Shuichi KAMATA, Senior Deputy Director, City Planning Division City and Regional Development Bureau,

Transcription

1 The Urban Sector Week 2011 World Bank February 2, 2011 Low Carbon City Development Guidance Shuichi KAMATA, Senior Deputy Director, City Planning Division City and Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism JAPAN 1

2 < Outline > 1. Background of Low Carbon City Development 2. Urban Development Policies against Global Warming 3. Framework of Low Carbon City Development Guidance 2

3 1. (1) Global Warming and Urban Development Activities in Japan <Current status of the global warming and activities of a city> Approximately 50% of the total CO 2 emissions in Japan comes from activities in a city, and transportation sector. Breakdown of CO 2 emissions (FY2009) Industrial process Waste 2% Energy conversion Total Sub total The base year of Kyoto Protocol (share) FY2008 (compared to the base year) Rate of change from the previous fiscal year) FY2009 (compared to the base year) Residential Approximately 50% Commercial and others 4% 7% Indirect emission 14% 9% 34% Indirect Total emission 1,145million 11% tons 19% Indirect Indirect emission emission 5% 1% 20% Transport Industry Energy derive ed emissions Other sources of CO 2 emissions Industrial sector (factory etc.) Transport sector (automobile/ship etc.) Commercial and others (commerce/service/office etc.) Residential sector Energy conversion sector (power plant etc.) Sub total Industrial process Waste (incineration etc.) Leak from fuel (unit: million tons of CO 2 2) Source: Greenhouse gas emissions in FY2009 (preliminary estimates):(ministry of the Environment) 3

4 1. (2) Relationship between urban structure and CO2 emission < Urban structure have a strong correlation with CO2reductoin> Both cities have similar areas and populations. Maebashi City has a sprawling p g low-densityy urban area and a higher g share of p passenger g cars. Therefore, the annual CO2 emission per capita in the transport sector is 40% higher than that of Kochi City s. 40% higher Maebashi city Means of transportation for commuting workers and students at Maebashi city CO2 emissions p per capita p = 1.21 tons Kochi cityy Legend Population (person) 12 hours Type of Traffic volume of railroad automobile (car) Private railroad CO2 emissions per capita = 0.87 tons JR Just by walking Railroad/train Bus School bus or company bus Private car/hired car/taxi Motorcycle Bicycle Others Station Means of transportation for commuting workers and students at Maebashi city Legend 12 hours Type of Traffic volume of railroad Population (person) automobile (car) Just by walking Railroad/train Bus School bus or company bus JR Private car/hired car/taxi Motorcycle Bicycle Others Private railroad Station 1 CO2 emissions per capita above is restricted to passenger transportation sector Source: Environmental white paper in FY2006 4

5 2. (1) Major actions to reduce CO 2 emissions in Japan <Efforts to reduce CO 2 in Japan> December 1997 : Adoption of Kyoto Protocol Japan committed the reduction of 6% April 2005 : Formulation of Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan Positioning of the creation of region/ urban structure and socio economic system that produces less CO 2 March 2008 : Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan Positioning of Low-carbon urban/regional Designs June 2008 : Amendment to the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming Obliged the formulation of Local government action plan to cope with global warming (District measures)(called new action plan hereinafter)(prefectures and specially designated city and beyond) May 2010 : The growth strategy of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism June 2010 : Government s new growth strategy ~Scenario to revive energetic Japan ~ The Low Carbon city Development Guidance was formulated in order to determine detailed actions and set target indicators. 5

6 2. (2) Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan (totally revised on March 28 th 2008) <Formation of low-carbon Urban/Regional structures, and socio-economic systems> ¾Low-carbon Urban/Regional Designs Realization of compact, low-carbon urban structure Promotion of Area-wide Area wide Energy Usage Decarbonization of Urban Areas through improving the thermal environment by urban greening and other heat island countermeasures Restrict the development of a new city in the suburb Area Energy N t Network k which hi h utilizes renewable energy (sewerage heat) Concentrate facilities indispensable for enhancing convenience of everyday life (medical welfare, commercial facilities etc.) Formulation of a green network <Image of an compact city> District scale use of District-scale renewable energy based on the merit of intensification An urban park that contributes to the formulation of a green network Picture: p provided by y Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Sewerage Highly convenient public transport such as LRT LRT network Utilization of the Low Carbon City Development Guidance 6

