Soil Quality Evaluation Using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) in Brazilian Oxisols with Contrasting Texture

Transcription

1 University of Nersk - Lincoln DigitlCommons@University of Nersk - Lincoln Pulictions from USDA-ARS / UNL Fculty U.S. Deprtment of Agriculture: Agriculturl Reserch Service, Lincoln, Nersk 2016 Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework (SMAF) in Brzilin Oxisols with Contrsting Texture Murício R. Cheruin University of São Pulo, cheruin@usp.r Cássio A. Tormen Stte University of Mringá Dougls Krlen USDA-ARS, doug.krlen@rs.usd.gov Follow this nd dditionl works t: Cheruin, Murício R.; Tormen, Cássio A.; nd Krlen, Dougls, "Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework (SMAF) in Brzilin Oxisols with Contrsting Texture" (2016). Pulictions from USDA-ARS / UNL Fculty This Article is rought to you for free nd open ccess y the U.S. Deprtment of Agriculture: Agriculturl Reserch Service, Lincoln, Nersk t DigitlCommons@University of Nersk - Lincoln. It hs een ccepted for inclusion in Pulictions from USDA-ARS / UNL Fculty y n uthorized dministrtor of DigitlCommons@University of Nersk - Lincoln.

2 Rev Brs Cienc Solo 2017;41:e Article Division Soil Use nd Mngement Commission Soil nd Wter Mngement nd Conservtion Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework (SMAF) in Brzilin Oxisols with Contrsting Texture Murício Roerto Cheruin (1)*, Cássio Antônio Tormen (2) nd Dougls L. Krlen (3) (1) Universidde de São Pulo, Centro de Energi Nucler n Agricultur. Pircic, São Pulo, Brsil. (2) Universidde Estdul de Mringá, Deprtmento de Agronomi, Mringá, Prná, Brsil. (3) United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture/Agriculturl Reserch Service, Ntionl Lortory for Agriculture nd the Environment, Ames, Iow, United Sttes of Americ. * Corresponding uthor: E-mil: cheruin@usp.r Received: April 2, 2016 Approved: Septemer 12, 2016 How to cite: Cheruin MR, Tormen CA, Krlen DL. Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework (SMAF) in Brzilin Oxisols with Contrsting Texture. Rev Brs Cienc Solo. 2017;41:e Copyright: This is n open-ccess rticle distriuted under the terms of the Cretive Commons Attriution License, which permits unrestricted use, distriution, nd reproduction in ny medium, provided tht the originl uthor nd source re credited. ABSTRACT: The Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework (SMAF) ws developed in the U.S.A. nd hs een used s tool for ssessing nd quntifying chnges in soil qulity/helth (SQ) induced y lnd uses nd griculturl prctices in tht region nd elsewhere throughout the world. An initil study using SMAF in Brzil ws recently pulished, ut dditionl reserch for vriety of soils nd mngement systems is still needed. Our ojective ws to use dt from five studies in southern Brzil to evlute the potentil of SMAF for ssessing diverse lnd-use nd mngement prctices on SQ. The studies exmined were: (i) horizontl nd verticl distriution of soil properties in long-term ornge orchrd; (ii) impcts of long-term lnd-use chnge from ntive vegettion to griculturl crops on soil properties; (iii) effects of short-term tillge on soil properties in cssv production re; (iv) chnges in soil properties due to minerl fertilizer nd pig slurry ppliction coupled with soil tillge prctices; nd (v) row nd inter-row sowing effects on soil properties in long-term no-tillge re. The soils were clssified s Oxisols, with cly content rnging from 180 to 800 g kg -1. Six SQ indictors [ph(h 2 O), P, K, ulk density, orgnic C, nd microil iomss] were individully scored using SMAF curves nd integrted into n overll Soil Qulity Index (SQI) focusing on chemicl, physicl, nd iologicl sectors. The SMAF ws sensitive for detecting SQ chnges induced y different lnd uses nd mngement prctices within this wide texturl rnge of Brzilin Oxisols. The SMAF scoring curve lgorithms properly trnsformed the indictor vlues expressed in different units into unitless scores rnging from 0-1, thus enling the individul indictors to e comined into n overll index for evluting lnd-use nd mngement effects on soil functions. Soil sector scores (i.e., chemicl, physicl, nd iologicl) identify the principl soil limittions nd cn therefore e used to estlish priorities for specific mngement ctions. The SMAF cn e used s tool for ssessing SQ in Brzilin soils, thus helping frmers, lnd mngers, nd politicins mke etter decisions regrding sustinle lnd-use nd mngement prctices. Keywords: soil qulity index, soil functions, soil indictors, soil use nd mngement. DOI: / rcs

