Ini$a$ves to Reduce Local Greenhouse Gas Emission to Promote Low Carbon Footprints and Financing Mechanisms in the Philippines

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Blake Long
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Strategies Workshop 2013 September 30 The

D. Professor/Director of Graduate Studies

1 Ini$a$ves to Reduce Local Greenhouse Gas Emission to Promote Low Carbon Footprints and Financing Mechanisms in the Philippines Transport and Low Emission Development Strategies Workshop 2013 September 30 The Peninsula Manila Hussein Sinsuat Lidasan, Ph.D. Professor/Director of Graduate Studies School of Urban & Regional Planning The University of the Philippines

2 Outline of Presenta$on: I. Brief Profile of Metro Manila II. III. IV. Characteris$cs of Metro Manila s Transporta$on System A Metro Manila s Air Quality Levels Ini$a$ves in Reducing Emission and Development of Low Carbon Transport Environment V. Financing Mechanisms VI. Concluding Remarks

3 I. Brief Profile of Metro Manila

5 II. Characteris$cs of Metro Manila s Transporta$on System

7 III. A Metro Manila s Air Quality Levels

10 IV. Ini$a$ves in Reducing Emission and Promo$on of Low Carbon Transport Environment

13 Categories of Mi$ga$ng Transport Emission Measures in Asian Megaci$es: Mi$ga$ng Local Air Pollu$on Ambiant AQ Standards Vehicle Emission Standards Vehicle Inspec$on & Maintenance Programs Unleaded Gasoline: Phasing Out Leaded Gasoline Phasing Out 2- Stroke Engines for Motorcycles Restric$on of Paratransit Vehicle Registra$on Controlling GHG Emissions Promo$ng Alterna$ve Fuels (LPG & CNG) Promo$ng LEV (Low- Emission Vehicle) Use Source: Hanaoka, Shinya, Mi$ga$ng Transport Emissions, Chapter 8, Transport Development in Asian Megaci$es, A New Perspec$ves, Editors: Morichi, Shigeru & Raj Acharya, Surya, 2013, pp

14 Local Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Measures in Asian Countries/region with Megacities Country Common Practices Japan Thailand Philippines Indonesia Local air pollution 1. Ambient air quality standards Legal basis enactment , revised in 1995 under NEQA government decree no. 41 (national) Pollutants covered SO2, CO, SPM, NO2, Photochemical oxidants TSP, PM10, NO2, CO, O3, Pb, SO SO2, TSP, PM10, NO2, CO, O3, Pb (short- and long-term PM10 and SO2) SO2, PM10, NO2, CO, O3, SPM, Pb Level of standards Stricter than USEPA More lenient than WHO values 2. Vehicle emission standards National scale Sets its own emission standards: Japan's automotive Nox and PM law Euro III (2004); Control of CO and Nox level in gasoline through catalytic converters since 1993 Short- and long- term PM10 and SO2 standards more lenient than WHO values, relatively similar to USEPA values SO2 and NO2 standards more lenient than WHO values Euro II (2007) Euro II (2005) City Scale Since 1992, has been tightened to address NO2, O3 and PM problems in major cities None None None Source: Hanaoka, Shinya, Mi$ga$ng Transport Emissions, Chapter 8, Transport Development in Asian Megaci$es, A New Perspec$ves, Editors: Morichi, Shigeru & Raj Acharya, Surya, 2013, pp

15 Local Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Measures in Asian Countries/region with Megacities Country Common Practices Japan Thailand Philippines Indonesia Local air pollution 3. Vehicle inspection and maintenance program Exhaust gas test was added to the program in 1967 and a noise test in 1970 I&M program adopted but subject to review; roadside checks, public campaign Under 1999 Clean Air Act, annual inspection is required prior to registration; random checks for smoke emission testing Became mandatory in Jakarta in 2005, the government holds periodic emissions tests for free 4. Leaded gasoline phase-out December 2000 Unleaded gasoline has been available on the market since 2001 in Jakarta, followed by other cities 5. Phase-out of two-stroke engines for motorcycles Tightening vehicle emission standards incl. motorcycles (2001) Under consideration Source: Hanaoka, Shinya, Mi$ga$ng Transport Emissions, Chapter 8, Transport Development in Asian Megaci$es, A New Perspec$ves, Editors: Morichi, Shigeru & Raj Acharya, Surya, 2013, pp

16 Local Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Measures in Asian Countries/region with Megacities Country Common Practices Japan Thailand Philippines Indonesia Local air pollution 6. Para-transit restrictions Imposed ban on new tuktuk registration; BMTA launched licensing system for pax vans in 1995 GHG emission control 1. Promote clean fuel for buses and taxis Subsidies for CNG, hybrid and electric buses and taxis LPG-powered taxis and tuk-tuks Began to apply the use of CNG on some strategic routes of buses in Metro Manila Subsidy for CNG and Euro-II- compliant diesel buses for BRT (Jakarta); CNG four-stroke threewheeled vehicles 2. Promote low-emission vehicles (LEVs) use Incentive programs for purchase of LEVs, replacement of buses and government fleets with LEVs New car excise tax; lower tax for fuel cell, hybrid, and natural gas vehicles; incentives for eco-car manufacturers Source: Hanaoka, Shinya, Mi$ga$ng Transport Emissions, Chapter 8, Transport Development in Asian Megaci$es, A New Perspec$ves, Editors: Morichi, Shigeru & Raj Acharya, Surya, 2013, pp

17 Philippine Funding Mechanisms for Local Carbon Emission Ini$a$ves Local Government Units (LGUs) for innova$ve source of energy for vehicles: E- tricycles E- Jeepneys E- Buses Na$onal Government: Vehicle Emission Standards Vehicle Inspec$on & Maintenance Program Interna$onal Financial Ins$tu$ons Pilo$ng E- local ci$es, through DOE (Dept. of Energy) Studies related to improvement o transport systems & development of low carbon strategies PPP (Public- Private_Partnership): E- Buses E- Jeepneys Leaded Gasoline Phase Out Development of Rail- based Mass Transit Systems Development of Integrated Terminals Etc.

18 VI. Concluding Remarks

19 Addressing traffic conges$on can reduce emission and thereby promote low carbon transport environment Specific mi$ga$ng emissions ini$a$ves need to be further reviewed and assessed to ensure their responsiveness and acceptability Introducing innova$ve low emission technologies need to be assessed for their sustainability, adoptability and acceptability in local ci$es Appropriate financial mechanisms, based on WTP (willingness- to- pay), BPP (beneficiary- pay- principle) and CTP (capacity- to- pay) should be pushed Transparency and proper informa$on drive be promoted to ensure acceptability and support of the people Proper coordina$on among agencies (DOTC, DPWH, MMDA, NEDA, Climate Change Commission, DENR, LGUs, etc.) and civil socie$es (transport organiza$ons, academe, professional organiza$ons, etc.) is encouraged

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