7 2. (3)Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming Formulation of Action Plan of Local Government (New Action Plan) against Global Warming Local Government (prefectures and designated cities) are obliged to formulate New Action Plan under the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming Action aim to Use natural energy Reduce GHG emission to be taken by enterprises and citizens. Promote public transportation, conserve green area in urban area and promote greenery Reduce wastes and recycle-oriented society. Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming Article 20-3, Item4 Prefectures and designated cities shall consider GHG reduction and coordinate with New Action Plan when they formulate city planning, regional agricultural development plan, and other policies related to global warming, in order to promote global l warming countermeasures. 7

8 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance 8

9 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance - (1) Outline <Purpose and scope of the guidance > Purpose of the guidance Present the following concept and support the efforts of municipalities. (1) Basic concept of the creation of a low-carbon city (2) Methodology and numeric information necessary to understand the effect of policies to create a low-carbon city Scope of the guidance (1) Greenhouse gas covered by the guidance is CO 2,whichis is derived from energy resourced deeply related to an urban structure namely. (2) Cover both tangible and intangible ibl measures in extensive areas of transport/urban structure, energy and greenery, related to city planning that contributes to the reduction of CO 2. 9

10 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance - (1) Outline When to apply the guidance When revising city master plan etc. When formulating Comprehensive Urban Transportation Strategy, urban traffic infrastructure development, redevelopment project and facility development for urban planning. When analyzing impact of measures of creating a low-carbon city. 10

11 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance - (1) Outline <Structure and contents of the guidance> Volume l Chapter 1: What is the Low Carbon City Development Guidance? Chapter 2: Background of the development of a low-carbon city Chapter3: Basic concept of the development of a low-carbon city A. Realize B. Efficient use compact of energy and urban use of structure unused/renewa and traffic measures (Shift from diffusive urban structure to intensive urban structure) ble energies (move away from city activities based on massive energy consumption) C. Conserve green spaces and promote urban greenery (coexist with nature) Chapter 4: For the promotion of the development of a lowcarbon city <setting of target based on the guidance> <(1) Understand challenges and status t of emission/ absorption in a city> <(2) Formulation of measures(draft)> <(3) Estimation of CO 2 emission/absorption> <(4) Set a target> <(5) Application of the result> Reflect to an city planning master plan and/or a city facility planning etc. See volume ll for details See e volume lll for details Review Volume ll A list of policies Transport/urban structure (1) Shift to a compact urban structure (2) Road development (improve traveling speed) (3) Adjust the demand of automobile traffic (traffic demand management) (4) Development of public transportation (5) Promote the use of public transportation Energy (6) Measures to reduce energy load (7) Measures to improve energy efficiency (8) Measures to utilize unused energy (9) Measures to utilize renewable energy Greenery (10) Measures based on city planning master plan/urban planning/ordinance etc. (11) Measures to develop parks and green spaces and promote greenery in urban areas (12) Measures to manage and grow green (13) Green tax/donation system (14) Preservation and proper management of large scaled green areas (15) Utilization of wood-based biomass (16) Heat island countermeasures Volume lll Effective analysis of measures to create a lowcarbon city Transport/urban structure Energy Greenery Volume l Chapter6:Promotion of the development of a low-carbon city based on PDCA cycle PLAN Formulate a master plan etc that reflects the result of a low-carbon city development based on the guidance Action Review of a master plan etc. DO Implement ation of projects etc Check Check and monitor reduction of CO 2 emissions Application of results 11

12 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance - (2) Overall Framework and Concept <Concept and policy for the development of a low-carbon city> Since transformation of an urban structure is highly relevant to lowcarbonization, achieving the transformation to the compact urban structure while addressing are important. A. Realize compact urban structure and transport measures (shift from diffusive urban structure to compact urban structure) Policy 2 Promote measures Policy 1 to address Realize traffic flow compact urban Policy 3 structure Promote the use of public transport B. Efficient use of energy and use of untapped/renewable energies (Move away from city activities dependent on heavy energy consumption) Policy 4 Renovation to energy saving buildings that contributes to low-carbon society Policy 5 Area Energy Network Policy 6 Utilization of unused/renewable energy C. Conservation of green spaces and promotion of greening g of cities (coexistence with nature) Policy 7 Secure carbon sink Policy 8 Promotion of the use of wood-based biomass Policy 9 Improve heat environment with heat island countermeasures Specify land use Compound urban functions Secure biodiversity with greenery Make efficient/ environmentally friendly buildings Improve traffic efficiency/ operation frequency R ealize a lo ow-carbo stru on and co ucture mpact ur rban 12