3 Cheruin et l. Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework... INTRODUCTION Incresing demnd for food, feed, fier, nd fuel hs ccelerted worldwide griculturl expnsion (Foley et l., 2005) nd consequently hs incresed pressure on nturl resources, specificlly the soil. The environmentl impcts of griculture include those cused y expnsion (i.e., when croplnds nd pstures extend into new res, replcing nturl ecosystems) nd those cused y intensifiction (i.e., when existing lnds re mnged to e more productive, often using irrigtion, fertilizers, iocides, nd hevy mechniztion) (Foley et l., 2011). Assessing nd monitoring chnges in soil qulity/helth (SQ) induced y these lnd-use nd mngement prctices is, therefore, essentil to help identify strtegies with less environmentl impct in order to chieve more sustinle griculturl systems (Cheruin et l., 2015). Soil qulity is the cpcity of specific soil resource to perform vriety of criticl functions (Krlen et l., 1997). It is complex functionl concept tht cnnot e mesured directly in the field or lortory, ut it cn e inferred y soil properties nd processes sensitive to lnd use nd mngement, denominted soil qulity indictors (Crdoso et l., 2013; Zornoz et l., 2015). Although mny SQ ssessment strtegies hve een tested (Andrews et l., 2002, 2004; Mukherjee nd Ll, 2014; De Pul Ode nd Ll, 2016), there is no comprehensive, universlly greed-upon strtegy for evluting either nturl or nthropogenic ecosystems. Currently, however, one of the most promising pproches is the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework (SMAF) descried y Andrews et l. (2004). The SMAF ws initilly developed for North Americn soils (Andrews et l., 2004). The ssessment protocol is sed on three steps: (i) indictor selection (chemicl, physicl, nd iologicl); (ii) indictor interprettion (non-liner scoring curves); nd (iii) integrtion into n overll SQ index (SQI). The overll SMAF SQI is expressed s frction or percentge of full performnce of soil functions such s crop productivity, nutrient cycling, or environmentl protection (Andrews et l., 2004). The current version of SMAF hs scoring curves or interprettion lgorithms for 13 indictors. Collectively, they reflect vriety of chemicl properties [potentil of hydrogen (ph), electricl conductivity (EC), sodium dsorption rtio (SAR), nd extrctle phosphorus (P) nd potssium (K)]; physicl properties [ulk density (BD), wter stle ggregtes (WSA), ville wter cpcity (AWC), nd wter-filled pore spce (WFPS)]; nd iologicl properties [soil orgnic cron (SOC), microil iomss cron (MBC), potentilly minerlizle N (PMN), nd β-glucosidse ctivity (BG)] (Andrews et l., 2004; Wienhold et l., 2009; Stott et l., 2010). These scoring curves were developed nd vlidted using dtsets primrily from the U.S.A, Cnd, nd Mexico, lthough the WFPS curve lso included dt from Chin, nd the BG curve included dt from Brzil, Argentin, nd Itly. Ech scoring curve lso ccounts for site-specific fctors (i.e., climte nd/or inherent soil properties), nlyticl methodologies, nd time of smpling, which cn ffect mesured vlues nd therefore the score ssocited with ech indictor (Andrews et l., 2004; Wienhold et l., 2009; Stott et l., 2010). Since pulic relese of SMAF in 2004, it hs een rodly used in the U.S.A. for ssessing SQ chnges in nturl ecosystems nd groecosystems on vriety of scles rnging from evlutions within experimentl fields (plots) to regionl evlutions (Andrews et l., 2004; Wienhold et l., 2006; Krlen et l., 2014). The SMAF hs lso een successfully used in severl other countries round the world [e.g., South Afric (Swnepoel et l., 2015), Ethiopi (Gelw et l., 2015), Nepl (Klu et l., 2015)]. The first SMAF ppliction to Brzilin tropicl soils ws conducted y Cheruin et l. (2016), who verified tht SMAF ws effective for ssessing SQ chnges due to lnd-use chnge (LUC) for sugrcne expnsion in the centrl-southern region. However, the effectiveness of SMAF in ssessing other lnd uses nd mngement prctices under Brzilin tropicl nd sutropicl soils remins unexplored. Rev Brs Cienc Solo 2017;41:e

4 Cheruin et l. Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework... We hypothesized tht SQ chnges induced y different lnd-use nd mngement prctices could e efficiently nd effectively detected y the SMAF in Brzilin sutropicl Oxisols. The ojective of this study ws to use dtsets from five studies previously crried out in southern Brzil under Oxisols with contrsting textures to evlute SQ chnges induced y lnd-use nd mngement prctices using the SMAF. Study sites MATERIALS AND METHODS Dt for this evlution of the SMAF ws otined from five previous studies crried out in southern Brzil under wide rnge of soil texture conditions nd lnd-use nd mngement prctices. A rief description of ech is given elow: 1. n on-frm study crried out in Alto Prná, PR (Lt. 23 o 05 S, Long. 52 o 26 W), climte type Cf (humid sutropicl) on n Oxisol [Ltossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, Sntos et l., 2013) with 180 g kg -1 cly content (sndy lom). Soil smpling ws crried out in 7-yr-old ornge orchrd tht hd trees spced t m. Undistured nd distured soil smples for the nd m lyers were collected t 24 points selected within the row (in-row), under the projection of the tree cnopy, nd etween the row (inter-row) positions. This two-depth y threeposition y 24-site smpling scheme provided 144 smples for soil physicl nd chemicl nlyses, including SOC. Additionl informtion out the originl study is ville in Fidlski et l. (2007); 2. n on-frm study crried out in Mringá, PR (Lt. 23 o 21 S, Long. 52 o 03 W), which included n undistured ntive vegettion re (sesonl semi-deciduous forest, Atlntic Forest iome) nd n djcent long-term griculturl re (pprox. 20 yers). The griculturl re hd een mnged under conventionl tillge (plowing nd disking), lternting with minimum tillge (chiseling), nd primrily cropped with corn (Ze mys L.), soyen [Glycine mx (L.) Merr.], sorghum (Sorghum icolor L.), ot (Aven stiv L.), nd cssv (Mnihot esculent). The soil ws clssified s n Oxisol (Ltossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, Sntos et l., 2013) with 230 g kg -1 cly (sndy cly lom), nd the climte type is Cf. For ech lnd use, 24 smpling points were selected t rndom. Undistured nd distured soil smples were collected t ech point from the m lyer. More informtion out these res is ville in Arújo et l. (2004); 3. n experiment locted in Arrun, PR (Lt. 23 o 54 S, Long. 52 o 30 W), which hs climte type Cf (mesotherml) nd soil clssified s n Oxisol (Ltossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, Sntos et l., 2013) with 310 g kg -1 cly content (sndy cly lom). This experiment tested the effects of conventionl tillge (moldord plowing nd disking), minimum tillge (chiseling plus disking), nd no-tillge systems on soil properties under cssv production. Soil smplings were crried out once during the yer of setting up the experiment. The experimentl design ws rndomized locks with eight replictions. Undistured nd distured soil smples were collected from the nd m lyers within ech lock. Additionl informtion out this experiment cn e found in Tormen et l. (2004) nd Cvlieri et l. (2006); 4. n experiment locted in Tquruçu do Sul, RS (Lt. 27 o 28 S, Long. 53 o 26 W) with climte type Cf nd soil clssified s n Oxisol (Ltossolo Vermelho Aluminoférrico típico, Sntos et l., 2013) with 450 g kg -1 cly content (cly). It included two fertiliztion strtegies [pig slurry (80 m -3 h -1 ) nd minerl fertilizer (NPK)] with three tillge prctices (no-tillge, minimum tillge, nd chisel plowing). The experimentl design ws rndomized locks, with four replictions. Tillge ws performed once yer efore winter cropping, nd pig slurry ws pplied twice yer, efore summer nd winter cropping. Minerl fertilizer (NPK) pplictions were mde to summer crops, following the recommendtions Rev Brs Cienc Solo 2017;41:e

