Response of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) To Inoculation with Mycorrhiza Under Different Phosphorus Levels

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1 Amerin-Eursin J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 2 (3): , 202 ISSN IDOSI Pulitio, 202 Respoe of Sunflower (Helinthus nnuus L.) To Inoultion with Myorrhiz Uner Different Phosphorus Levels Hossein Soleimnzeh Deprtment of Agronomy n Plnt Breeing, Prs A Moghn Brnh, Islmi Az University, Prs A Moghn, Irn Astrt: The effet of see inoultion y Myorrhiz n ifferent levels of phosphorus fertilizer on growth n yiel of sunflower (Azrgol ultivr) ws stuie in experiment frm of Islmi Az University, Prs A Moghn Brnh uring 200 growing seson. The experiment tretments were rrnge in ftoril se on omplete rnomize lok esign with three replitio. Four phosphorus fertilizer levels of 25%, 50% 75% n 00% P reommene with two levels of Myorrhiz: with n without Myorrhiz (ontrol) were ssigne in ftoril omintion. Results showe tht he imeter, numer of sees per he, see yiel n oil yiel were signifintly higher in inoulte plnts thn in non-inoulte plnts. He imeter, numer of sees per he, 000 sees weight, iologil yiel, see yiel n oil yiel were inrese with inresing P level ove 75% P reommene in non-inoulte plnts, wheres no signifint ifferene ws oserve etween 75% n 00% P reommene. The positive effet of myorrhizl inoultion erese with inresing P levels ue to erese perent root oloniztion t higher P levels. Aoring to the results of this experiment, pplition of myorrhiz in present of 50% P reommene h n pproprite performne n oul inrese see yiel n oil proution to n eptle level, so it oul e oiere s suitle sustitute for hemil phosphorus fertilizer in orgni griulturl systems. Key wors: Myorrhiz Phosphorus fertilizer Sunflower See yiel INTRODUCTION phosphorous with lium n mgnesium in lkline ph n the sme ons with iron n luminum in ii Phosphorus is one the most essentil elements for soils. The moility of this element is very slow in the soil plnt growth fter nitrogen. However, the vilility of n n not respon to its rpi uptke y plnts. This this nutrient for plnts is limite y ifferent hemil uses the retion n evelopment of phosphorus retio espeilly in ri n semi-ri soils []. eplete zones ner the ontt re of roots n soil in Phosphorus plys signifint role in severl rhizosphere. Therefore, the plnts nee n ssisting physiologil n iohemil plnt tivities like system whih oul exten eyon the epletion zones photosynthesis, trformtion of sugr to strh n n help to sor the phosphorus from wier re y trporting of the geneti trits. Shrm [2] reporte tht eveloping n extene network roun root system [6]. one of the vntges of feeing the plnts with The reserh on Myorrhiz fungus n its role in phosphorus is to rete eeper n more unnt roots. soil n plnt hs een n interesting sientifi sujet Phosphorus uses erly ripening in plnts, eresing sine 800. The presene of this fungus in rhizosphere grin moisture, improving rop qulity n is the most provies with n vntgeous n intertive symiosis seitive nutrient to soil ph [3]. Mlkooti n Nfisi [4] reltiohip etween higher plnt root n elre tht the est ph for phosphorous uptke y nonpthogeni fungus. Through reeiving energeti plnts is 6.5. Arpn et l. [5] reporte tht gret ron resoures from plnt, fungus filittes the uptke proportion of phosphorus in hemil fertilizer eomes of mny inorgni nutrients suh s phosphorus, zin, unville to the plnts fter its pplition in the soil. molyenum, opper n iron for it. The symioti They referre this to formtion of strong ons etween reltiohip etween Myorrhiz n plnts is one of the Corresponing Author: Hossein Soleimnzeh, Deprtment of Agronomy n Plnt Breeing, Prs A Moghn Brnh, Islmi Az University, Prs A Moghn, Irn. 337