13 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (3) Policy Menu Land use Urban function s <Plicy Menu : Transport/urban structure,energy,greenery> Menu 1 Transport/urban structure Shift to a compact urban structure Menu 2 Road (improve speed) Menu 3 Greenery Building Traffic/ travel development traveling Adjust the demand of automobile traffic (traffic demand management) Menu 4 Development of public transportation t ti Menu 5 Promote the use of public transportation Menu 6 Energy Measures to reduce energy load Menu 7 Measures to improve energy efficiency Menu 8 Measures to utilize unused energy Menu 9 Greenery Menu 10 Measures based on city planning master plan/city planning/ordinance etc. Intensify Menu 11 Complex Measures to develop parks and green spaces and promote greenery Menu 12 Measures to manage and grow greenery Menu 13 Impose green tax/donation system Menu 14 Conserve and properly manage large green areas Measures to utilize renewable energy Menu 15 Implement of wood-based biomass Menu 16 Heat island countermeasures Nature friendly Efficient Environment friendly Improve efficiency/ operation frequency Realize e low-carbo on compac ct urban str ructure 13

14 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (4) <Transport <traffic and Urban urban Structure structure Measures> 分野の Menu 1> Relationship between the calculation formula of CO 2 emissions in traffic area and the measure CO 2 emissions =traffic volume 2 travel distance(trip length) emission intensity In order to reduce CO2 emission, it is necessary to introduce policies that will change each factor in this formula. 14

15 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (4) Examples <Menu 1:Shift to a compact urban structure> <Transport and Urban Structure Measures(1)> measure Encourage location of residential areas in the vicinity of traffic hub Details of a measure Project to promote locating residential areas along public transport routes in Toyama city <Areas subject to promote relocation of residential areas along public transport lines > Within the radius of about 500m from railroad stations Within the radius of about 300m from bus stops with high operation frequency (around 60 or more per day) District for specified use <Details of assistance> Assistance for the citizen [Project to promote acquisition iti of homes along public transport lines] Provide subsidy of 300,000 yen at the maximum per house Assistance for business operators [Project to promote construction of apartment houses along public transport lines] Provide subsidy of 35million yen at the maximum [Project to assist regional superior houses for rent] <Areas along public transport lines> Yamada Yatsuo Kureha West part of Toyama Fuchu Wago Center of Toyama Southern part of Toyama Osawano Hosoiri Northern part of Toyama East part of Toyama Oyama Mizuhashi Legend Local sphere of life Railroad Railroad track All railroad tracks and bus routes with operation frequency of 60 or more per day out of public transport routes Sphere of 500m within a railroad station Sphere of 300m within a railroad station Specific use zone 15

16 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (4) Examples <An example of menu in traffic/urban <Transport structure and Urban area 5> Structure Measures(2)> <Menu 4: Development of public transportation (1)> LRT measure (Light Rail Transit) Details of a measure BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) Toyama light rail Feeder bus connected to light rail Fujisawa city, Kanagawa prefecture 18m-long, non-step coupled bus, Twin liner 16

17 < エネルギー分野の Menu 1> 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (4) <Energy measures> Relationship between the calculation formula of CO 2 emissions in energy area and the measure CO 2 emissions = Gross floor area energy load of a building per unit area the overall energy efficiency of heat reservoir emission factor by the type of energy 4 directions in energy area In order to reduce CO2 emission, it is necessary to introduce policies that will change each factor in this formula. (1) Reduce energy load of a building (2) Improve energy use efficiency of buildings, a district and a town. (3) Utilize untapped energy as an energy source of a city (4) Utilize renewable energy as an energy source of a city 17

18 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (4) Examples <Energy(1)> <An example of menu in energy area 2> <Menu 8: Measures to utilize unused energy> measure (1) Waste heat of garbage processing plant (2) Untapped energy generated at sewerage facility (3) Energy generated by temperature difference of rivers and oceans Tamino Bridge A plant on the 5 th basement Koraku Ichome district In Tokyo (use of untreated water) Water intake Nakanoshima Kawaguchi Line (Nakanoshima Street) Nakanoshima Daibiru West Hokusei Square (tentative name) Kanden Building Take advantage of two rivers, Old Yodogawa (Dojima River) and Tosabori River for community heat supplying service Old Yodogawa (Dojima River) Details of a measure Tokyo Waterfront Area (waste heat (steam) of garbage incineration) Watanabebashi Station (tentative name) of the Nakanoshima Expressway Supply area River water pipe Supply pipeline Supply plan Tosabori Phase I: Started supply River in January 2005 Drain outlet Phase II: Estimated completion in FY2008 Phase III: Estimated completion in FY2012 Korakuen Koishikawa Tokyo Metro Korakuen station Supply area Major pipeline Gulf Line of the Metropolitan Expressway Tokyo Waterfront Area Rapid Transit Tokyo Dome Tokyo Big Sight JR Suidobashi Station Nakanoshima 3 chome district in Osaka (use of river water) Supply area Major pipeline 18