5 Cheruin et l. Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework... of CQFSRS/SC (2004). The cropping system included two yers of succession with corn nd lck ot (Aven strigos Schre) nd one yer with soyen nd whet (Triticum estivum L.). Pinto et l. (2014) nd Cheruin et l. (2015) provided detiled description of soil nd pig slurry properties nd mngement prctices. Soil smpling ws crried out three yers fter setting up the experiment. Undistured nd distured soil smples were collected within ech lock from the m lyer. In ddition, ntive vegettion re (sesonl semi-deciduous forest, Atlntic Forest iome) locted close to the experiment ws smpled s reference for soil qulity; nd 5. n on-frm study crried out in Mringá, PR (Lt. 23 o 30 S, Long. 51 o 59 W) with climte type Cf nd soil clssified s n Oxisol (Ltossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, Sntos et l., 2013) with 800 g kg -1 cly content (cly). The study ws crried out within long-term (35 yer) no-tillge griculturl re, primrily cropped with soyen (first seson) nd corn (second seson). A trnsect of pproximtely 72 m ws estlished perpendiculr to the corn rows, long which 80 smpling positions were selected: 40 in-row nd 40 inter-row positions. Seeding ws performed using seeder/fertilizer with front cutting discs nd prolic tines t cutting ngle of 20, rod thickness of out 30 mm, nd penetrtion depth from 0.10 to 0.12 m. Undistured nd distured soil smples were collected within ech smpling position from the nd m lyers, just fter corn hrvest. Further detils out soil mngement nd the experimentl design re ville in Moreir et l. (2016). Lortoril nlyses Distured soil smples were nlyzed for: ph in wter, P, K, nd soil orgnic cron (SOC) ccording to methods descried y Clessen (1997). In ddition, ut only for experiment IV, microil iomss cron (MBC) ws determined s descried y Reis Junior nd Mendes (2007). Undistured soil smples were used to determine ulk density (BD), which ws clculted y dividing the dry mtter of soil y cylinder volume (100 cm -3 ), s descried y Clessen (1997). Soil qulity ssessment The SMAF ws used to evlute lnd-use nd mngement effects on SQ. Five soil indictors [ph(h 2 O), P, K, BD, nd SOC] were used for experiments I, II, III, nd V, nd six [ph(h 2 O), P, K, BD, SOC, nd MBC] for experiment IV. This pproch ws consistent with the generl SMAF guidelines, which recommend using minimum of five indictors, provided t lest one ech represents soil chemicl, physicl, nd iologicl properties nd processes (Krlen et l., 2008). The first three (ph, P, nd K) re chemicl indictors, which re rodly used to investigte soil cidity nd nutrient vilility nd to guide soil fertility mngement. Bulk density is closely ssocited with severl key soil physicl properties nd processes, such s soil ertion, wter dynmic, nd mechnicl resistnce to root growth. Soil orgnic cron nd MBC were used s iologicl indictors. Soil orgnic cron plys crucil role in multiple soil processes, including nutrient cycling nd storge, structuring of soil, nd providing food source for edphic orgnisms. Microil iomss cron is the primry indictor of microiologicl ctivity of the soils. The importnce of ech indictor for soil functionlity is consistently reported in the literture (Andrews et l., 2004; Crdoso et l., 2013; Zornoz et l., 2015). Furthermore, these indictors re consistent with those recommended y Dorn nd Prkin (1994), who stted tht selected SQ indictors should correlte well with ecosystem processes, integrte soil properties nd processes, e ccessile to mny users nd sensitive to mngement nd climte, nd, whenever possile, e components of existing dtses. Soil indictors were scored y trnsforming mesured vlues into 0-1 vlues using lgorithms on n Excel spredsheet. The scoring curves tht were developed for ech potentil indictor were sed on soil txonomy, texture, typicl temperture nd rinfll regimes for the smpling re, minerlogy, slope, seson when smples were collected, dominnt Rev Brs Cienc Solo 2017;41:e

6 Cheruin et l. Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework... crop, nd selected nlyticl methods for P nlysis, s previously pulished (Andrews et l., 2004; Wienhold et l., 2009). The orgnic mtter clss fctor (sed on soil clssifiction nd used for scoring SOC nd MBC) ws 4 (low OM) for ll study sites. The texture clss fctor (used for scoring BD, SOC, nd MBC) ws 1 (sndy lom) for experiment I, 2 (sndy lom nd sndy cly lom) for experiment II nd III, nd 4 (cly) for experiments IV nd V. The climte fctor (used for scoring SOC nd MBC) ws 1 ( 170 degree dys nd 550 mm of men nnul precipittion) for ll experiments. The sesonl fctor, ffecting MBC scores, ws 4 (smpling in the fll - April) for experiment IV. The minerlogy clss fctors, used for scoring BD, were 3 (cly 1:1 nd Fe nd Al oxides), nd the slope nd wethering clss fctors, used for scoring P, were 2 (2-5 % slope) nd 2 (high wethering), respectively, for ll experiments. The method used to mesure extrctle P ws Mehlich-1 (clss 1). New crop fctors, which ffected P nd ph scores, needed to e dded to the SMAF spredsheet to include Brzilin nturl vegettion (sesonl semi-deciduous forest - Atlntic Forest Biome), corn, ornge trees, nd cssv. Phosphorus nd ph thresholds for ech new crop were set up using regionl recommendtions for these crops (Ipr, 2003; CQFSRS/SC, 2004). In ddition to individul indictor scores, n overll SQI ws clculted y dding up the scores nd dividing y the numer of indictors. The overll SQI ws lso sudivided into chemicl (ph, P, nd K), physicl (BD), nd iologicl (SOC nd MBC) components, s well s their reltive contriution to the overll SQI. This pproch helps identify the mngement res of gretest concern (i.e., lowest index scores) so tht lnd mngers cn e given etter guidnce on how to most effectively restore or improve SQ t tht specific loction (Krlen et l., 2014). Dt nlyses An nlysis of vrince (Anov) ws computed using PROC GLM to test the influence of lnd-use nd mngement prctices within ech site on individul SMAF scores nd the overll SQI vlues. If the Anov F sttistic ws significnt (p<0.05), mens were compred using Tukey s test (p<0.05). For experiment VI, the men vlue for ech tretment ws compred with the reference (ntive vegettion) vlue using Dunnett s test (p<0.1). All sttisticl procedures were completed using the Sttisticl Anlysis System - SAS 9.3 (SAS Inc, Cry, USA) softwre. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Experiment I Horizontl nd verticl distriution of soil properties in long-term ornge orchrd Mngement prctices performed in the ornge orchrd, including mechnized opertions for fertiliztion, weed, pest, nd disese control, nd hrvesting opertions, induced verticl nd horizontl sptil vriility within soil properties, s previously reported y Fidlski et l. (2007). Higher cidity eneth the rows is due to N fertilizer, s well s incresed root ctivity nd plnt uptke of sic ctions. Overll, ph scores rnged from 0.54 to 0.81 in-row nd from 0.72 to 0.82 in the inter-row nd eneth the cnopy projection positions (Tle 1). Regrdless of soil depth, incresed P nd K scores (P scores rnged from , nd the K score ws 0.50) were found in the in-row position (Tle 1). These greter nutrient levels re likely due to fertilizer pplictions concentrted in the in-row position nd higher nutrient cycling from crop residues under ornge plnts. Lower K scores cn e ttriuted to high demnds y citrus plnts nd high K leching tht ws verified in the sndy lom soil. Cheruin et l. (2016) lso verified lower scores for K thn P or ph in wethered soil from the Cerrdo (Brzilin tropicl svnn). Intense mchinery-sed frming opertions incresed BD nd consequently decresed SMAF-BD scores within the m lyer under the cnopy projection nd within the inter-row (Tle 1) positions, greeing with Fidlski et l. (2007, 2010), who reported higher Rev Brs Cienc Solo 2017;41:e

