International Bioenergy & Bioproducts Conference DOE Biomass Program. Valri Lightner, Deployment Team Lead

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1 International Bioenergy & Bioproducts Conference DOE Biomass Program Valri Lightner, Deployment Team Lead October 14, 2009

2 2009 Program Priorities Science & Discovery Connecting basic and applied bioscience Conducting breakthrough R&D: Advances in enzymes and catalysis Engineering of new microorganisms Novel sustainability indicators Clean, Secure Energy Developing & demonstrating cellulosic and advanced biofuels to meet RFS Economic Prosperity Creating 50 to 75 jobs per new biorefinery Creating major new energy crop markets Reinvigorating rural economies Climate Change Reducing GHG emissions by up to 90% with advanced biofuels (relative to gasoline)

3 Where We Are Going Our Goal: 36 billion gallons/year of biofuels by 2022 Our path forward: Integrated programs R&D to solve technical barriers Applied research for short- and mid-term impact Fundamental research for longer-term impact Cost-shared programs with industry to reduce risk Sustainability is highly important in all aspects of our work

4 EISA Mandated Production Targets Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) in the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 EPAct BGY cap on conventional (starch) biofuel Advanced Biofuels (include cellulosic biofuels other than starch-based ethanol) Production Targets (Billions of Gallons) Ethanol & Biodiesel Conventional (Starch) Biofuel Biodiesel Cellulosic Biofuels Other Advanced Biofuels EISA defines Cellulosic Biofuel as renewable fuel derived from any cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin that is derived from renewable biomass and that has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions that are at least 60 percent less than baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions. EISA defines Advanced Biofuel as renewable fuel, other than ethanol derived from corn starch, that has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions that are at least 50 percent less than baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions. 4

5 Why Additional Advanced Biofuels? Petroleum Jet Fuel Fraction Diesel Fraction Gasoline Fraction U.S. Diesel Outlook (EIA AEO 2009 Reference Case for 2030) 75 billion gal/yr 0.5 billion gal/yr biodiesel production (2007) U.S. Jet Fuel Outlook (EIA AEO 2009 Reference Case for 2030) 31 billion gal/yr Cellulosic Ethanol displaces light duty gasoline fraction only. Need heavy duty/diesel substitutes to displace entire barrel. Where Does My Gasoline Come From? Energy Information Administration DOE/EIA-X059 April 2008 Annual Energy Outlook 2009, March 2009, DOE/EIA-0383(2009) 5

6 Three Bioenergy Research Centers (BRCs) Joint BioEnergy Institute (LBNL) Bioenergy Science Center (ORNL) Great Lakes BioEnergy Research Center (Univ. of WI) Targeting breakthroughs in biofuel technology to make abundant, affordable, low-carbon biofuels a reality Already yielding results, such as: Bioengineering of yeasts that can produce gasolinelike fuels Developing improved ways to generate simple sugars from grasses and waste

7 Biomass Program Objectives and Goals Make biofuels cost competitive with petroleum based on a modeled cost for mature technology at the refinery gate Forecast to be 1.76/gal ethanol equivalent by 2012 and $2.62/gal gasoline equivalent by 2017 Research & Development Help create an environment conducive to maximizing production and use of biofuels, 21 billion gallons of advanced biofuels per year by 2022 (EISA) (14 billion gge) Demonstration & Deployment Feedstock Systems Sustainable regional biomass resources: 130 million dry tons/yr by 2012 Improved logistics systems: $50/dry ton herbaceous by 2012 Conversion Technologies Biochemical Cost of converting feedstocks to ethanol: $0.92/gal by 2012 Thermochemical Cost of converting woody feedstocks to ethanol: $0.86/gal by 2012 Cost of converting woody feedstock to hydrocarbon fuels: $1.50/gal gasoline equivalent by 2017 Integrated Biorefineries Validate integrated process technologies 4 commercial scale 8 demonstration scale Up to 20 pilot or demonstration scale Infrastructure Testing of E15 & E20 and develop biofuels distribution infrastructure Sustainability & Analysis GHG emissions Water quality Increase understanding of and impacts on: Land use Socioeconomics Predictive Modeling International

8 Exploring Routes to Convert Biomass Feedstock Production & Logistics Energy crops Forest Residue Agricultural wastes Algae Integrated Biorefineries Biochemical Conversion Pretreatment & Conditioning Enzymatic Sugars Hydrolysis Enzyme Production Thermochemical Conversion Upgrading Fast Liquid Zeolite Cracking Pyrolysis Bio-oil Hydrogenolysis Gasification Lipid (Oil) Extraction Syngas Algal Oil Distillation Fermentation By-Products Wastes/Residue Fischer Tropsch Alcohol Synthesis Transesterification Fractionation R E F I N I N G DDGS Lignin (for power) Ethanol Butanol Olefins Gasoline Diesel Others Research on multiple conversion pathways aims to improve the efficiency and economics of biofuels production.