2 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 2 (3): , 202 most unnt symioti tivities in plnt kingom Experimentl Design: The experiment ws onute in whih exists in most of the eosystems. Unfortuntely, Reserh fiel of College of Agriulture, Islmi Az the negletful interferene of humn tivities suh s University, Prs A Moghn Brnh. The height of the over pplition of fungiies n frequent hemil experimentl site from the se level ws 32 m. The men phosphorous fertilizers pplition (minly in inteive nnul preipittion ws mm n the long term griulturl systems), hve seriously thretene this minimum n mximum monthly preipittion rnge vntgeous symiosis. Efforts to proue inoulnts speies from 46.9 to 08.2 mm, respetively. The men from Myorrhiz fungi n to use it in proper nnul temperture ws 3.5 C while the men mximum environmentl onitio, is signifint environmentl n minimum tempertures were 40 n -8 C, frienly wy to help plnt growth n evelopment respetively. The soil texture of the reserh site ws through the enhnement of this nturl phenomenon []. sny lom with ph of 7.4. The soil hemil The signifine of this prtie, espeilly uner low properties efore the strt of the experiment re presente fertility onitio, hs een very ovious. in Tle. Photosynthesis improvement in plnts through We use ftoril esign with two ftors: with Myorrhiz symiosis is minly ue to the inrese in n without AM inoulum, P fertilizer t four levels, trporting of inorgni elements from soil to plnts. P (25% reommene), P 2(50% reommene), P 3(75% One of the most importnt me to hieve the gols reommene) n P 4 (00% reommene), on the of sustinle griulture is to extent the pplition of sis of rnomize omplete lok esign in three iologil fertilizers. To reh this gol, it is neessry to replis. Eh plot oiste of 4 rows, 0 m long with moerte the use of hemil fertilizers n pestiies like 60 m spe etween rows n 7 m istne etween through the time n in the men time inrese the soil plnts on the rows. The sunflower (Azrgol ultivr) ws orgni mtter ontent [6]. 2 plnte t 0 plnts m eity. Seee preprtion ws Sunflower, one of the potentil oilsee rops for Irn one in erly spring. Nitrogen fertilizer of 200 kg h ws hs high P requirement. Inrese plnt growth in the use in the form of ure. Nitrogen fertilizer ws top presene of myorrhizl infetion hs een ttriute resse in three portio, one thir t the time of plnting, minly to the enhne uptke of P. The enefiil effets one thir in V 6 stge n the remin efore flowering. To of VAM inoultion on P uptke, growth n yiel inoulte the see y iologil fertilizers, the see were respoes of sunflower in fiel experiment stuies hve first overe y Ari Gum solution n then not een rrie out on sunflower. Hene, the effet of Myorrhiz ws pplie oring to experimentl VAM on P vilility, growth n yiel of sunflower ws tretments. investigte t ifferent P level. In the flowering stge, root oloniztion y AM ws etermine y prepring root smples t 0.5 g n one MATERIALS AND METHODS hunre root segments were exmine for eh smple. The stine roots were oserve uner ompoun Inoulum Preprtion of Arusulr Myorrhizl mirosope. A root segment ws oiere s AM Speies: The inoulum of rusulr myorrhizl positive if it showe ny fungl oies like myelium, speies inluing Glomus etunitum, G. mossee n vesile n rusules. Perent of root oloniztion ws G. intrries isolte from sline soils [7] were lulte s follows: proue over four-month perio on sorghum plnts uner greenhouse onitio using sterilize sn [8, 9]. The nutrient requirements of plnts were supplie. Plnts were irrigte until flowering