7 Cheruin et l. Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework... Tle 1. Men vlues nd SMAF scores of soil qulity indictors for the nd m lyers in the in-row, cnopy projection, nd inter-row positions within n ornge orchrd Soil smpling position ph(h 2 O) P K BD SOC mg dm -3 Mg m -3 g kg -1 Men vlues ( m) In-row Cnopy projection Inter-row Men vlues ( m) Row Cnopy projection Inter-row SMAF scores ( m) Row Cnopy projection c 0.72 Inter-row c SMAF scores ( m) Row Cnopy projection Inter-row ph(h 2 O): ph in wter, 1:2.5 v/v; P nd K: extrcted y Mehlich-1; BD: ulk density, SOC: soil orgnic cron. Men scores in the column within ech depth followed y the sme letter do not differ mong themselves ccording to Tukey s test (p<0.05). BD vlues under the inter-row position in ornge orchrds. Compction is very common soil physicl prolem in Brzilin citrus orchrds due to intense trffic of griculturl mchinery for mngement prctices, which occur out 15 times ech yer (Tersi nd Ros, 1995). Greter SOC contents were found in the surfce lyer in the row (0.74 g kg -1 ) nd within the inter-row (0.82 g kg -1 ) res compred to the cnopy projection (0.72 g kg -1 ) re. Spontneous vegettion mngement (mowing nd hericide use) within the orchrd inter-row kept residues on the soil surfce, thus incresing C inputs (including C roots) nd improving SOC scores within the m lyer (Tle 1). Lower SOC scores within the cnopy projection res were the result of low C inputs due to low iomss productivity in response to poor soil physicl condition induced y intensive mchinery trffic nd soil compction. The SMAF ws sensitive for detecting SQ chnges etween the row nd inter-row smpling positions nd etween soil lyers within the ornge orchrd (Figures 1 nd 1). The SMAF scores clculted for ech smpling position indicted tht SQ decresed from the surfce to susurfce lyer nd from the row to inter-row zone (inter-row nd cnopy projection re). Severl fctors contriute to improving SQ in the in-row position, such s the sence of mchinery trffic nd loclized inputs of lime nd fertilizer. The highest overll SMAF SQI score ws found within the in-row smpling position, indicting tht this soil ws functioning t 71 nd 57 % of potentil cpcity for the nd m lyers, respectively (Figure 1). The reduced soil physicl nd chemicl qulity in the cnopy projection nd inter-row positions diminishes the volume of soil exploited y roots, thus limiting wter nd nutrient uptke (Souz et l., 2008) nd incresing the likelihood of yield loss (Homm et l., 2012), even under short periods of drought. Soil compction is mjor ostcle in ornge orchrds ecuse it dmges soil physicl qulity (Fidlski et l., 2010) nd thus reduces root growth nd fruit yield (Medeiros et l., 2013) nd orchrd longevity. Fidlski et l. (2007) suggested Rev Brs Cienc Solo 2017;41:e

8 Cheruin et l. Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework... tht etter soil physicl qulity could e chieved in orchrds y incresing soil orgnic mtter nd reducing BD with cover crops within the orchrd inter-rows. Bsed on SMAF scores, etter soil mngement prctices re needed to lnce soil physicl, chemicl, nd iologicl properties. Therefore, our results suggest tht using SMAF to ssess SQ within ornge orchrds could help frmers nd their consultnts mke etter decisions regrding sustinle mngement prctices. Experiment II Impcts of long-term LUC from ntive vegettion to griculture on soil properties Long-term LUC from ntive vegettion to griculture led to significnt chnges in soil indictors nd, consequently in SQ (Tle 2 nd Figure 2). Conversion from ntive vegettion to griculturl crops significntly decresed SOC scores from 0.96 (10.64 kg h -1 ) to 0.60 (6.35 kg h -1 ). Losses in SOC due to LUC re primrily induced y removl nd urning of ntive vegettion nd exposure nd respirtion of SOM due to tillge, soil erosion, nd runoff (Guo nd Gifford, 2002; Don et l., 2011). Furthermore, even if the productivity of new griculturl lnd is s high s tht of forest, less iomss ccumultes s litter ecuse most of it is hrvested nd susequently consumed or lost through respirtion (Guo nd Gifford, 2002). Reduction in SOC ssocited with excessive tillge nd mchinery trffic cused soil to ecome more vulnerle to physicl degrdtion (Cheruin et l., 2016). SMAF scores () c c In-row Cnopy projection Inter-row () Chemicl Physicl Biologicl Soil sectors m m Soil Qulity Index (SQI) Figure 1. Soil sectors (chemicl, physicl, nd iologicl) () nd overll Soil Qulity Index (SQI) () for the nd m lyers in the row, cnopy projection nd inter-row within n ornge orchrd. Men scores within ech depth nd sector or SQI followed y the sme letter do not differ mong themselves ccording to Tukey s test (p<0.05). Tle 2. Men vlues nd SMAF scores of soil qulity indictors for the m lyer in ntive vegettion nd long-term griculture re Lnd use ph(h 2 O) P K BD SOC mg dm -3 Mg m -3 g kg -1 Men vlues Ntive vegettion Agriculture SMAF scores Ntive vegettion Agriculture ph(h 2 O): ph in wter, 1:2.5 v/v; P nd K: extrcted y Mehlich-1; BD: ulk density, SOC: soil orgnic cron. Men scores in the column within ech depth followed y the sme letter do not differ mong themselves ccording to Tukey s test (p<0.05). Rev Brs Cienc Solo 2017;41:e

