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1 From marine terrestrial interactions to the warm blob : integrating land-oceanatmospheric research in a coastal observatory framework Brian Hunt, Jennifer Burt, Wiley Evans, William Floyd, Ian Giesbrecht, Alexander Hare, Margot Hessing-Lewis, Jennifer Jackson, Colleen Kellogg, Kira Krumhansl, Allison Oliver, Suzanne Tank
2 Photo: Grant Callegari
3 HAKAI INSTITUTE GUIDING PRINCIPLES Long Term Ecological Research Place Based Integration Across Disciplines Ecology that Includes Human Activity Local Analysis -> Regional Insights -> Policy
4 BRITISH COLUMBIA COASTAL OBSERVATORIES
5 TWO PRIMARY OBSERVATORIES Calvert Island Operational since 2012 Quadra Island Operational since 2014
6 OCEANOGRAPHIC CONTEXT Monthly upwelling index Data source:
7 The Coastal Margin: It s where the Pacific Ocean meets the Coastal Temperate Rainforest.
8 CLIMATE / OCEAN DRIVERS, RESEARCH AXES & CROSSCUTTING THEMES Coastal Watersheds ATMOSPHERE Estuaries & Nearshore Coastal Ocean Biogeochemistry / Coastal Carbon Dynamics Microbial Ecology / Genomics Salmon Deep Time Geospatial / Ecosystem Mapping Sensor Networks Big Data & Modeling PACIFIC OCEAN
9 ROUTINE FIELD OBSERVATIONS WATERSHEDS Dedicated field teams High frequency Year round COASTAL OCEANS NEARSHORE & ESTUARIES
10 AUTONOMOUS SENSOR NETWORK FISHERIES & OCEANS CANADA MOORING Calvert Island: 16 meteorological stations 14 stream sensor nodes - depth, T o C, conductivity, fdom, pco2. 3 terrestrial sensor nodes
11 Calvert Island Observatory
12 1. MARINE-TERRESTRIAL INTERACTIONS
13 FRESHWATER & OCEAN PHYSICS Water column salinity profiles & freshwater discharge
14 GLOBALLY SIGNIFICANT DOC YIELD DOC yield Carbon (kg C km -2 yr -1 ) > NEWS2 model (Mayorga et al. 2010, Beusen et al. 2009) Global Average ~5,890 kg C km -2 yr -1
15 GLOBALLY SIGNIFICANT DOC YIELD DOC yield Calvert Island watersheds, areal yield = 32,800 kg DOC km -2 yr -1 Carbon (kg C km -2 yr -1 ) > (Oliver et al. in prep) NEWS2 model (Mayorga et al. 2010, Beusen et al. 2009) Global Average ~5,890 kg C km -2 yr -1
16 TERRESTRIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE FOOD-WEB
17 UPTAKE OF TERRESTRIAL CARBON BY PLANKTON Zooplankton ( μm) δ 13 C
18 Marine contribution to Kwakshua carbon pool Annual average phytoplankton biomass of 34 tons C.km -2 Total area = 38.5 km 2 Annual average phytoplankton carbon production ~ 500 tons C.km -2.yr -1 Map: Luba Reshitnyk
19 SUMMARY: MARINE-TERRESTRIAL INTERACTIONS A key area of research in the Pacific Temperate Rainforest Domain Ongoing measurement of key variables required: Freshwater discharge DOC load Biochemical tracers Process studies Pathways of terrestrial material into the marine food-web Response of marine-terrestrial to changing climate
20 2. THE WARM BLOB Blob onshore in October / 15 winter ~ 2 o C warmer than 2013 /14
21 FRESHWATER & OCEAN PHYSICS Water column Temperature profiles & freshwater discharge High freshwater input during winter 2014/2015
22 RESPONSE: FOOD-WEB BASE Nutrients (5m) Decreased winter renewal in 2014/2015 Phytoplankton Biomass (5m) Decreased biomass in 2015 & 2016
23 RESPONSE: PHYTOPLANKTON SIZE STRUCTURE Reduced microphyotplankton in Fall bloom dominated by nano and pico size classes
24 RESPONSE: MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES Water temperature & inorganic nutrients explain 60% of the variability in the microbial community composition in Kwakshua Channel
25 RESPONSE: MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES Relative abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (Thaumarchaeota) in Fitz Hugh Sound in summer and fall of 2013 (dark blue) and 2014 (light blue).
26 RESPONSE: MACROPHYTES Macrocystis Perennial algae
27 SUMMARY OF WARM BLOB IMPACTS Central Coast conditions in 2015 dominated by the warm Blob impact Temperature Salinity Winter nutrient renewal Phytoplankton biomass (diatoms) Dominance of small phytoplankton size classes Zooplankton biomass Zooplankton grazing impact - top-down control Shift in Fall microbial community Macrophyte biomass
28 Integrated observatory platforms offer a new level of understanding of ecosystem function, establishing connections between adjacent systems and organisms, and identifying mechanisms behind response to perturbation.
29 Extra slides
30 CENTRAL COAST
31 ROUTINE FIELD OBSERVATIONS Nutrients Oxygen Stable isotopes pco2, TCO2 Phytoplankton Bacteria & Viruses Sensor Network Temperature Salinity Turbidity PAR Fluorescence Zooplankton Larval fish
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