19 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (4) Examples <Energy(2)> <An example of menu in energy area 3> <Menu 8: Measures to utilize unused energy > measure (4) Energy generated by temperature difference of underground water (5) Waste heat from factories (6) Waste heat from subway/underground shopping malls (7) Cold temperature of ice and snow Details of a measure Takasaki city pumps up groundwater from 120m deep aquifer for heat utilization and return used water to underground with a water return well. Case examples District in front of Hitachi station (rotary kiln waste heat collection for air conditioning and hot-water supply) Case examples West district of South exit of Shinjuku Case examples North exit of Sappolo station Cooling tower Smokestack 1000øx2 cold water pipe Heat collection turbo freezer Heat storage tank DHC plant Steam Cold water Hot water West district of South exit of Shinjuku (use of waste heat from underground) Turbo and brine turbo freezer (Floor area) Steam boiler Absorption freezer Exhaust heat recovery heat pump Heat exchanger Shinjuku station of Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Transportation Oedo Line 19

20 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (4) <Greenery> Relationship between the calculation formula of CO 2 fixation/sink in Greenery area and the measure Effect of CO 2 fixation/sink = + activity volume1 sink coefficient activity volume n sink coefficient n In order to increase CO2 sink, it is necessary to introduce policies that will enhance each factor in this formula. 20

21 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (4) Examples <Greenery> <An example of menu in green area 1> <Effect and image of making low-carbon society> Roles of greenery for the creation of a low-carbon city include; (1) realization of an intensive urban structure, (2) reduction of CO 2 in the atmosphere as a carbon sink, (3) reduction of CO 2 emissions by using wood-based biomass and (4) alleviation of heat island phenomenon by improving surface ground conditions. Effect to alleviate heat island phenomenon Effect of biomass supply Use urban green to supply biomass and further increase low-carbon effect Reuse of trimmed branches, fallen leaves and so on generated by forest maintenance leads to maintain lowcarbon effect. Increase low-carbon effect by increasing green in a city Planting high tree species is more effective for greening because the absorption coefficient is high. Use Plant Fixation and absorption effect Grow Greening of little-used or unused lands Preservation of agricultural lands and wood lands Proper maintenance of urban green etc. leads to enhance low-carbon effect Effect of education for recognition Participation of the citizen Effect of an intensive urban structure Restrict the development that increases CO 2 emissions and increase carbon sinks in a city. Create a low- carbon city based on an intensive urban structure realized together with traffic reform. Image of low-carbon effect of urban greenery 21

22 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (5) Impact Analysis of Measures <traffic urban structure 分野の Menu 1> <Transport and Urban Structure Measures(1)> Relationship between the calculation formula of CO 2 emissions in traffic area and the measure CO 2 emissions =traffic volume travel distance(trip length) emission intensity <Analysis on the effect in the area of transport/urban rban structure re and the selection of method to forecast the effect> 3 methods to forecast the effect in the area of transport/urban structure Method 1 Method 2 Calculation based on person trip survey data Calculation based on census OD survey data Method 3 Calculation of the effect of a special individual measure 22

23 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (5) Impact Analysis of Measures <Transport and Urban Structure Measures(2) - 1> An example of simulation based on the assumption that a bold measure was taken <Precondition for the estimation; Factors of change in 2050> 1) Total population/social structure of urban area in Sendai Estimate population (night, day), employment rate by sex and generation structure 2) Urban structure measure(intensive urban structure) Encourage relocation from the suburbs to near stations and city center Residential population Residential population density A:City center persons/ha B: Hub persons/ha C: Core traffic point 46 60persons/ha D: Outskirts 40 20persons/ha E: Suburbs persons/ha Now Future(2050) Next page 3)-1 Traffic measures contribute to decrease CO 2 (traffic network) Assume improvement of railroad and road 3)-2 Traffic measures contribute to decrease CO 2 (TDM measure) Assume operation frequency of railroad, bus and so on Current traffic network/main TDM measures Railroad Operation frequency > interval of 10 minutes Interval of 5 minutes < operation frequency interval of 10 minutes Operation frequency interval of 5 minutes Station Bus Operation frequency > interval of 10 minutes Interval of 5 minutes < operation frequency interval of 10 minutes Operation frequency interval of 5 minutes Bus Rapid Transit (operation at an interval of 5 minutes) Circle bus in a city (operation at an interval of 5 minutes) Turnpike City planning road/national road/prefectural road Boundary between cities Traffic network in the future/main TDM measures 23