9 Cheruin et l. Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework... SMAF scores Chemicl Physicl Biologicl Soil sectors Figure 2. Soil sectors (chemicl, physicl, nd iologicl) () nd overll Soil Qulity Index (SQI) (B) for the m lyer in ntive vegettion nd long-term cropped re (griculture). Men scores within ech sector or SQI followed y the sme letter do not differ mong themselves ccording to Tukey s test (p<0.05) SQI 0.64 Ntive vegettion Agriculture After more thn 20 yers of griculturl lnd use, BD incresed n verge of 15 %, ut even more reveling ws tht this decresed BD scores from 0.88 (ntive vegettion) to 0.44 (griculture), suggesting sustntil restriction in conditions idel for plnt growth. These SMAF scores re consistent with lest limiting wter rnge (LLWR) results found within these res (Arújo et l., 2004). Those uthors verified ccentuted reduction in LLWR when ntive vegettion ws converted to n griculturl re, nd BD of out 1.85 Mg m -3 resulted in LLWR = 0. In contrst, regulr lime nd fertilizer pplictions incresed ph nd ville P within the griculturl re. Aville P hd the gretest improvement, reching the mximum score (1.0). However, since the SMAF scoring curve for ph hs mid-point optim shpe Gussin function (i.e., mximum score = 1 is when ph ws 6, decresing when ph is lower or higher thn this optimum vlue), griculturl soils hd lower ph scores thn ntive vegettion sites even though the ph mesurements were higher. Nevertheless, griculturl lnd use hs trend to cidify soils (Souz et l., 2007); therefore, ph scores will likely improve over time. Low K scores were found for oth ntive nd griculturl lnd uses (0.51 nd 0.43, respectively). Both ntive vegettion nd griculturl soils hd similr chemicl functioning t 72 % of projected cpcity, even though vritions were found mong indictor responses. In contrst, our findings indicted significnt soil physicl nd iologicl degrdtion under griculture. Overll, SMAF SQI scores suggest tht ntive soil ws functioning t 80 % of its cpcity, while long-term griculturl soil ws functioning t only 64 % of its potentil. Bsed on SMAF scores, mngement strtegies to recovery SQ under griculture res should primrily e directed towrd incresing soil C nd lleviting soil compction. Experiment III Effects of short-term soil tillge systems on soil properties in cssv cultivtion re Tillge systems hve key role in griculturl mngement plns ut cuse distinctive chnges in soil physicl, chemicl, nd iologicl properties. Our results showed tht tillge led to significnt chnges in SQ indictors for oth the nd m lyers (Tle 3); more fvorle soil chemicl nd iologicl environment ws oserved under no-tillge nd minimum tillge thn under conventionl tillge within the m lyer, s ws lso reported y Cstro et l. (2009). However, the sence of tillge in no-tillge system induced nutrient strtifiction within the surfce lyer, especilly for P, which is reltively immoile element within the soil. Therefore, while SMAF P scores were close to 1 within the m lyer, they decresed to nerly 0 within the m lyer. Rev Brs Cienc Solo 2017;41:e

10 Cheruin et l. Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework... Tle 3. Men vlues nd SMAF scores of soil qulity indictors for the nd m lyers in n re of cssv production under different tillge systems Tillge system ph(h 2 O) P K BD SOC mg dm -3 Mg m -3 g kg -1 Men vlues m No-tillge Minimum tillge Conventionl tillge Men vlues m No-tillge Minimum tillge Conventionl tillge SMAF scores m No-tillge c 0.71 Minimum tillge Conventionl tillge SMAF scores m No-tillge Minimum tillge Conventionl tillge ph(h 2 O): ph in wter, 1:2.5 v/v; P nd K: extrcted y Mehlich-1; BD: ulk density, SOC: soil orgnic cron. Men scores in the column within ech depth followed y the sme letter do not differ mong themselves ccording to Tukey s test (p<0.05). A significnt depletion of SOC (pprox. 25 %) ws oserved under conventionl tillge compred to no-tillge or minimum tillge for the m lyer. This resulted in reduction of SOC scores from 0.71 (no-tillge) nd 0.73 (minimum tillge) to 0.48 (conventionl tillge). Potentil C sequestrtion under less intensive tillge systems ws reported y Sá et l. (2014) nd is rodly discussed in the literture (Ll, 2015). Soil orgnic cron is considered key property of SQ ecuse it influences the dynmics of soil iot nd plys key role in severl physicl nd chemicl functions within the soil (Sá et l., 2013). In contrst, conventionl tillge improved soil physicl qulity (i.e., lower BD) (Tle 3). Higher BD vlues under no-tillge nd minimum tillge were lso verified y Tormen et l. (2004). These results were consistently shown y SMAF BD scores, which decresed significntly from 0.65 for conventionl tillge to 0.52 for minimum tillge to 0.37 for no-tillge within the m lyer (Tle 3). This sme trend ws oserved for the m lyer, decresing from 0.49 to 0.44 to 0.37, respectively. Our findings otined y SMAF scores re consistent with those found y Cvlieri et l. (2006) in the sme experiment. Those uthors demonstrted tht LLWR followed the sme sequence: conventionl tillge > minimum tillge > no-tillge, nd suggested tht decresing tillge intensity negtively impcted soil physicl qulity. Soil qulity ssessment for tillge prctices requires tools tht provide esy nd strightforwrd SQ sttus informtion. The SMAF scores detected chnges in SQ mong tillge systems (Figures 3 e 3). The physicl sector ws more sensitive for cpturing tillge effects on SQ thn the chemicl or iologicl sectors. The scores of SMAF components, s well s the overll SQI, indicted tht SQ decresed from the surfce to susurfce lyers. The highest SMAF SQI scores within the m lyer suggests the soils under no-, minimum- nd conventionl tillge were functioning similrity t 75, 78 nd 72 % of their potentil cpcity. Within the m zone, the worst soil chemicl, physicl, nd iologicl conditions were found under no-tillge, Rev Brs Cienc Solo 2017;41:e