n fter two weeks plnt shoots were hrveste from the soil surfe. The mixture of plnt roots n sn were use s the inoulum. The inoultion potentil of ifferent isoltes ws teste using the MPN metho [0, ]. Sterilize soil onentrtio of 0., 0.0 n 0.00 of AM were use for Numer of AM positive segments Root oloniztion (%) = 00 Totl numer of segments oserve In the hrvest stge, the two mile rows were use for smpling n mesure prmeters suh s: plnt height, numer of sees per he, 000 sees weight, see yiel, iologil yiel, hrvest inex, oil perentge n oil yiel were ssesse. Grin yiel in eh plot mesure with 0% humiity. sorghum plnttion, whih were grown for month. The Sttistilly of the result ws one y using SAS [2]. plnts were then hrveste n the inoultion Men were ompre using the Dunn s Multiple Rnge perentge on the sorghum roots ws etermine []. Test (DMRT) t 5% level of proility. 338

3 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 2 (3): , 202 Tle : Soil physil n hemil properties of experimentl re Aville Aville Depth (m) Sn (%) Silt (%) Cly (%) Soil texture ph E.C (S/m) Orgni Cron (%) Totl N (%) P (P.P.M) K (P.P.M) Sn lom Optimum Lom <2.0 >.0 > RESULTS AND DISCUSSION respetively. The see yiel in M0P4 (4.735 t h ) h no signifint effet with MP2 (4.524 t h ). The results of Root Myorrhizl Coloniztion: A vriety of stuies using iologil fertilizer tretment (inoultion y suggest tht phosphorous uptke y plnt root n e myorrhiz) with 50% phosphorous reommene ws enhne when they re infete y rusulr not signifintly ifferent from the high rte of hemil myorrhiz (AM) fungi. In this stuy, Myorrhizl phosphorous pplition (M0P4 tretment). Aoring oloniztion flutute from 2.7 in tretment (M0P 3) to to the results of this experiment, pplition of myorrhiz 36.3 in tretment (MP ). The min effets s well s in present of 50% P reommene h n pproprite intertion effet were ffete y myorrhizl performne n oul inrese grin yiel n oil oloniztion. Thus, it n e onlue tht the high rte proution to n eptle level, so it oul e of hemil phosphorus fertilizers pplition, le to oiere s suitle sustitute for hemil ntgonisti intertion with myorrhiz. in low mount of phosphorus fertilizer in orgni griulturl systems. hemil phosphorus fertilizer, myorrhiz ws le to inrese the root oloniztion signifintly. Biologil Yiel: Biologil yiel ws signifintly ffete y phosphorus fertilizer (Tle 2) ut myorrhiz Plnt Height: The nlysis of vrine (Tle 2) showe h no signifint effet on this trit. The mximum no signifint effet of phosphorus fertilizer, Myorrhiz iologil yiel of 2.66 t h otine in P4 (00% P tretment n their intertion effets on plnt height. It reommene) whih ws not signifintly ifferent from seems tht phosphorus oes not ply n importnt role in P3 n P2 tretment n the minimum iologil yiel of enhnement of plnt height..024 t h ws otine in P (25% P reommene). On the sis of this stuy, it seems tht myorrhiz n Numer of Sees per He: the numer of sees per he phosphorous fertilizer i not hve muh positive effets ws signifintly ffete y myorrhiz n on iologil yiel. It n e lso onlue tht the initil phosphorous levels, ut no in their intertion effet soil phosphorous ontent lrey equte without (Tle 2). Myorrhizl plnts h out 7% more numer phosphorous fertilizer pplition. of sees in he in ompre of non-myorrhizl plnts. It me tht myorrhiz plys n importnt role in Hrvest Inex: Among the ll of tretment, highest n sunflower genertive growth n therefore to mke lowest hrvest inex otine in (MP) with verge signifint inrese in the numer of sees per he % n (M0P2) with verge 34.2 %, respetively. Tohii-Moghm et l. [3] reporte tht phosphorous Myorrhizl plnts were more suessful thn nooluilizing