24 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (5) Impact Analysis of Measures < Result of estimation > CO 2 emissions from traffic in an intensive city in 2050 is: (1) Reduced by 24.0% compared to the current level Effect of intensive urban structure :12.0% Effect of population reduction : 7.1% Effect of traffic measures : 4.9% (traffic infrastructure development: 3.8%) Effect of TDM measure : 1.2% Reduced by 18.2% compared with BAU of 2050 <Transport and Urban Structure Measures(2) - 2> 24% reduction 18% reduction 2050 (After the measure) Railroad 111 Bus 281 Automobile Freight car 2,517 4, (Business-As- Usual) Railroad 75 Bus 256 Automobile Freight car 3,654 4, (Current state) Railroad 94 Bus 259 Automobile Freight car 4,077 4, ,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 (t- CO 2 /day) 24

25 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (5) Impact Analysis <エネルギー分野の of Measures Menu 1> <Energy(1) > Relationship between the calculation formula of CO 2 emissions in energy area and the measure CO 2 emissions = Gross floor area energy load of a building per unit area the overall energy efficiency i of heat reservoir emission factor by the type of energy 4 directions in energy area Set 4 directions below in energy area for the creation of a low-carbon city, based on the assumption that floor area ratio improves other factors related to CO 2 emissions. (1) Reduce energy load of a building Lower energy load per unit area by constructing buildings which require smaller amount of heat for cooling/heating (2) Improve energy use efficiency i of buildings, a district i t and a town. Improve the overall energy efficiency of heat reservoir by introducing highly energy efficient facilities (3) Utilize unused energy as an energy source of a city Lower emission factor by the type of energy through replacement of fossil fuel with unused energy (4) Utilize renewable energy as an energy source of a city Lower emission factor by the type of energy through replacement of fossil fuel with renewable energy 25

26 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (5) Impact Analysis of Measures <Energy(2) - 1> An example of estimating the effect of measures in energy area <Assumption for the estimation;factors of change in 2025> Year; 2025 Target Central districts of Metropolitan area (Otemachi, Marunouchi and Yurakucho) Factors of change from the present Floor area CO2 emission factor of electricity <Floor area of the future> Building floor area: (2000) 600ha (2025) 900ha Estimated that a half of floor area remains to be used in 2025 and the other half will be renewed (floor area is doubled), which is 1.5 times larger than the area in 2000 Improvement of CO2 emissions coefficient of power system: (2000) (2025) 0.28 <Assumption of a menu of CO2 reduction measures> Measures to individual buildings 50%(based on floor area)of the existing buildings will be renewed and energy saving performance will improve. District/town-scale t i t/t l measures Area Energy Network Improve cooling efficiency Improvement in the existing DHC performance increases the total efficiency from 0.75 in 2000 to 1.05 in 2025 Connection and network of DHC plants Introduction of a large-scaled cogeneration and sewage heat utilization system District-scale scale rooftop gardening Implement district-scale rooftop gardening of redevelopment buildings based on concentration of heat source equipment (cooling tower) Introduction of renewable energy Set photovoltaic power generator on top of buildings Biogas generated from food waste of surrounding restaurants is used as fuel for DHC plant Heat (steam) from Harumi garbage processing plant is transmitted Used as heat source of DHC plant Develop space to bring in a flow of cold air: Water-retentive 冷気導入空間の整備 : 皇居の冷気の誘導 pavements 路として御幸通り等の保水性舗装 植栽 such as Miyuki Street と沿道建物の集中的な緑化 etc. are used as channels of cold air from the Imperial Palace. Implement greening intensively i by planting trees and gardening at roadside buildings Otemachi Land Readjustment Project 大手町土地区画整理事業 清掃工場排熱の活用 : 晴海清掃工場の蒸 Utilization of waste heat of a garbage 気をパイプラインで搬送し DHC プラ processing plant: Transport ントで都市ガス代替燃料として活用 steam of Harumi garbage processing plant via pipeline for use as alternative fuel of city gas at the DHC plant 下水エネルギーの活用 : 地区内の下水幹 Utilization of sewerage energy: 線 下水ポンプ所の未処理下水を DHC Utilize の冷却水 熱源水として活用 trunk sewer within the district i t and raw sewage at sewage pumping station as cooling water and heat source water of DHC Renewal of the existing District Heating and Cooling: Develop and substantiate DHC center plant/subplant during 既存地域冷暖の更新 construction : 再開発ビルの建設 of に合わせて DHC センタープラント サ redevelopment building ブプラントを整備 拡充 Develop a network of energy エネルギープラントのネットワーク plants: Interchange of excessive 化 : 複数の熱供給区域間でコージェネ余 cogeneration 剰蒸気の融通 steam among multiple heat supply districtsc Harumi garbage 晴海清掃工場 processing plant Legend of the diagram of CO 2 emissions reduction 省 measures CO2 対策図凡例 : Otemachi, 大手町 丸の内 有楽町地区範囲 Marunouchi and Yurakucho district : District 地域冷暖房熱供給範囲 Heating and Cooling supply area :2000 Buildings 年以降建替えビル rebuilt in and after 2000 : Buildings 建替え工事 計画ビル planned to be rebuilt :DHC DHC メインプラント main plant ( 新設 /(new/existing) 既設 ) :DHC DHC サブプラント sub-plant ( 新設 /(new/existing) 既設 ) Next page 26