11 Cheruin et l. Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework... SMAF scores () c No-tillge Minimum tillge Conventionl tillge () Chemicl Physicl Biologicl Soil sectors m m Soil Qulity Index (SQI) Figure 3. Soil sectors (chemicl, physicl, nd iologicl) () nd overll Soil Qulity Index (SQI) () for the nd m lyers in cssv production re under different tillge systems. Men scores within ech depth nd sector or SQI followed y the sme letter do not differ mong themselves ccording to Tukey s test (p<0.05). nd indicted tht the soil ws functioning t 41 % of its potentil cpcity. Menwhile, soils under conventionl nd minimum tillge were functioning t 52 % (Figure 3). The SQ ssessments using the SMAF were consistent with the cssv yields reported y Pequeno et l. (2007). They verged 36.0, 25.6, nd 21.1 Mg h -1 for conventionl, minimum, nd no-tillge prctices, respectively. For this study, our results suggest tht soil mngement prctices should e prioritized to reduce the verticl chemicl grdient nd soil compction under reduced tillge systems, nd to strive for mintining or even incresing SOC under conventionl tillge. Experiment IV Soil property chnges due to minerl fertilizer nd pig slurry ppliction coupled with soil tillge systems The interction etween fertilizer mngement nd soil tillge ws non-significnt for ll the SQ indictors mesured. The impct of ech individul fctor on indictor scores is shown in tle 4, while the integrtion for ech sector nd the overll SQI re shown in figure 4. The use of orgnic fertilizer (swine mnure, 80 m 3 h -1 ) improved severl SQ indictors compred to ppliction of minerl fertilizer. Significnt increses in ph, K, SOC, nd MBC, s well s trend towrd incresing ville P were found fter pplying pig slurry for three yers. Ner-surfce soil chemicl nd iologicl improvements due to pig slurry pplictions re lso supported in the literture (Blot et l., 2012; Lourenzi et l., 2013). Pig slurry hs high concentrtion of nutrients (N-P-K) tht re redily ville to plnts nd microorgnisms. Soil nutrient levels re incresed directly y slurry inputs nd through nutrient cycling y microil iomss. Bulk density hd lower scores for oth orgnic (0.33) nd minerl fertilizer (0.41) tretments, suggesting tht physicl restrictions limited plnt growth t these sites. In ddition, the sector scores showed tht mngement strtegies focused on improving soil physicl functions needed to e given the highest priority. The overll SMAF SQI score suggests tht soil fertilized with pig slurry ws functioning t 84 % of its potentil cpcity, while soil under minerl fertiliztion ws functioning t 77 %. The SQ improvements promoted y pig slurry ppliction, coupled with the lrge supply of this mteril in the region studied, suggest tht pig slurry should e used not only s n lterntive nutrient source for crop production in this region, ut lso s n Rev Brs Cienc Solo 2017;41:e

12 Cheruin et l. Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework... Tle 4. Men vlues nd SMAF scores of soil qulity indictors for the m lyer under fertiliztion mngement nd tillge systems nd under ntive vegettion Mngement prctice ph(h 2 O) P K BD SOC MBC mg dm -3 Mg m -3 g kg -1 mg kg -1 Men vlues Fertiliztion mngement Swine mnure Minerl fertilizer Tillge system No-tillge Minimum tillge Chisel plow Ntive vegettion SMAF scores Fertiliztion mngement Swine mnure 0.83 * * 0.33 * Minerl fertilizer 0.77 * * 0.41 * 0.84 * 0.82 * Tillge system No-tillge 0.77 * * 0.36 * 0.85 * 0.77 * Minimum tillge 0.81 * * 0.33 * Chisel plow 0.83 * * 0.42 * Ntive vegettion ph(h 2 O): ph in wter, 1:2.5 v/v; P nd K: extrcted y Mehlich-1; BD: ulk density, SOC: soil orgnic cron. Men scores in the column within ech fctor followed y the sme letter do not differ mong themselves ccording to Tukey s test (p<0.1). Men scores followed y * (sterisk) sttisticlly differ from ntive vegettion ccording to Dunnett s test (p<0.1). () Pig Slurry Minerl fertilizer Ntive vegettion () No-tillge Minimum tillge Chisel plow Ntive vegettion * * * * * * SMAF scores * * * * * 0.0 Chemicl Physicl Biologicl Chemicl Physicl Biologicl Soil sectors SQI Soil sectors SQI Figure 4. Soil sectors (chemicl, physicl, nd iologicl) nd overll Soil Qulity Index (SQI) for the m lyer under pig slurry nd minerl fertilizer tretments () nd no-tillge, minimum tillge, nd chisel plow tretments (). All tretments were compred with ntive vegettion. Men scores within ech sector nd SQI followed y the sme letter do not differ mong themselves ccording to Tukey s test (p<0.1). Men scores followed y * sttisticlly differ from ntive vegettion ccording to Dunnett s test (p<0.1). mendment for enhnced soil helth. It should e noted tht griculturl use of pig slurry must follow the rules estlished y locl environmentl lws. Short-term tillge tretments hd miniml impct on individul SQ indictors nd, consequently, did not chnge the overll SQI. However, no-tillge, which is rodly Rev Brs Cienc Solo 2017;41:e