9 Biochemical Conversion/Enzymatic Hydrolysis Cost of ethanol production, $/gallon Feed Processing & Handling Reduction of sugar loss 13% (2005) to 1% (2012) Enzyme Production Minor sugars fermented (40%) Minimum Conversion Processing Cost of Ethanol Production, $/gallon Ethanol ( 2007$) $2.00 $1.50 $1.00 $0.50 $ State of Technology Status Pretreatment Xylan to Xylose76% (2005) to 85% (2012) State of Technology Status Conditioning Projection 2012 Projection Projection Product Recovery Ethanol Cofermentation Enzymatic Hydrolysis Of C5 & C6 Sugars Residue By Minimum Ethanol Processing Selling Price ($/gge) Products$3.58 Hybrid Saccharification & Fermentation - HSF $2.22 Prehydrolysis/ treatment Enzymes Saccharification & Fermentation Distillation & Solids Recovery Balance of Plant * Conversion costs represented in the figure above are based on conversion of corn stover and equate to an Minimum Ethanol Selling Price $1.49 in Feedstock Contribution ($/gge) $1.12 $0.86 Conversion Contribution ($/gge) $2.42 $1.37 Yield (Gallon/dry ton) 78% 90% Technical Projections Feedstock Feedstock Cost ($/dry ton) $57.50 $ Pretreatment Solids Loading (wt%) 30% 30% Xylan to Xylose 80% 90% Xylan to Degradation Products 8% 5% Conditioning Ammonia Loading (ml of 30wt% per L hydrolyzate) 50 25% Hydrolyzate solid-liquid separation yes no Xylose Sugar Loss 2% 1% Glucose Sugar Loss 1% 0% Enzymes Enzyme Contribution ($/gal EtOH) $0.52 $0.18 Saccharification & Fermentation Toal Solids Loading (wt%) 20% 20% Combined Saccharification & Fermentation Time (d) 7 3 Corn Steep Liquor Loading (wt%) 1% 25% Overall Cellulose to Ethanol 85% 85% Xylose to Ethanol 80% 85% Minor Sugars to Ethanol 40% 85%

10 Thermochemical Conversion/Gasification Cost of ethanol production, $/gallon Feed Processing & Handling Benzene Conversion 70% (2005) to 99% (2012) CO Conversion 40% (2005) to 50% (2012) Products Gasification Indirect Gas Cleanup High Temp Separation Gas Conditioning Collection/ Fractionation Fuel Synthesis Heat & Upgrading Power Minimum Ethanol Selling Price ($/gge) $3.42 $2.38 Conversion Contribution ($/gge) $1.98 $1.30 Minim um Conversion Processing Cost of Ethanol, $/g allon ethanol ( 2007$s) $2.00 $1.50 $1.00 $0.50 $- $(0.50) State of Status Technology State of Status Technology 2009 Projection Projection 2009 Projection Projection Feed Handling and Drying Gasification SynGas Cleanup & Conditioning Fuels Synthesis Product Recovery and Purification Balance of Plant Ethanol Yield (gal EtOH/dry ton) Mixed Alcohol Yield Technical Projections Feedstock Feedstock Cost ($/dry ton) $58.20 $50.70 Gasification Raw Syngas Yield (lb/lb dry feed) Raw Syngas Methane (dry basis) 15% 15% Gasifier Efficiency (LHV) 76.1% 76.1% Synthesis Gas Clean-up & Conditioning Tar Reformer (TR) Exit CH 4 (dry basis) (mole %) 3% 1% TR Light CH 4 Conversion (%) 50% 80% TR Benzene Conversion (%) 90% 99% TR Heavy HC/Tar Conversion (%) 97% 99% Sulfur Level in Clean Gas (as H 2 S) (ppmv) Fuels Synthesis Pressure (psia) Single Pass CO Conversion (%CO) 40.0% 50% Overall CO Conversion (%CO) 40.0% 50% Selectivity to Alcohols (%C)) 80.0% 80.0% * Conversion costs represented in the figure above are based on conversion of woody feedstocks and equate to an Minimum Ethanol Selling Price $1.59 in 2012.

