification of Potential Peat Fire Using Wireless Sensor Network and UAV. Yulianto, E., K. Hirakawa and H. Tsuji. Charcoal and organic geochemical properties as an evidence of Holocene fires in tropical peatland, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. TROPICS, 14, 55-63, Yulianti, N. & H. Hayasaka and A.Usup Recent forest and peat fire trends in Indonesia, the latest decade by MODIS hotspot data. Global Environmental Research 16, 1, Yulianti, N and Haysaka TROPICAL PEAT FIRE CHARACTERISTICS IN KALIMANTAN USING MODIS HOTSPOT AND IMAGERY DATA. Proceedings of International Symposium on Wild Fire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia 2012 Yulianti, N. and Hayasaka, H Recent active fire under El Niño conditions in Kalimantan, Indonesia. American Journal of Plants Science (Special Issue on The Future of Forest) 4, 3A, Yulianti, N., H. Hayasaka, & A. Sepriando Recent Trends of Fire Occurrence in Sumatra (Analysis using MODIS Hotspot Data): a comparison with Fire Occurrence in Kalimantan, Open Journal of Forestry, Vol. 3 No.4, pp Yulianti, N Detection of Surface Peat Fires (Smoldering) using Infra Red (IR) Images. 1st International Conference Geoscience for Energy, Mineral Resources, and Environment applieds Bandung - Indonesia

23 Website: Google Scholar: Nina Yulianti Thanks You Salamat STOP BURNING SAVE PEATLAND. HAZE AND PEATLAND FIRES REMAIN A NEAR ANNUAL DISASTER IN INDONESIA AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA. AS THE PHENOMENON AFFECTS MILLIONS OF CITIZENS, DISASTER MANAGEMENT NEEDS SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT. Kahayan River, Indonesia (2010)