13 Cheruin et l. Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework... considered s conservtion prctice due to the multiple ecosystem services it influences (Ll, 2015), improved SQ compred to tilled tretments in this study. Some indictors, such s ph nd MBC, hd lower scores under no-tillge (ph = 0.79; MBC = 0.77) thn under minimum tillge (ph = 0.81; MBC = 1.0) or chisel plowing (ph = 0.83; MBC = 0.97). However, the tilled systems were not le to llevite soil compction s expected, so the SMAF nlysis showed they hd poor physicl qulity nd were generlly functioning t etween 33 nd 42 % of their cpcity. This my e due to the period of time (one yer) etween tillge nd soil smpling. Short-term effects of tillge re consistently reported in the literture (Reichert et l., 2009; Mores et l., 2016). Overll SQI suggests soils were functioning t 77, 81, nd 84 % of their potentil cpcity under no-tillge, minimum tillge, nd chisel plowing, respectively. The SMAF-SQI scores lso showed close reltionship with corn yield, which s reported y Pinto et l. (2014) for this sme re, verged 5.95, 6.80, nd 6.90 Mg h -1 for no-tillge, minimum tillge, nd chisel plowing, respectively. Regrdless of the mngement prctices eing used, griculturl lnd use resulted in significnt SQ degrdtion compred to ntive vegettion (Tle 4), which hd soil functioning t 95 % of its potentil cpcity (Figure 4). Soil eneth undistriuted ntive vegettion is in dynmic equilirium, in which chemicl, physicl, nd iologicl properties ct in coopertion, enling soil to perform its functions properly (Cheruin et l., 2016). In ddition to indicting soil degrdtion under griculturl uses, scores under ntive vegettion were useful for vlidting the SMAF curves for this soil. Individul indictor scores were close to 1.0 ( ), except for K (0.75). Most likely, the lower SMAF score for K under ntive vegettion is ssocited with the K lgorithm, which ws developed sed on corn yield response to soil-test K (Wienhold et l., 2009). Therefore, futures studies re needed to djust nd vlidte SMAF lgorithms using dtsets from different crops nd ecosystem conditions. Experiment V The effects of sowing on row nd inter-row soil properties in long-term no-tillge re There were no significnt chnges in chemicl properties etween row nd inter-row smpling positions for the nd m lyers (Tle 5). Although fertilizer ws distriuted in the row position, successive chnges etween row nd inter-row Tle 5. Men vlues nd SMAF scores of soil qulity indictors for the nd m lyers in the row nd inter-row position under long-term no-tillge re Soil smpling position ph(h 2 O) P K BD SOC mg dm -3 Mg m -3 g kg -1 Men vlues ( m) In-row Inter-row Men vlues ( m) In-row Inter-row SMAF scores ( m) In-row Inter-row SMAF scores ( m) In-row Inter-row ph(h 2 O): ph in wter, 1:2.5 v/v; P nd K: extrcted y Mehlich-1; BD: ulk density, SOC: soil orgnic cron. Men scores in the column within ech depth followed y the sme letter do not differ mong themselves ccording to Tukey s test (p<0.05). Rev Brs Cienc Solo 2017;41:e

14 Cheruin et l. Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework... positions over time promoted horizontl homogeniztion of soil chemicl properties over the totl re. The SMAF ph nd P scores were >0.80 nd 0.75, respectively. In generl, K concentrtion ws the mjor chemicl limittion found in oth soil smpling positions, with verge scores of 0.56 (in-row) nd 0.53 (inter-row). Low ville K levels re likely ssocited with the soil type, ecuse Oxisols re nturlly chrcterized y low K concentrtions nd high leching potentil. In ddition, this re hd history of gypsum ppliction, which cn promote leching of K to deeper lyers. No-tillge is clssified s conservtion mngement ecuse of the sence of tillge nd the mintennce of crop residues on the soil surfce. However, the furrow opening for seeding is mechnicl soil disturnce tht cn modify the soil physicl environment in NT crop rows (Moreir et l., 2016). Decresed BD vlues were found in-row (1.07 Mg m -3 ) compred to inter-row (1.21 Mg m -3 ) for the m depth. The SMAF BD scores indicted this soil ws physiclly functioning t 94 % of its potentil cpcity within the rows nd t 76 % in the inter-row positions, which is consistent with other no-tillge studies (Tormen et l., 2008; Betioli Júnior et l., 2012; Blum et l., 2014). Tormen et l. (2008), using the S index ssessment, oserved decresed soil physicl qulity in the inter-row compred to the row position in cly soil under no-tillge. Blum et l. (2014) verified tht soil physicl qulity ws higher within the row thn in inter-row positions due to lower ulk density nd higher totl porosity, hydrulic conductivity, ir permeility, nd mcroporosity. The SMAF BD scores were consistent with results previously reported y Betioli Júnior et l. (2012) for this sme re. Those uthors oserved the degree of soil compctness to e 69 nd 77 % (i.e., vlues elow the criticl limit suitle for plnt growth) within in-row nd inter-row positions t the m depth. They lso found criticl ulk density (i.e., LLWR = 0) ove 1.32 Mg m -3. Moreir et l. (2016) lso verified reduction in plnt ville wter content from 17.2 (in-row) to 15.9 m 3 m -3 (inter-row position) for the m lyer. However, this positive effect of mechnicl disturnce cused y furrow opening ws restricted to the surfce lyer ( m). Within the m lyer, BD increses were verified for oth in-row (1.31 Mg m -3 ) nd inter-row (1.32 Mg m -3 ) positions, nd there were few significnt differences etween them. Consequently, the soil physicl functioning decresed from on 56 to 53 % of its potentil for the in-row nd inter-row positions, respectively. Moreir et l. (2016) lso reported decrese, ut no sttisticl difference, in plnt ville wter content (verge of 12.7 m 3 m -3 ) etween in-row nd inter-row positions for the m lyer. These results indicted the need for mngement prctices tht llevite soil compction elow the 0.10 m depth in order to enle plnt roots to exploit deeper soil lyers for wter nd nutrients. Recently, Nunes et l. (2015) demonstrted tht deeper furrow opening ction (0.17 m) ws n efficient strtegy for lleviting susurfce soil compction under long-term no-tillge, mitigting its deleterious impcts on corn growth. Another strtegy is to intercrop deep-rooted cover crops [e.g., rchiri (Brchiri spp.) nd rdish (Rphnus stivus)] into corn or to estlish them throughout the totl re fter corn or soyen hrvest. This is iologicl strtegy tht cn llevite deeper soil compction nd provide other soil enefits. High SOC contents were verified regrdless of smpling position. Therefore, SMAF SOC scores suggested the soil ws functioning close to its iologicl potentil cpcity - 97 nd 99 % for the m lyer, or 85 nd 92 % for the m lyer. Higher cly content (800 g kg -1 ) is proly the primry controlling fctor for C stiliztion nd protection through formtion of orgnic-minerl complexes. In ddition, C sequestrtion under long-term no-tillge system is often noted in the literture (Ll, 2015). Overll, the in-row nd inter-row positions hd sttisticlly similr soil qulity (Figure 5). The SMAF SQI scores suggest tht the soil ws functioning t 85 nd 82 % of its potentil cpcity for in-row nd inter-row positions within the m lyer, nd t 70 nd 69 % Rev Brs Cienc Solo 2017;41:e