miroorgnisms inrese the ville myorrhizl plnts (ut were not signifint) in trport phosphorous in the soil whih oul enhne the see of ssimilte from soure to sink prts n proue high numer in plnt. hrvest inex. One of enefit effets of myorrhiz is on plnts photosynthesis, VAM plnts often isply higher See Yiel: Myorrhiz n phosphorus fertilizer h rte of photosynthesis thn NM ounterprts o, whih signifintly effets on see yiel, ut intertion of theirs is oistent with VAM effets on stomtl onutne. h no effet on the see yiel. Myorrhiz oul with Most of the reserhers suggeste tht VAM symiosis symiosis tivity itself, use to inresing P nutrient in inrese the units of photosynthesis n so s to roun root plnts n ition sor y roots. At ll inrese the rte of photosyntheti storge n export t the levels of phosphorous fertilizer, the myorrhiz plnts the sme time [4]. h higher see yiel. In ft, t 25% level of P fertilizer, the myorrhizl plnts h 3% higher see yiel Oil Yiel: Oil yiel ws signifintly ffete y ompre to non-myorrhizl plnts, while t 50%, 75% myorrhiz n phosphorous fertilizer levels (Tle 2). n 00% P reommene, myorrhizl ssoition The mximum oil yiel of 2.98 t.h ws otine in resulte in higher see yiel of 0%, 4% n 2%, 00% P reommene whih ws not signifintly 339

4 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 2 (3): , 202 Tle 2: Anlysis vrine of mesure prmeters Myorrhizl Plnt He See numers 000-see See Biologil Hrvest See Oil S.O.V f Coloniztion height imeter per he weight Yiel Yiel Inex oil yiel Rep M P MP Error C.V (%) : Signifint t 0.05 level, : Signifint t 0.0 level, : No signifint ifferene Tle 3: Men ompriso of the min effets Myorrhizl Plnt He See numers 000-see See Biologil Hrvest See Oil yiel Tretment Coloniztion (%) height (m) imeter (m) per he weight (g) Yiel (ton h ) Yiel (ton. h ) Inex (%) oil (%) (ton. h ) M levels M M P levels P (25%) P 2 (50%) P 3 (75%) P 4 (00%) Me whih hve t lest one ommon letter re not signifintly ifferent t the 5% level using (DMRT) Tle 4: Men ompriso of the intertion effet Myorrhizl Plnt He See numers 000-see See Biologil Hrvest See Oil yiel Tretment Coloniztion (%) height (m) imeter (m) per he weight (g) Yiel (ton h ) Yiel (ton. h ) Inex (%) oil (%) (ton. h ) M0P MP M0P MP M0P MP M0P MP Me whih hve t lest one ommon letter re not signifintly ifferent t the 5% level using (DMRT) ifferent from 75% P reommene level n the minimum Myorrhiz to use inrese see yiel out 7 yiel of.794 t.h ws otine using 25% P perentge n, lso reue using of out 50 perentge reommene (Tle 3). Also, Myorrhizl plnts h hemil phosphorous. out 0% more oil yiel in ompre of non-myorrhizl plnts. Aoring to the positive effet of myorrhiz on REFERENCES oil yiel, it n e onlue tht to inrese oil yiel in sunflower, use of iologil fertilizers is preferre to the. Mehrvrz, S., M.R. Chihi n H.A. Alikhni, pplition of hemil ones. This n prtilly enourge Effets of phosphte soluilizing miroorgnisms frming with the mere use of iologil fertilizers n phosphorus hemil fertilizer on yiel n yiel (orgni systems). omponents of rley (Horeum vulgre L.). Amerin-Eursin J. Agri. Environ. Si., CONCLUSIONS 3(6): Shrm, A.K., Bio-fertilizers for Results from the present stuy inite tht he Sustinle Agriulture. Agroios Inin imeter, see numer in he, see yiel n oil yiel Pulitio. hve een ffet signifintly y inoultion with 3. Mlkooti, M.J., Sustinle Agriulture n Myorrhiz, euse this iofertilizer n enhne sor Yiel Inrement y Optimum Fertilizer Utiliztion in of phosphorous y plnt. Aoring to lulte, n Irn. 2 Eition. Agriulturl Exteion Pulitio. inoultion sunflower sees in plnting te with Irn. 340

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