11 Key Recent Accomplishments and Deliverables EPACT Section 932 Commercial-Scale Biorefineries DOE investments in cellulosic biofuels will accelerate commercialization and help create a biofuels market based on non-food feedstocks. Performers Feedstock Type Conversion Technology Fuel Type Status Poet Emmetsburg, IA Corn Cob Corn Fiber Biochemical Ethanol Phase 2 TIA Award issued, engineering and construction in progress. Range Fuels Soperton, GA Woody Waste Gasification + Mixed Alcohol synthesis Mixed alcohols Phase 2 TIA Award issued, engineering and construction in progress. Abengoa Hugoton, KS Agricultural Residue Biochemical Ethanol Phase 1 Award for engineering design and environmental permitting NEPA EIS process initiated. Bluefire Fulton, MS Sorted MSW Biochemical- Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis Ethanol Phase 1 Award for engineering design and environmental permitting.

12 Key Recent Accomplishments and Deliverables Demonstration-Scale Biorefineries Performers Feedstock Type Conversion Technology Fuel Type Alltech-Envirofine Washington County, KY Corn Cobs, Corn Fiber Biochemical-Solid State Fermentation Ethanol Lignol Innovations Grand Junction, CO Woody Biomass Biochemical-Organisolve Ethanol Mascoma Upper Peninsula, MI Woody Biomass Biochemical Ethanol NewPage Wisconsin Rapids, WI Woody Biomass - Mill Residue Thermochemical- Fischer-Tropsch Fischer-Tropsch liquids Pacific Ethanol Boardman, OR Wheat Straw, Stover, Poplar Residuals Biochemical-Biogasol Ethanol RSA Old Town, ME Woody Biomass - Mill residues Biochemical-Pentose Extraction To be determined Verenium Biofuels Corp. Jennings, LA Energy Cane and Bagasse Biochemical Process Ethanol Flambeau River Biofuels LLC Park Falls, WI Forest residues and wood waste Thermochem to Fischer- Tropsch Fischer-Tropsch liquids

13 DOE Loan Guarantee Program Program Objectives Issue loan guarantees to eligible projects that: Avoid, reduce, or sequester anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases or air pollutants Employ new or significantly improved technologies as compared to commercial technologies in service Can be deployed commercially Beyond the R&D, development, pilot, and demonstration stages Provide a reasonable prospect for repayment 13

14 Biomass Program Budgets, FY05-10 $250 $200 $150 Integration of Biorefinery Technologies Products Development Biochemical Platform R&D Thermochemical Platform R&D Feedstock Infrastructure Millions $800 $700 $600 $500 $400 $300 $200 $100 $100 $0 FY10 ARRA $50 $0 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY2010

15 Recovery Act Funding and Initiatives Biomass R&D and Demonstration Projects - $800 Million in Funding $480M Pilot and Demonstration-Scale Biorefineries Validate technologies for integrated production of advanced biofuels, products, and power to enable financing and replication. 10 to 20 awards for refineries to be operational within 3 years: Up to $25M for each pilot-scale project Up to $50M for each demonstration-scale project $176.5M Commercial-Scale Biorefineries Increase in funding for prior awards; two or more projects Expedite construction; accelerate commissioning and start-up $110M Fundamental Research $20M: Integrated Process Development Unit $5M: Sustainability research with the Office of Science $35M: Advanced Biofuels Technology Consortium $50M: Algal Biofuels Consortium to accelerate demonstration $20M Ethanol Infrastructure Research Optimize flex-fuel vehicles operating on E85 Evaluate impacts of intermediate blends on conventional vehicles Upgrade existing infrastructure for compatibility with E85 $13.5M NREL Integrated Biorefinery Research Facility: expand the pretreatment capacity

16 DOE Biofuels Sustainability Research Priorities Biomass R&D Board Interagency Sustainability Working Group - Engaged in U.S. Government partnership to identify biofuels sustainability indicators Indirect Land Use - Developing models to help study international land use impact of domestic biofuels production and mandates Climate Change - Conduct life cycle analysis (LCA) of biofuels production and use through a wide range of existing and future production pathways Water - Conducting LCA of water demand for biofuel production (compares corn ethanol, sugarcane ethanol, and competing petroleum fuels) Biodiversity Study impact of biofuels industry growth on biodiversity and sensitive ecosystems GIS Tools - Developing GIS tools to analyze current and future U.S. feedstocks, infrastructure availability, and economic and environmental sustainability Addressing sustainability challenges is critical to industry growth.

17 Information Resources Office of Biomass Program, Valri Lightner Web Site: EERE Info Center - www1.eere.energy.gov/informationcenter Alternative Fuels Data Center - Bioenergy Feedstock Information Network - Biomass R&D Initiative Grant Solicitations - Office of Science - Loan Guarantee Program Office -