15 Cheruin et l. Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework... () Row Inter-row () SMAF scores ,85 0,82 0,70 0, Chemicl Physicl Biologicl Soil sectors m m Soil Qulity Index (SQI) Figure 5. Soil sectors (chemicl, physicl, nd iologicl) () nd overll Soil Qulity Index (SQI) () for the nd m lyers in the in-row nd inter-row positions under long-term no-tillge re. Men scores within ech depth nd sector or SQI followed y the sme letter do not differ mong themselves ccording to Tukey s test (p<0.05). for in-row nd inter-row positions for the m lyer, respectively. The high SQ ssessed through SMAF scoring curves is consistent with high crop yields otined from these soils in yers without wter deficits (Crdoso et l., 2006). Therefore, our findings suggest tht SMAF scores properly ssessed SQ in this cly soil under long-term no-tillge. CONCLUSIONS The SMAF ws sensitive for detecting SQ chnges induced y lnd uses nd mngement prctices in Brzilin Oxisols with contrsting texture. Long-term conventionl mngement of ornge orchrds leds to horizontl nd verticl chnges in SQ, with significnt losses in soil function in the cnopy projection nd inter-row positions. Lnd-use chnge from ntive vegettion to griculture depletes SQ, driven y reductions in physicl nd iologicl indictors. The short-term no-tillge system decreses susurfce SQ for cssv cultivtion compred to tilled systems. Orgnic fertiliztion with pig slurry t 80 m 3 h -1 improves soil chemicl nd iologicl indictors nd, consequently, overll SQ compred to use of minerl fertilizer. Although long-term no-tillge mngement induces more physicl conditions tht limit plnt growth within the inter-row sowing position, overll SQ ws similr to the in-row sowing position. The lgorithms of SMAF scoring curves properly trnsformed indictor vlues expressed in different units into unitless scores rnging from 0-1, fcilitting individul interprettion of lnd-use nd mngement prctice effects on soil properties. The overll SMAF SQI scores summrize individul soil indictor scores into comprehensile numer tht helps evlute the overll soil functioning. Individul sector scores (chemicl, physicl, nd iologicl) enle identifiction of the principl soil limittions nd where to prioritize mngement ctions. Therefore, SMAF could e useful tool for ssessing SQ in Brzilin soils nd helping frmers or lnd mngers mke the est decisions regrding sustinle use nd mngement prctices for their lnd. Future studies re encourged for testing nd improving the sensitivity of SMAF lgorithms for detecting mngement-induced SQ chnges under different soils, crops, nd climtes, thus expnding its potentil for use in Brzil. Rev Brs Cienc Solo 2017;41:e

16 Cheruin et l. Soil Qulity Evlution Using the Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework... REFERENCES Andrews SS, Krlen DL, Cmrdell CA. The soil mngement ssessment frmework: A quntittive soil qulity evlution method. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 2004;68: doi: /sssj Andrews SS, Krlen DL, Mitchell JP. A comprison of soil qulity indexing methods for vegetle production systems in Northern Cliforni. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 2002;90: doi: /s (01) Arújo MA, Tormen CA, Silv AP. Proprieddes físics de um Ltossolo Vermelho distrófico cultivdo e so mt ntiv. Rev Brs Cienc Solo. 2004;28: doi: /s Blot EL, Mchineski O, Mtos MA. Soil microil iomss under different tillge nd levels of pplied pig slurry. Rev Brs Eng Agríc Am. 2012;16: doi: /s Betioli Júnior E, Moreir WH, Tormen CA, Ferreir CJB, Silv AP, Girol NFB. Intervlo hídrico ótimo e gru de compctção de um Ltossolo Vermelho pós 30 nos so plntio direto. Rev Brs Cienc Solo. 2012;36: doi: /s Blum J, Girol NFB, Silv AP, Guedes Filho O, Silv SGC, Eerhrdt DN, Arújo SR. Assessment of soil physicl ttriutes t sowing row nd inter-row under no-till system. Rev Cienc Agron. 2014;45: doi: /s Crdoso EG, Zotrelli L, Piccinin JL, Torres E, Sriv OF, Guimrães MF. Sistem rdiculr d soj em função d compctção do solo no sistem de plntio direto. Pesq Agropec Brs. 2006; 41: doi: /S X Crdoso EJBN, Vsconcellos RLF, Bini D, Miyuchi MYH, Sntos CA, Alves PRL, Pul AM, Nktni AS, Pereir JM, Nogueir MA. Soil helth: looking for suitle indictors. Wht should e considered to ssess the effects of use nd mngement on soil helth? Sci Agric. 2013;70: doi: /s Cstro OM, Vieir SR, Siqueir GM, Andrde CA. Atriutos físicos e químicos de um Ltossolo Vemelho eutroférrico so diferentes sistems de prepro. Brgnti. 2009;68: doi: /s Cvlieri KMV, Tormen CA, Vidigl Filho PS, Gonçlves ACA, Cost ACS. Efeitos de sistems de prepre ns proprieddes físics de um Ltossolo Vermelho distrófico. Rev Brs Cienc Solo. 2006;30: doi: /s Cheruin MR, Eitelwein MT, Fris C, Weirich SW, Silv RF, Silv VR, Bsso CJ. Qulidde físic, químic e iológic de um Ltossolo com diferentes mnejos e fertilizntes. Rev Brs Cienc Solo. 2015;39: doi: / rcs Cheruin MR, Krlen DL, Frnco ALC, Cerri CEP, Tormen CA, Cerri CC. A Soil Mngement Assessment Frmework (SMAF) evlution of Brzilin sugrcne expnsion on soil qulity. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 2016;80: doi: /sssj Cheruin MR, Krlen DL, Frnco ALC, Tormen CA, Cerri CEP, Dvies CA, Cerri CC. Soil physicl qulity response to sugrcne expnsion in Brzil. Geoderm. 2016;267: doi: /j.geoderm Clessen MEC, orgnizdor. Mnul de métodos de nálise de solo. 2 ed. Rio de Jneiro: Centro Ncionl de Pesquis de Solos; Comissão de Químic e Fertilidde do Solo - CQFSRS/SC. Mnul de dução e clgem pr os estdos do Rio Grnde do Sul e Snt Ctrin. 10 ed. Porto Alegre: Sociedde Brsileir de Ciênci do Solo; De Pul Ode V, Ll R. A stndrdized soil qulity index for diverse field conditions. Sci Totl Environ. 2016;541: doi: /j.scitotenv Don A, Schumcher J, Freiuer A. Impct of tropicl lnd-use chnge on soil orgnic cron stocks - met-nlysis. Glol Chnge Biol. 2011;17: doi: /j x Rev Brs Cienc Solo 2017;41:e