27 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (5) Impact Analysis of Measures <Energy(2) - 2> <Result of the estimation> Otemachi, Marunouchi and Yurakucho Reduction of 15% compared to the current level Reduction of 40% compared to BAU in 2025 Assume that floor area increases by about 50% by Measures cto reduce CO2 on district-scale 41% of reduction Classification of measures Baseline Content/meas ure Reduction volume Ratio 2025 Increase in floor area BAU System power Emission coefficient measure improvement Measures for Redevelopment individual buildings building Area Energy Network Enhance cooling efficiency Large scaled cogeneration District-scale Redevelopme rooftop gardening nt building etc. Introduction of renewable energy Photovoltaic power generation Food scraps biomass Heat (steam) from Harumi garbage processing plant Total volume of reduction current level (t- CO 2 /year) 15% reduction 40% reduction 27

28 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (5) Impact Analysis of Measures <Greenery(1)> Relationship between the calculation l formula of CO 2 fixation/sink in green area and the measure Effect of CO 2 fixation/sink = + activity volume 1 sink coefficient activity volume n sink coefficient n <Process of effect analysis> (1) Understand the activity volume Select proper unit depending on the type of activities and basic data (the number of tall trees, green area etc.) (2) Selection of an evaluation method Gather/summarize data such as the number of tall trees and green area, necessary for quantitative evaluation (3) Quantitative evaluation Estimate low-carbon effect after multiplying activity volume by sink coefficient (4) Utilization of evaluation result Reflect the estimation result to target setting, progress status management and improvement of measures 28

29 3. Low Carbon City Development Guidance (5) Impact Analysis of Measures <Greenery(2)> An example of estimating effect of measures in green area <Precondition of the estimation> <Result of estimation> With creation + preservation of green area, CO 2 Target Metropolitan fixation/sink amount increases 3 times more than that of area the current level Factors of change from the present ~Calculate CO 2 emissions reduction effect from the following viewpoint~ a. Increase of greenery Set the target of increasing green surface in a city to 30% (9% in Metropolitan area at present), and achieve the coverage of forest up to 50%. Set the target of turning 50% of lands possibly abandoned of cultivation in the suburbs (suburban development area, coordination area) to wood lands ( about 18,000ha in Metropolitan area at present) Areas of potential CO 2 absorption t-co2 1,000, , , , ,000 0 Creation of green areas in a city Development of wood land Increase absorption through proper maintenance Forest management (Present level) Current state Preservation Creation Utilization 3 times more than the present Indirect effect Areas where CO 2 emissions reduction can be expected ( utilization of green area) Use biomass generated by proper b. Preservation of management of wood land as wood-based green area pellet and bioethanol. Enhance function as carbon sink by Reduce cooling load with rooftop properly managing wood land in the gardening suburbs Indirect effect utilization etc. of green area 29

30 Thank you very much for your kind attention.